Washington Area Research Articles

Factors Affecting Detection of Burrowing Owl Nests During Standardized Surveys

Abstract: Identifying causes of declines and evaluating effects of management practices on persistence of local populations of burrowing owls (Athene cunicularia) requires accurate estimates of abundance and population trends. Moreover, regulatory agencies in the United States and Canada typically require surveys to detect nest burrows prior to approving developments or other activities in areas that are potentially suitable for nesting burrowing owls. In general, guidelines on timing of surveys have been lacking and surveys have been conducted at different times of day and in different stages of the nesting cycle. We used logistic regression to evaluate 7 factors that could potentially affect probability of a surveyor detecting a burrowing owl nest. We conducted 1,444 detection trials at 323 burrowing owl nests within 3 study areas in Washington and Wyoming, USA, between February and August 2000–2002. Detection probability was highest during the nestling period and increased with ambient temperature. The other 5 factors that we examined (i.e., study area, time of day, timing within the breeding season, wind speed, % cloud cover) interacted with another factor to influence detection probability. Use of call‐broadcast surveys increased detection probability, even during daylight hours when we detected >95% of owls visually. Optimal timing of surveys will vary due to differences in breeding phenology and differences in nesting behavior across populations. Nevertheless, we recommend ≥3 surveys per year: one that coincides with the laying and incubation period, another that coincides with the early nestling period, and a third that coincides with the late nestling period. In northern latitudes, surveys can be conducted throughout the day. (JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT 72(3):688–696; 2008)

Transborder Lives: Indigenous Oaxacans in Mexico, California, and Oregon by Lynn Stephen

lateryears of the nineteenth and early twen tieth centuries. The last volumes published were those for Wisconsin Territory, which was admitted to statehood in 1848. This left the papers of thegreatmajority of territories west of the Mississippi unedited and unpublished. Scholars wishing to examine thepapers of, for example, Oregon Territory, stillneed to go to theNational Archives or order copies from the Archives.Microfilm versions of the territorial papers are also available. In 1989, NARA launched the seriesofwhich thisvolume isa part, intending ittobe a "con tinuation" of theTerritorialPapers project (p. xv). Italso builds on previous guides, lists,and preliminary inventories. This series consists of guides to records of federal agencies rather than edited versions of the records themselves. Volumes that have appeared thus far cover records of theDepartments of State, Justice, Agriculture, and Interior. The publication reviewedhere isone of three"sections"pertain ing to Interior records. The two volumes are devoted toRecord Group 49, the recordsof the General Land Office, theprincipal predecessor of theBureau ofLandManagement. The other two sections deal with thefilesof theOffice of theSecretaryof the Interiorand theCommis sioner of Railroads and "Select Agencies" of thedepartment. The "Territorial Period" as defined here spans the years from the Louisiana Purchase to the admission ofArizona and New Mexico to statehood. The records of a particular ter ritorydescribed extend to 1912and, inmany cases, beyond ? even though most of the territorieshad achieved statehood by the end of thenineteenth century.This guide includes therecordsofAlaska Territorybut not thoseof the territoriesofHawaii and Puerto Rico and other overseas possessions. The firstvolume describes the records by activity rather than by territoryand state. We find, for example, descriptions of "Records Concerning Boundary Surveys," "Records Relating toMilitary Bounty Land Warrants," and "General Records Relating toPrivate Land Claims." Figures are given showing thephysical extentof thevarious series,such as thenumber of linearfeet. The first volume concludes with a useful "Glossary of Public Land Terms." The second volume contains lists"intended to acquaint theusers of thisguidewith a quick introduction to thekinds of records available to researchers interested in the activities of theGeneral Land Office in a particular State or Territory" (p. 1).The volume consists of six appendixes, the first two being "File Lists, by State, of Selected Series ofRecords," and "Sur veyorsGeneral of Public Lands States West of the Mississippi River." Both volumes, for themost part, treat records found atNational Archives facilities in the Washington, D.C., area. The justifica tion given fornot including those atNAR?s regional branches is that records there are mostly duplicates of, or similar to, those in the Washington area. Nevertheless, research ers should check tomake certain theyare not overlooking something.The regional branches hold a good many unique treasures. This guide offers users of the archives a great, painstakingly compiled research tool. The editor and his staff deserve the thanks of all scholars using theNARA system. Michael J.Brodhead U.S. Army Corps ofEngineers,Virginia TRANSBORDER UVES: INDIGENOUS OAXACANS IN MEXICO, CALIFORNIA, ANDOREGON byLynnStephen Duke University Press, Durham, North Carolina, 2007. Illustrations, photographs, maps, tables, notes, bibliography, index. 397 pages. $23.95 paper. The increased scholarly attention to diaspora, circularmigration, and transnationalism has illuminated excitingways to consider social Reviews 495 change. Ithas also underscored the importance of examining the mechanics of domination in discursive practices,modes ofmarket integra tion,and the mutations of statepower atdiffer ent spatial and temporal scales. Lynn Stephen's Transborder Lives productively engages these terms through "collaborative activist ethno graphic research" to investigate the displace ment, dispersal, and circulation of Zapotee and Mixtee Indigenous communities of the Mexican state of Oaxaca to rural and urban sites inCalifornia and Oregon (p. 321). This work ispropelled by its simultaneity and geographic scope, which can be seen in statements such as: "In order tohavemultisited communities, we must have multisited histo ries" (p. 66). Through the ethnographic infor mation sheprovides about Zapotee andMixtee communities, Stephen argues that transnation alism appears tobe a subset ofwhat she refers to as a more complex transborder experience. She argues that international migration, through the lens of transnationalism, misses different types of crossings that indigenous migrants encounter. For her, the experiences ofZapotee andMixtee migrations suggest"the borders they cross are ethnic, class, cultural, colonial, and state borders within Mexico as well as at...

