Washington Department Research Articles

A Social Insurance Perspective on Security and Privacy

Computer security and information privacy has traditionally been viewed as a matter of private right to be protected either through contract, property, or technological measures. We argue in this paper that computer security and information privacy can be more effectively understood as a matter of insurance, similar to the regulation of hazardous activities, workplace accidents, and defective products. Professor Edward Lazowska, of the University of Washington Department of Computer Science, has analogized computer security to auto safety, where a set of government regulations has caused automobiles to become far more safe over the course of 35 years. We do not use the term social in the sense of social welfare programs. Instead, we use it in the sense of social capital, a term that acknowledges the role of non-market and non-governmental institutions as a means to regulate conduct through the creation of norms. Social is preferable to social capital for our purposes because of our concerns with the hazards posed by information security breaches. Instead of framing security and privacy as matters of private harms and private law, our approach highlights the role of regulation in establishing the foundation of trust necessary for cyberspace transactions. In part, our thesis shifts the focus of regulation from contract and property to tort. But our thesis extends beyond a simple tort liability based approach. The insurance perspective integrates contract, property, tort, and technological approaches to information management. The patchwork of regulation, ranging from privacy default rules in contract to criminalization of attacks on data storage devices, can best be understood as mechanisms for allocating and distributing the risk and uncertainty associated with breaches to critical information systems. The insurance perspective provides a template to understand regulatory measures and reform them. Furthermore, the insurance perspective provides the means to assess the use of products liability theories to address computer security and information privacy issues. While the existing legal and economic literature has hinted at the use of products liability theory, there has not been systematic study of the use of the products liability model as a means to regulating security and privacy.

Comparing Fish Screen Performance to Physical Design Criteria

Fish screens associated with irrigation diversion structures perform a vital function by protecting rearing and migrating fishes. Irrigation diversions in the western United States were developed in the late 1800s and early 1900s with little regard to how they might affect fish populations. Fish screens were installed on some diversions beginning in the 1930s but were often ineffective. Beginning in the 1980s a “modern-era” fish screening program was initiated in the Yakima River basin in Washington State. A systematic phased approach was employed, with federal funding, to replace antiquated screens and to install screens where there had not previously been fish protection devices. Also during this time, the federal and state agencies responsible for protecting the fish resources developed regional criteria to guide design of these facilities. These criteria, developed by the National Marine Fisheries Service and used by the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, dictated physical metrics such as approach velocity (and mesh size) for fish screen facilities. Scientists at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) developed methods for evaluating new fish screen facilities as they came “on line” to document whether the facilities were designed, constructed, operated, and maintained to be within the fish passage criteria. PNNL uses a combination of water velocity measurements, visual inspection, and underwater videography to determine whether fish screen sites are within the fish protection criteria. This annual evaluation schedule (most sites are evaluated three times/year) is a vital tool to ensure that the large initial capital investment (over $75 million USD) is being operated and maintained to protect fish.

REPORTING OF PESTICIDE ILLNESS BY HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS TO WASHINGTON STATE’S PESTICIDE ILLNESS MONITORING SYSTEM