Mapping Downy Brome (Bromus tectorum) Using Multidate AVIRIS Data

Invasive plants impose threats to both natural and managed ecosystems. Downy brome is among the most aggressive invasive weeds that has infested the shrub-steppe ecoregion of eastern Washington. Hyperspectral remote sensing has potential for early detection and for monitoring the spread of downy brome—information that is essential for developing effective management strategies. Two airborne hyperspectral Advanced Visible Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) images (electromagnetic spectrum ranging from 400 to 2,500 nm) were acquired at a nominal 4-m ground resolution over a study area in south-central Washington on July 27, 2000 and May 5, 2003. We used a mixture-tuned matched filtering (MTMF) algorithm to classify downy brome and predict its percent cover in each dataset plus a merged multiseasonal dataset using the transformed bands from a minimum noise fraction (MNF) output. The correlation coefficient was 0.79, calculated for the multidate MTMF predicted downy brome abundance, compared to 0.41 and 0.51 derived from the July 2000 and May 2003 data, respectively. Although this study used high spatial resolution (∼3 to 4 m) hyperspectral imagery, this result shows that data acquired in different seasons is more effective for detection of downy brome invasion, compared to single-date datasets. These results support expanded use of multitemporal data for weed mapping to capitalize on spectral differences between seasons for weeds, in this case downy brome, and the surrounding environment.

Baseline sensitivities to fludioxonil and pyrimethanil in Penicillium expansum populations from apple in Washington State

Penicillium expansum is the primary cause of blue mold, a common postharvest fruit rot disease of apple. In 2004, two new fungicides, fludioxonil and pyrimethanil, were registered for postharvest use on pome fruits in the U.S. To establish distribution of baseline sensitivity of P. expansum to fludioxonil and pyrimethanil before their commercial use, 120 isolates recovered from apple orchards and fruit packinghouses across the apple growing areas in central Washington were selected and tested in vitro for sensitivity to these two fungicides using mycelial growth assays. Baseline EC 50 values ranged from 0.011 to 0.068 (average = 0.020) mg/L for fludioxonil and from 0.519 to 2.054 (average = 1.340) mg/L for pyrimethanil. One isolate showed reduced sensitivity to fludioxonil with an EC 50 of 0.068 mg/L, which was significantly higher ( P < 0.0001) than those of remaining isolates tested. Fludioxonil at 0.5 mg/L completely inhibited mycelial growth of all isolates tested except for the isolate with reduced sensitivity. Conidial germination and germ-tube elongation were completely inhibited by pyrimethanil at 0.5 mg/L and by fludioxonil at 0.1 mg/L except for the isolate with reduced sensitivity based on the mycelial growth assay. Discriminatory concentrations of 0.5 mg/L fludioxonil for mycelial growth and 0.5 mg/L pyrimethanil for germ-tube elongation were recommended for phenotyping isolates of P. expansum for resistance to these two fungicides. No cross-sensitivity correlation in P. expansum was observed among thiabendazole, fludioxonil, and pyrimethanil. Fludioxonil and pyrimethanil applied at label rates were effective in controlling blue mold on apple fruit inoculated with isolates exhibiting different degrees of sensitivity to these two fungicides. The results indicate that the current population of P. expansum can be effectively controlled by these two new postharvest fungicides. The information generated in this study on baseline sensitivity distribution is useful in monitoring future shifts in sensitivities to these two new fungicides in P. expansum populations from apples in the region.

In Honor of William Brainard and George Perry

THE BROOKINGS PAPERS ON ECONOMIC ACTIVITY is a unique and amazing institution, created by three visionaries, two of whom we thank and appreciate in this volume, George Perry and William Brainard. We should not, however, forget the founding contributions of Arthur Okun, who died in 1980, even though many readers know them only from the classic Brookings Papers of the 1970s, still full of wisdom. The Brookings Papers was much more unique at its inception in 1970 than it is today, because it has inspired imitation and because Okun and Perry were the first to understand the value of a field-oriented, ongoing, academic conference series. In the 1960s there were no conference series in economic specialties. One went to the annual American Economic Association meetings and the Econometric Society meetings and to department seminars, but nothing else. How did we survive? The fixtures of the macroeconomics conference circuit all started later: the Carnegie-Rochester series in 1973; the National Bureau of Economic Research's economic fluctuations program and its International Seminar on Macroeconomics and Summer Institute in 1978; the NBER Macroeconomics Annual in 1986 (a self-conscious copy of the Brookings Papers, I can say from firsthand knowledge); and the Minnesota Workshop in Macroeconomic Theory in 1990. The world was different in 1970, when the Brookings Panel first met. The Brookings special room rate at the Dupont Plaza for the first meeting was $14 a night. Central cities, including the Dupont Circle area of Washington, seemed doomed. For the first decade of the Panel's existence, we would not have dreamed of crossing the center of the circle after 6 p.m., and we could have bought a spectacular house in Kalorama for $25,000. I think some people feel that the Brookings Papers missed something in that two prominent developments in macroeconomics over the period of its existence--the rational expectations revolution and the simple general-equilibrium real business cycle model--did not figure prominently in the Panel's discussions. Or, to be more candid, they were more often criticized than advanced at the Panel. With respect to rational expectations, the editors did try to bring it within the Panel's ambit. Thomas Sargent, a leading proponent, was a member of the Panel in 1973 and wrote a significant Brookings Paper, (1) and Rudiger Dornbusch, who in 1976 became an instant star when he explained that rational expectations resulted in the overshooting of exchange rates, (2) was active here for many years. It did not take long for the Panel to follow the macroeconomics profession in absorbing rational expectations into its daily thinking. The Brookings Papers' hostility to the real business cycle model and its many progeny, the dynamic stochastic general-equilibrium models, is easier to explain and reflects well on the editors. When the panel was launched, big econometric models reigned over macroeconomics. The Brookings Institution had lent its name to a huge effort to produce one such model. But a strict founding principle of the Brookings Panel was no big models, and it would be hard to exaggerate how important this was for the intellectual contribution of the Brookings Papers. Big models were a dead end. I do not personally think that the smaller general-equilibrium models are a dead end, but it was an easy and understandable transition from hostility to the big models to hostility to the smaller ones when they sprang up from Minnesota. From the start the Brookings Papers was about sectors, equations, and phenomena, and not about general equilibrium. I think this was and is a great strength. In preparing these remarks, I went through the tables of contents of the Brookings Papers for its entire history--three issues a year in the first few years and two issues a year ever since, not counting the splinter publication, the Brookings Papers on Microeconomic Activity, which ran from 1989 to 1998. …