ISEE-462 Introduction: Washington State Department of Health (DOH) investigates all suspected cases of pesticide-related-illness reported to the Pesticide Illness Monitoring System (PIMS). All cases reported to PIMS are investigated to determine whether they are pesticide-related. PIMS is a passive surveillance system and depends on cases being reported to it from multiple sources. Major reporting sources include: The Department of Labor and Industries, Washington Department of Agriculture, Washington State Poison Control, and Health Care Providers (HCPs). A passive surveillance system such as PIMS may only capture a fraction of the cases that are actually occurring. Cases who become sick after suffering a pesticide related illness and do not seek medical care are often difficult to capture. However, the percentage of cases that seek medical care and are actually reported to PIMS is unknown. HCPs, underreporting is thought to be likely since less than a quarter of cases reported to PIMS either directly or indirectly are reported by HCPs. Methods: To estimate the percent of pesticide related cases occurring that seek medical care, and are actually captured by PIMS, DOH requested information from records for a number of ICD-9 codes frequently associated with pesticide related illness for cases occurring between 1999-2001 from the major hospitals and clinics in an agricultural region in Central Washington State. The information requested records included: ICD-9 codes, name, age, gender, address, visit date, and insurance. These records were then matched to our PIMS database using a deterministic match. Results: We obtained approximately 100,000 records of unique patient visits. Of these records 169 had a pesticide related ICD-9 code, (Toxic effect of other substances, chiefly non-medicinal: 989.0-989.4, and Accidental poisoning by agricultural and horticultural chemical preparations: E863.0-E863.7). Fewer than half of these 169 records matched to our PIMS database. Discussion: Less than half of HCP visits that are coded with a pesticide related ICD-9 code were reported to our surveillance system over a three year period. This investigation suggests that underreporting of pesticide-related-illness is likely to occur. A passive surveillance system depends on reporting to capture cases. Although other sources may report cases, reporting may be delayed. Delayed reports are often difficult to classify as being pesticide related. HCPs need to be encouraged to report pesticide related illness. Obstacles to HCP reporting such as difficulties with identifying, treating, and coding possible pesticide related illnesses need to be explored.

Web-based method for establishing national competency benchmarks in fourteen areas of clinical laboratory services.

More than a decade has passed since clinical laboratories have been required by CLIA to implement competency assessment for laboratory personnel. During this time, only a few studies regarding competency assessment have been published, including a large survey of the competency assessment methods favored by laboratories in the US (1). Previous work from our group at the University of Washington Department of Laboratory Medicine has focused on computer-based methods of developing, maintaining, and assessing competency of laboratory personnel [For a recent review, see Ref. (2)]. This effort started in 1992 and for the first 8 years consisted of development of tutorial or competency assessment software and software distribution on floppy or compact disks. Starting in 2000, our work has been delivered on-line (Medical Training Solutions; Seattle, WA; www.medtraining.org). Microscopic urinalysis has been a particular focus of our research and development regarding computer-based competency assessment (3)(4)(5). In one study, we used computer-based urinalysis competency assessment for 2 years in one institution (4). We reported the overall competency of 58 technologists and highlighted areas of conceptual difficulty encountered by these technologists. In a later study, we demonstrated the feasibility of Web-based urinalysis competency assessment, presenting competency assessment performance data from 369 technologists across 131 clinical sites (5). Both studies showed how computer programs can be used to assess the performance of an individual or group of technologists over time. The work presented here is a significant extension of our previous work regarding online competency assessment of laboratory personnel. Since July 2002, we developed a subscription-based online competency assessment system for 14 different areas of laboratory services and implemented it in the US in ∼225 laboratories. The purpose of the system is to provide an objective method of competency assessment that laboratories can use to supplement, but not …

A COMPARISON OF THE RESULTS OF REGULATORY COMPLIANCE INSPECTIONS IN 1999 BY THE STATES OF TEXAS, MAINE, AND WASHINGTON

Inspection outcome data provided by the state of Washington Department of Health, Division of Radiation Protection, for licensees of radioactive materials was encoded according to a system established by the Texas Department of Health, Bureau of Radiation Control. The data, representing calendar year 1999 inspection activities, were then analyzed and the results compared to previously published studies for the same year in the states of Texas and Maine. Despite significant differences in regulatory program size, age, and geographic proximity, the most frequently cited violation for radioactive materials licensees were shown to be similar for all three states. Of particular note were the violations that were identified to be consistently issued in all three states. These included physical inventories and utilization logs not performed, not available, or incomplete; leak testing not performed or not performed on schedule; inadequate or unapproved operating and safety procedures; radiation survey and disposal records not available or incomplete; detection or measurement instrument calibration not performed or records not available; and radiation surveys or sampling not performed or performed with a noncalibrated instrument. Comparisons were made in an attempt to generate a summary of the most commonly issued violations that could be generalized to users of radioactive materials across the United States. A generalized list of common violations would be an invaluable tool for radiation protection programs, serving to aid in the reduction of the overall instance of program non-compliance. Any reduction in instances of non-compliance would result in the conservation of finite public health resources that might then be directed to other pressing public health matters.