Status and Trends in Demography of Northern Spotted Owls, 1985–2003

Abstract We analyzed demographic data from northern spotted owls (Strix occidentalis caurina) from 14 study areas in Washington, Oregon, and California for 1985–2003. The purpose of our analyses was to provide an assessment of the status and trends of northern spotted owl populations throughout most of their geographic range. The 14 study areas made up approximately 12% of the range of the subspecies and included federal, tribal, private, and mixed federal and private lands. The study areas also included all the major forest types that the subspecies inhabits. The analyses followed rigorous protocols that were developed a priori and were the result of extensive discussions and consensus among the authors. Our primary objectives were to estimate fecundity, apparent survival (φ), and annual rate of population change (λ) and to determine if there were any temporal trends in these population parameters. In addition to analyses of data from individual study areas, we conducted 2 meta-analyses on each demograph...

Risk of Microsatellite-Unstable Colorectal Cancer Is Associated Jointly with Smoking and Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug Use

Smoking has been consistently associated with an increased risk of colorectal adenomas and hyperplastic polyps as well as colorectal cancer. Conversely, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) have been associated with reduced colorectal cancer risk. We conducted a population-based case-control study to evaluate the joint association between smoking and regular NSAID use with colorectal cancer risk; we also examined these associations stratified by tumor microsatellite instability (MSI). We analyzed 1,792 incident colorectal cancer cases and 1,501 population controls in the Seattle, Washington area from 1998-2002. MSI, defined as MSI high (MSI-H) or MSI-low/microsatellite stable (MSI-L/MSS), was assessed in tumors of 1,202 cases. Compared with nonsmokers, colorectal cancer risk was modestly increased among individuals who had ever smoked. Current NSAID use was associated with a 30% lower risk compared with nonusers. There was a statistically significant interaction between smoking duration and use of NSAIDs (P(interaction) = 0.05): relative to current NSAID users who never smoked, individuals who had both smoked for >40 years and had never used NSAIDs were at the highest risk for colorectal cancer (adjusted odds ratio, 2.8; 95% confidence intervals, 1.8-4.1). Compared with nonsmokers, there was a stronger association within MSI-H tumors with current smoking than there was within MSI-L/MSS tumors. Smokers of long duration were at elevated risk of MSI-H tumors even with NSAID use. The risk of MSI-L/MSS tumors was not elevated among long-duration smokers with long exposure to NSAIDs but was elevated among long-duration smokers who had never used NSAIDs. There seems to be a synergistic inverse association (implying protection) against colorectal cancer overall as a result of NSAID use and nonsmoking, but risk of MSI-H colorectal cancer remains elevated among smokers even when they have a history of NSAID use.

Prevalence of Daidzein-Metabolizing Phenotypes Differs between Caucasian and Korean American Women and Girls

Interindividual differences in metabolism of the soy isoflavone, daidzein, to equol and O-desmethylangolensin (ODMA) by human gut bacteria, have been associated with altered risk of cancer and other chronic diseases, according to some studies. Differences have been reported in the prevalence of the equol-producer phenotype among populations, with a higher prevalence in soy-consuming Asian populations than in Western populations. To date, prevalence of the daidzein-metabolizing phenotypes in Asians, compared with Caucasians, has not been evaluated in the context of a standardized phenotyping method. We assessed the prevalence of equol- and ODMA-producer phenotypes in 91 Korean American (KA) women and girls living in the Seattle, Washington area and compared this with previous similarly collected prevalence data in Caucasian American (CA) women and girls (n = 222). We also compared the dietary habits of the 2 groups. Isoflavonoid concentrations in first-void morning urines, collected after a 3-d soy challenge, were used to establish equol-, and ODMA-producer phenotypes (>44 microg/L). The prevalence of the equol-producer phenotype was higher (51 vs. 36%; P = 0.015) and the ODMA-producer phenotype was lower (84 vs. 92%, P = 0.03) in KA than in CA women and girls. KAs consumed approximately 3 times more soy foods than the CAs, but no significant associations were found between the consumption of soy foods and equol-producer phenotype. Our findings support the reports that, compared with Western populations, Asian populations have a higher equol-producer prevalence. The additional observation that the prevalence of the ODMA-producer phenotype is lower in KAs suggests that daidzein-metabolizing patterns in general may differ between KAs and CAs.