Errors in compliance with federal rules and regulations relating to healthcare benefits programs: the University of Washington Department of Neurological Surgery experience.

This article details the errors in compliance with federal rules and regulations relating to the healthcare benefits programs at the University of Washington Department of Neurological Surgery from 1996 through 2002. University faculty members, regardless of the organization to which they belong, will be identified by the federal government as the individual responsible in healthcare finance inquiries. A full understanding of all regulations and an active compliance program are necessary to avoid problems, including criminal prosecution.

Nutrients in salmon hatchery wastewater and its removal through the use of a wetland constructed to treat off-line settling pond effluent

The presence of nutrients in the wastewater of salmonid hatcheries is of growing concern to water quality managers. Presently, Washington State regulations require quiescent settling to remove settleable and suspended solids from the water but do not as yet address nutrient concerns. In order to evaluate the load of nutrients discharged by salmon hatcheries, the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW) initiated two studies. Water from the Issaquah Hatchery, located in a watershed with identified excessive levels of anthropogenic phosphorus in the aquatic system, was monitored for total phosphorus for more than a year at the points of diversion from the creek, at the points of water return to the creek, and at the point of discharge from the off-line settling pond. Monitoring showed that the hatchery's contribution to watershed phosphorus levels was low and that the primary phosphorous input from the hatchery appeared to be the process water as opposed to water from the off-line settling system. In order to evaluate the efficacy of a constructed wetland in the removal of nutrients from a conventional offline settling system, WDFW installed a constructed wetland at the Dungeness Hatchery. Over the course of 4 years of monitoring, the wetland removed most of the solids, phosphorus, and nitrogenous compounds, which resulted in a reduction in biological oxygen demand (BOD) of the influent water. At times, the offline settling system actually increased the level of some of the nutrients, suggesting that treatment of hatchery effluent will need to include a combination of quiescent settling, constructed wetland, and some sort of process water treatment if anthropogenic solids and nutrients are to be more completely removed. The constructed wetland also provided habitat used by amphibians and birds for breeding and foraging. At facilities in locations with sufficient land base available to develop a constructed wetland, it should be possible to reduce the nutrient input to receiving waters and provide additional habitat for aquatic animals.

Prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes Subtypes in Bulk Milk of the Pacific Northwest

The prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in bulk milk from three Pacific Northwest states was assessed for 474 herds at three time points. For samples collected in November 2000 and June 2001, the L. monocytogenes prevalence levels were 4.9 and 7.0%, respectively. All isolates were subtyped by serotyping and by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Forty-nine of the 55 isolates belonged to serogroup 1/2a, while 6 belonged to serogroup 4. Subtyping by PFGE revealed that isolates from 31 herds shared 10 patterns; there was a weak but significant association between PFGE subtype and geographical distance. Six herds were positive for L. monocytogenes at both time points. Of these six herds, four had indistinguishable PFGE patterns at both time points. Twenty-five of the 33 herds that were positive in June 2001 were sampled again in June 2002. L. monocytogenes was recovered from 17 of these 25 herds (68%), with the ApaI restriction enzyme digestion profiles (REDP) for 8 herds being identical to those of isolates recovered from these herds the previous year. The ApaI REDP for the bulk milk isolates were compared with those for isolates recovered from environmental and human samples that were collected by the Washington Department of Health (n = 23). Analysis of ApaI digestion profiles revealed that only two of the Washington Department of Health isolates had digestion profiles similar to those for isolates from bulk milk; however, further analysis with the use of a second enzyme (AscI) was capable of discriminating between isolates from the two sources. Thus, we found no direct REDP matches between bulk milk and clinical isolates.

Guidelines for Wind Power and Wildlife in Washington State, USA

The Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW) adopted wind power guidelines in 2002 to promote standardisation of the agency's responses to proposed wind energy projects in Washington State. While the purpose of the guidelines was to create consistency from the agency, some of the recommendations seemed overly stringent and unjustified to the wind industry. Recognising the implications of the guidelines on wind energy development in the State, the Renewable Northwest Project (RNP), along with industry members and their permitting consultants, successfully engaged the agency in a discussion to reach fair and consistent wind power guidelines. The account and methods of negotiation are detailed as an example for abating possible adverse avian and habitat environmental impact of wind farms. The three key areas of negotiation were: pre-permit environmental studies, wildlife and habitat mitigation, and an alternative fee-based mitigation option.

Predicting fish passage design flows at ungaged streams in eastern Washington

The Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife recently established statewide guidelines for incorporating adult fish migration into culvert design. One of the design options requires an estimate of fish passage design flow for ungaged culvert sites. A new model is presented for estimating fish passage design flows at ungaged sites in Eastern Washington. The model is founded on a unique definition of fish passage design flow and an area-based approach for estimating this flow at ungaged sites. The fish passage design flow was developed by combining the concepts of allowable fish delay, established by fisheries experts to be three days, with a consecutive day analysis. This design flow ensures that fish are not delayed for more than three consecutive days during a water year. A fish passage design flow per unit area is assigned to previously delineated subwatersheds in Eastern Washington using similarity relationships derived from basin parameters and US Geological Survey gaging stations. The percent standard error for this model is 36%, a significant improvement from the 75% standard error calculated for the model previously developed for fish passage design flows in Eastern Washington.

Beliefs, Values, and Technical Assessment in Environmental Management: Contaminated Sediments in Puget Sound

Principles of risk assessment and risk management are rapidly making their way into environmental policy making. Yet risk assessment has proved problematic in use, since focusing on risks can serve to highlight uncertainties in scientific information or to delineate the differences between risk assessment as a technical procedure and the cultural, social, and institutional dimensions of risk that people also expect to influence risk management decisions. This article examines the use of principles of risk assessment in Washington State's development of management standards for contaminated sediments in Puget Sound. It asks whether and how the use of a mixed quantitative-qualitative hazard assessment approach for contaminated-site ranking, coupled with a strategy of separating technical assessment from consideration of social and economic factors in management decisions on a site-by-site basis, helped foster accord on the management approach selected by the Washington Department of Ecology. The Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) was utilized in the design and analysis of a survey of policy elites that serves as the principal data collection vehicle for this study. ACF attempts to understand the dynamics of policy formation through examination of the beliefs that opposing advocacy coalitions bring to policy disputes, focusing on whether cross-coalition learning occurs in analytical debate over policy. Results show that distinct pro-environment and pro-development advocacy coalitions exist for Puget Sound's contaminated sediments problem. Relatively little disagreement exists across contending coalitions on the ways principles of risk assessment should be applied in ranking contaminated sites for remedial attention, however, suggesting that risk-based management is an area in which cross-coalition learning has occurred. On the other hand, considerable disagreement exists at the policy level, over both the extent to which consideration of risk should drive decisions and the extent to which legal liability should be used to force remedial action. Nevertheless, these diverse actors have proved willing to accept the Department of Ecology's overall approach, suggesting that framing the problem in the language of risk and separating scientific and technical judgments from sociopolitical considerations has had value in moving potential conflict into a realm where a consensus approach can prevail. Difficult political and economic choices remain for the region as the state's sediment management policy continues to evolve. Agreeing to allow major decision points to be framed as problems in risk reduction through parallel but separate processes of risk assessment and risk management has seemingly added resilience to the policy regime developed through the state's rule-making process. ACF emerges in this study as a robust framework for examining the impact of scientific and technical assessment on environmental policy development.