Can the Equity Markets Help Predict Bank Failures?

Working Paper 2004-03 *Senior Financial Economist, Division of Insurance and Research, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), Washington, DC 20429 **Reston, Virginia 20190 The views expressed here are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the FDIC or its staff. The authors would like to thank Audrey Clement for extensive assistance; and Gerald Hanweck, Andrew Davenport, anonymous referees, and the participants in the 2004 Washington Area Finance Association meetings and the 2004 Western Economic Association International meetings for helpful comments.

The Life and Legacy of Harry Stack Sullivan

These welcome vintage fragments remind us again of the life and legacy of Harry Stack Sullivan (1892–1949). Doctors Cooper and Guynn deserve our thanks for having made them available, both because of the centrality of the ideas in the fragments to Sullivan’s thought and because of our being left a sentimental memento of Sullivan. Further, they link us back to Hilde Bruch who recorded them. For me, their comments at the end of their article, expressing appreciation to the editors of Sullivan’s collected papers, apply equally to these two authors themselves for having laboriously reconstructed what still are difficult words to comprehend. Sullivan’s writing has only occasionally been considered lucid, straightforward, and easy to understand. On the other hand, as the authors mention, he was considered a charismatic teacher and superb clinician with a special gift for being in tune with patients. As always, for new generations who only vaguely know Sullivan, there is the question of taking the measure of a man who has passed. There are several structurally different ways of knowing anyone, which can be hierarchically arranged. These include having direct experience with the person, learning of the person from those who knew him well, seeing and/or hearing the person in recordings, reading what he has written, reading what others have written about him and, finally, being indirectly influenced by his thinking. There probably remain several handfuls of people who knew Sullivan directly, few of whom remain professionally active. Although he died just before I entered medical school, as a young resident I was fortunate (as were other Washington area trainees) in being trained by a number of people who were close to Sullivan. Many of my supervisors had been analyzed or supervised by Sullivan and I was strongly encouraged to model my treatment efforts after him. This especially applied to working with schizophrenic patients at Chestnut Lodge. Stories and clinical vignettes about him abounded and he was either held in great respect, or, among the psychoanalytically most orthodox, reviled. Unfortunately for today’s young professional’s, they are almost certain to know Sullivan only through the written word or from teachers who never met him. For some, these fragments may be their first exposure. I would like to focus my attention on two issues stemming from the paper: One is the operational usefulness of Sullivan’s ideas Psychiatry 69(2) Summer 2006 107

Book &amp; Resource ReviewsAcademic Dishonesty: An Educator's Guide, by WhitleyBernard E.Jr., and Keith-SpiegelPatricia. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2002. 169 pages, soft cover.

Academy of Management Learning & EducationVol. 5, No. 1 Book & Resource ReviewsBook & Resource ReviewsBarry R. ArmandiBarry R. ArmandiState University of New York—Old WestburyPublished Online:30 Nov 2017https://doi.org/10.5465/amle.2006.20388394AboutSectionsView articleView Full TextPDF/EPUB ToolsDownload CitationsAdd to favoritesTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail View articleREFERENCES Bartindale B. 2004. Trying to keep students honest at universities. Mercury News. Retrieved from http://www.mercurynews.com. Google Scholar Cordeiro W. P. 1995. Should a school of business change its ethics to conform to the cultural diversity of its students? Journal of Education for Business, 71: 27–29. Google Scholar Davis K. 1992. Student cheating: A defensive essay. English Journal, 81 (6): 72–74. Google Scholar McCabe D. L. , Trevino L. K. 1993. Academic dishonesty: Honor codes and other contextual influences. Journal of Higher Education, 64: 522–538. Google Scholar Moffat M. Undergraduate Cheating. Unpublished Manuscript, Department of Anthropolgy, Rutgers University, (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 334921). Google Scholar Pavala G. 1978. Judicial review of academic decision-making after Horowitz. School Law Journal, 55(8): 55–75. Google Scholar Robinson J. 1992. International students and American university culture: Adjustment issues. Paper Presented at the Meeting of the Washington Area Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages, Arlington, VA, (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 350968). Google ScholarFiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Vol. 5, No. 1 Permissions Metrics Downloaded 2 times in the past 12 months History Published online 30 November 2017 Published in print 1 March 2006 Information© Academy of Management Learning & EducationKeywordsBOOKS -- ReviewsCHEATING (Education)NONFICTIONPDF download

Application of two regression-based methods to estimate the effects of partial harvest on forest structure using Landsat data

Although partial harvests are common in many forest types globally, there has been little assessment of the potential to map the intensity of these harvests using Landsat data. We modeled basal area removal and percent cover change in a study area in central Washington (northwestern USA) using biennial Landsat imagery and reference data from historical aerial photos and a system of inventory plots. First, we assessed the correlation of Landsat spectral bands and associated indices with measured levels of forest removal. The variables most closely associated with forest removal were the shortwave infrared (SWIR) bands (5 and 7) and those strongly influenced by SWIR reflectance (particularly Tasseled Cap Wetness, and the Disturbance Index). The band and indices associated with near-infrared reflectance (band 4, Tasseled Cap Greenness, and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) were only weakly correlated with degree of forest removal. Two regression-based methods of estimating forest loss were tested. The first, termed “state model differencing” (SMD), involves creating a model representing the relationship between inventory data from any date and corresponding, cross-normalized spectral data. This “state model” is then applied to imagery from two dates, with the difference between the two estimates taken as estimated change. The second approach, which we called “direct change modeling” (DCM), involves modeling forest structure changes as a single term using re-measured inventory data and spectral differences from corresponding image pairs. In a leave-one-out cross-validation process, DCM-derived estimates of harvest intensity had lower root mean square errors than SMD for both relative basal area change and relative cover change. The higher measured accuracy of DCM in this project must be weighed against several operational advantages of SMD relating to less restrictive reference data requirements and more specific resultant estimates of change.

Distribution of Potebniamyces pyri in the U.S. Pacific Northwest and Its Association with a Canker and Twig Dieback Disease of Pear Trees.

Winter pears (Pyrus communis) in the United States are produced primarily in the Pacific Northwest. Potebniamyces pyri (anamorph Phacidiopycnis piri) is the causal agent of Phacidiopycnis rot, a recently reported postharvest disease on pears in the United States. Infection of fruit by P. pyri occurs in the orchard, and symptoms develop during storage. P. pyri was observed to be associated with cankers, dead bark, and twig dieback of pear trees. P. pyri was isolated from 40 to 50% of the twig samples exhibiting dieback symptoms from three commercial d'Anjou pear orchards, and 35% of dying bark samples from one orchard. However, little information is available regarding pathogenicity of P. pyri on pear trees. To determine the distribution of P. pyri, dying and dead bark samples were collected from pear orchards in various pear-producing areas in Oregon and Washington, and examined for presence of fruiting bodies (pycnidia or apothecia) of P. pyri. In the orchard, 2-year-old twigs were wounded using a sterile cork borer with or without spraying with a commercial aerosol tissue-freezing product at the wound sites. Wounds were then inoculated with either mycelial plugs from an agar medium or conidial suspensions of P. pyri. In a separate experiment, freshly made pruning wounds were inoculated with conidial suspensions of P. pyri. Canker development was monitored approximately monthly for up to 6 months after inoculation, at which time reisolation of P. pyri was attempted. P. pyri was found to be widespread in the Pacific Northwest. Incidence of trees infected by P. pyri based on presence of viable pycnidia in pear orchards ranged from 0 to 100%. Monthly tree inoculations in the orchard indicated that P. pyri in general did not cause cankers on non-cold-injured, wound-inoculated twigs, but apparently became established on cold-injured, wound-inoculated twigs and caused small cankers. Minor dieback developed on twigs inoculated at pruning wounds. At 6 months after inoculation, P. pyri was recovered from the majority of inoculated twigs. Thus, P. pyri appears to be a weak canker-causing pathogen on pear trees.