Fringe Conservation: a Call to Action

Fringe Conservation: a Call to Action

Web-based Competency Assessment System for Microscopic Urinalysis

Under CLIA, clinical laboratories are required to document the competency of all personnel. Competency assessment assures quality laboratory testing through evaluating employees’ competency and providing remedial training to those who need it (1). Competency assessment can ( a ) identify key training areas, ( b ) identify processes that need improvement, ( c ) provide supervisors and managers with data on employee performance, and ( d ) provide evidence to customers, management, and surveyors that the laboratory assures quality with competent staff (2). The most common methods of assessing competency in laboratory personnel are direct observation, review of laboratory test and quality-control results, review of instrument preventive maintenance records, and written testing (1). Computer-based exams have not been widely used as competency assessment tools although they have several potential advantages, including automatic exam scoring and error analysis (3), immediate detailed feedback to exam questions, and the ability to simulate laboratory instrumentation. In this report, we demonstrate Urinalysis-CA (Urinalysis-Competency Assessment, distributed by Medical Training Solutions, Seattle, WA), a web-based competency assessment system for microscopic urinalysis that is a logical and major extension of Urinalysis-ReviewTM, our previous, diskette-based software (4). Urinalysis-CA is a web-based competency assessment program administered twice annually to registered laboratories. The program runs optimally using Internet Explorer 4 (or higher) or Netscape 4.0 (or higher). Content experts at the University of Washington Department of Laboratory Medicine constructed the exams. Three exams were administered during the study, which lasted from March 2000 to September 2001. Each exam consists of 10 image-based, multiple choice questions that test the ability to identify 1 or more of 34 urine sediment structures in five categories: ( a ) cells, ( b ) casts, ( c ) normal crystals, ( d ) abnormal crystals, and ( e ) organisms/artifacts. The images were collected from urine sediments prepared in the clinical laboratories at …

Great Candidates Fast: On-line Job Application and Electronic Processing

The state of Washington Department of Personnel has recently launched a new Internet based tool to provide hiring managers throughout state government with virtually instant certification of highly qualified candidates for employment. The new Internet Application system allows simultaneous on-line application submittal, screening and testing, scoring and notification, eligibility list placement, and referral for interview. It is a revolutionary improvement over the traditional recruitment and selection system, and reduces recruitment cycle time from several weeks to one or two hours. Certifications are tailored to fit key skill requirements provided by the hiring manager and can be customized for each position. The Internet Application system provides job seekers a very convenient and easy-to-use means for submitting an application from any place, at any time. The implementation of this initiative is crucial to fulfilling one of the Department's highest priority goals of having high quality, diverse, and available job candidates ready for managers to hire in the shortest time possible. Internal operational efficiencies and cost savings are other key benefits of the new Internet Application system.

Standard Sampling of Inland Fish: Benefits, Challenges, and a Call for Action

Abstract There are many examples of how standardization of procedures in production and data collection have led to remarkable advances in industry and science, but standardization is lacking regarding protocols for sampling fish populations in inland, freshwater systems. Reasons given why biologists often resist standardized sampling protocols include perceptions that differences in regions invalidate standard techniques; use of standard sampling is costly and reduces innovation by regional biologists; the variation already present in nature masks any gains introduced by standardization; and historical trend data is lost. We examine these reasons and provide procedures that may serve as a template by describing how development and implementation of standardized sampling protocols were achieved by the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. These procedures included obtaining support from high-level management within the agency and input from a wide variety of sources; emphasizing benefits to manageme...

Powering Earth

EcologyVolume 83, Issue 2 p. 589-590 Book Review Powering Earth Shahid Naeem, Shahid Naeem University of Washington Department of Zoology 24 Kincaid Hall Seattle, Washington 98195 E-mail: naeems@u.washington.eduSearch for more papers by this author Shahid Naeem, Shahid Naeem University of Washington Department of Zoology 24 Kincaid Hall Seattle, Washington 98195 E-mail: naeems@u.washington.eduSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 February 2002 https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[0589:PE]2.0.CO;2Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume83, Issue2February 2002Pages 589-590 RelatedInformation