Effect of stress related to the 9/11/2001 terror attack on seizures in patients with epilepsy

Stress facilitates seizures in patients with epilepsy. The frequency with which this occurs is uncertain. Estimates range widely, from 14 to 67% of patients affected,1–5 mainly because there is no uniform definition of stress. One way of bypassing the problem of the definition of stress is to examine the effects on seizures of an event that is generally recognized as stressful. The 9/11/2001 terrorist attack was such an event in the United States. In the current study, we examined the effect of 9/11 attack-related emotional stress on seizures among patients with epilepsy in an area directly involved in one of the attacks, Washington, DC, by comparing seizure frequency before and after the attack. In addition, because we had studied the association of subjectively perceived stress with seizures in the same patients before 9/11, we compared the change in seizure frequency following 9/11 with patients' own assessment of stress as a seizure precipitant. Cognitively normal adult patients with epilepsy seen consecutively in the Georgetown University Hospital (GUH) Epilepsy Clinic between 9/12 and 12/20/01 were evaluated. GUH is 3 miles from the Pentagon, the Washington target of the 9/11/2001 attack. Greater Washington area residents present …

The Demise of Distance: The Business Press and the Origins of the Information Revolution in the Early Modern Atlantic World

During the time that was engaged in the researching and writing of this essay, enjoyed a great deal of support. am immensely grateful for the help given me: as a Visiting Senior Me/Ion Scholar in American History at the University of Cambridge; as a John Adams Fellow of the Institute of United States Studies, University of London; as a Fellow of the Eccles Centre for American Studies, the British Library; as a Leverhulme Trust Visiting Fellow at the University of Cambridge; for a Helen Cam Fellowship at Girton College, University of Cambridge; as a Fulbright Senior Scholar to Great Britain; as a Scholar in Residence at the Rockefeller Center, Bellagio, Italy; for a Fredson Bowers Grant from the Bibliographical Society of America and the Bibliographical Society of Great Britain; for a Reese Fellowship from the Bibliographical Society of America; for a Franklin Research Grant from the American Philosophical Society; and for a fellowship offered by the Koninklijke Vlaamse Academie van Belgie voor Wetenschappen en Kunsten, Brussels. have also benefited from the opportunity to respond to thoughtful comments on some of the ideas developed herein offered at presentations before several sets of colleagues: at the Washington Area Economic History Seminar, American University; at the Seminar on Economic History, Indiana University; at the Conference on Founding Financier: Robert Morris, City University of New York Graduate Center, New York City; at the Third International Congress of Maritime History, Esbjerg, Denmark; at the Graduate School Seminar, University of Helsinki, Finland; and at the Legal History Colloquium, Harvard University Law School, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 1 Benjamin Franklin, Advice to a Young Tradesman, as printed in George Fisher, The American Instructor; or, Young Man's Best Companion . . . ,9th edn. rev. (Philadelphia, 1748), 375. See also Franklin, The Papers of Benjamin Franklin, Leonard W. Labaree et al., eds., 37 vols. (New Haven, Conn., 1959-),3: 304-308. 2 Franklin, Comfort for America, or Remarks on Her Real Situation, Interests, and Policy, American Museum 1 (January 1787): 6. 3 Fernand [P.] Braudel, La Mediterranee et le monde mediterraneen al'epoque de Philippe /1, 4th edn. rev. and corrected, 2 vols. (Paris, 1979), 1: 326-61, and his extended discussion of l'espace, ennemi numero I (distance, enemy number one).

Bowl America Inc.