Govt. Names Organizations That Can Accredit Methadone Programs

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Professional NewsFull AccessGovt. Names Organizations That Can Accredit Methadone ProgramsJim RosackJim RosackSearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:1 Feb 2002https://doi.org/10.1176/pn.37.3.0005bFour organizations were chosen last month by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) to accredit programs that use methadone to treat individuals with opiate abuse and dependency.Along with the Joint Commission on the Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO), the Commission on Accreditation of Rehabilitation Facilities (CARF), the Council on Accreditation for Children and Family Services (COA), and the State of Washington Department of Social and Health Services Division of Alcohol and Substance Abuse will accredit methadone treatment programs for SAMHSA’s Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (CSAT).CSAT hopes that the move to accreditation, announced last year (Psychiatric News, March 2, 2001), will lead to improvements in the quality and oversight of opioid treatment programs that use either methadone or levo-alpha-acetyl-methadol (LAAM) to prevent relapse in addiction to heroin and other opiates.“As a benchmark of quality,” CSAT Director H. Westley Clark, M.D., J.D., M.P.H., said in a prepared statement released by the center, “accreditation indicates that an organization meets certain critical performance standards. This should enhance community confidence in opioid treatment and enhance the ability of treatment programs to access managed care contracts.”SAMHSA Administrator Charles G. Curie added that “accreditation of methadone treatment programs is a fundamental shift in the way we approach drug abuse treatment in our nation. Accreditation can help to reduce stigma and discrimination by moving drug abuse treatment into the mainstream of medicine. Just like treatment for other diseases, physicians and other health care professionals will make decisions based on standards that emphasize best-care practices for patients.”The final approval of the four accrediting agencies follows recommendations made in 1997 by a National Institutes of Health consensus panel, which concluded that the existing federal and state regulations limited the ability of physicians to provide methadone treatment to patients and recommended the move away from regulatory oversight to accreditation in an effort to improve the quality of care. The change is also consistent with a report by the Institute of Medicine in 1995, which stressed the need to readjust the balance among regulations, clinical practice guidelines, and quality assurance systems.Under the regulations authorizing the new accreditation process, treatment programs must apply for certification to one of the four approved accrediting agencies no later than March 4, so that accreditation is achieved no later than May 19, 2003.CSAT, Clark said, is providing technical assistance to help treatment programs meet the new federal regulations and the accreditation standards. Each of the four accrediting agencies will provide technical assistance to programs seeking certification through their agency.Questions regarding technical assistance with meeting the new accreditation standards can be directed to a toll-free CSAT helpline at (800) 839-6120. Other information about the new federal regulations is available toll free from CSAT at (866) 463-6687. ▪ ISSUES NewArchived

A WATER QUALITY MODEL OF THE SPOKANE RIVER-LONG LAKE SYSTEM USING CE-QUAL-W2

A WATER QUALITY MODEL OF THE SPOKANE RIVER-LONG LAKE SYSTEM USING CE-QUAL-W2A water quality model of the Upper Spokane River system was developed by Portland State University for the Washington Department of Ecology. The model will be used to develop Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDL). The Upper Spokane River consists of multiple river and reservoir sections and is located in the Northeastern part of Washington State. The modeled section stretches from the Washington-Idaho...Author(s)Christopher J. BergerRobert L. AnnearScott A. WellsSourceProceedings of the Water Environment FederationSubjectSession 17 Modeling Case StudiesDocument typeConference PaperPublisherWater Environment FederationPrint publication date Jan, 2002ISSN1938-6478SICI1938-6478(20020101)2002:8L.1471;1-DOI10.2175/193864702785071886Volume / Issue2002 / 8Content sourceTMDLS ConferenceFirst / last page(s)1471 - 1496Copyright2002Word count348

Patterns, Pathways, and Processes in Seashore Ecosystems

EcologyVolume 82, Issue 12 p. 3566-3567 Book Review Patterns, Pathways, and Processes in Seashore Ecosystems Christopher D. G. Harley, University of Washington Department of Zoology Seattle, Washington 98195 E-mail: harley@u.washington.eduSearch for more papers by this author Christopher D. G. Harley, University of Washington Department of Zoology Seattle, Washington 98195 E-mail: harley@u.washington.eduSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 December 2001 https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[3566:PPAPIS]2.0.CO;2Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume82, Issue12December 2001Pages 3566-3567 RelatedInformation

The Ecology of Seashores

EcologyVolume 82, Issue 12 p. 3566-3567 Book Review Patterns, Pathways, and Processes in Seashore Ecosystems Christopher D. G. Harley, Christopher D. G. Harley University of Washington Department of Zoology Seattle, Washington 98195 E-mail: harley@u.washington.eduSearch for more papers by this author Christopher D. G. Harley, Christopher D. G. Harley University of Washington Department of Zoology Seattle, Washington 98195 E-mail: harley@u.washington.eduSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 December 2001 https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[3566:PPAPIS]2.0.CO;2Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume82, Issue12December 2001Pages 3566-3567 RelatedInformation