AbstractSporting &amp; Recreational (MIC: 13.5 SIC: 7933 NAIC:713950)Bowl America is engaged in the operation of 18 bowling centers in the metropolitan area of Washington, D.C.; Baltimore, Maryland; Orlando, Florida; Jacksonville, Florida; and Richmond, Virginia. These 18 bowling centers contain a total of 716 lanes. The centers are fully air‐conditioned with facilities for service of food and beverages, game rooms, rental lockers, and playroom facilities. All centers provide shoes for rental, and bowling balls are provided free. In addition, each center retails bowling accessories. Most locations are equipped for glow‐in‐the‐dark bowling for parties and non‐league bowling.

Summer Genetics Institute

Those of you who read this column frequently will note a distinct change. Typically, as the column title suggests, a biological issue related to psychiatric nursing appears. This issue's column will instead focus on training related to a biological perspective: the Summer Genetics Institute (SGI) held at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in the Washington, DC, area. Sponsored by the National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) in collaboration with the School of Nursing and Health Studies at Georgetown University, this summer program enjoyed its fifth cohort of students during summer 2004. Each summer, in a highly competitive selection process, 18 or so participants are invited to transplant themselves to the Washington area for the months of June and July. Participants arrive from around the country. During summer 2004, attendees traveled from Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Texas, Oklahoma, Nebraska, Utah, Wisconsin, Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and the District of Columbia. Nursing faculty composed one-half of the group, while the other nine slots drew from current doctoral students. Ages ranged from 20s to 50s. Universities represented were Florida, South Florida, Georgia State, Emory, Alabama at Birmingham, Baylor, Tulsa, Nebraska, Utah, Wisconsin, Michigan, Indiana, Ohio State, Pittsburgh, George Mason, and Howard. Institute faculty, headed by Dr. Roland Nardone (formerly department chair of biology at Catholic University), are exceptionally well prepared and primarily drawn from NIH, Catholic University, Georgetown University, and other distinguished academies. The teaching and course work are rigorous and steady (as in nonstop for 8 weeks), yet the environment is relaxed and collegial. The lectures could all be categorized as current with a high level of difficulty. The SGI faculty are experts in their area. For example, the lecture on Duchene's muscular dystrophy was given by the scientist who identified that a protein from a defective gene was responsible for the disorder, and the lecture on Behavioral Genetics was presented by Dr. Tom Insel, Director of NIMH. Overall, high marks are given to SGI instruction. Students come with a variety of backgrounds. Some were engaged in genetic work/research before entering the program, others had a genetic trajectory on their career radar screens, and a few viewed this as an opportunity to add a missing element to their knowledge base. As noted, student ages varied, yet neither this nor any other diverse characteristic imposed itself into the fabric of students working together to stay abreast of the onslaught of material. Course evaluation (i.e., grades) was based on three examinations and a research proposal. The exams, surprisingly, were take home, with students encouraged to work in small study groups. The initial reaction was one of relief and although that sense of relief continued, any thoughts that such a testing approach was like shooting fish in a barrel were dismissed immediately. The exams were difficult and truly vehicles of learning. Putting our heads together was helpful, but eventually each person had to work out his or her own salvation with fear and trembling. Several students, including the author, wondered aloud after seeing the first exam, Why am I putting myself through all this? The testing truly challenged us beyond the ability of the printed word to convey. For most weeks the format of the course followed this pattern: Lecture: 9:30-11:30 and 13:00-16:00 Tuesdays, Wednesdays, and Thursdays; Laboratory 9:00-17:00 Fridays and Saturdays. …

Bowl America Inc.

AbstractSporting &amp;Recreational (MIC: 13.5 SIC: 7933 NAIC:713950)Bowl America, through its wholly‐owned subsidiaries, operates bowling centers. Co. operates in the greater metropolitan area of Washington, D.C., the greater metropolitan area of Baltimore, MD, Orlando, FL, the greater metropolitan area of Jacksonville, FL, and the greater metropolitan area of Richmond, VA. These establishments are fully air‐conditioned with facilities for service of food and beverages, game rooms, rental lockers, and playroom facilities. All centers provide shoes for rental, and bowling balls are provided free. In addition, each center retails bowling accessories. Most locations are equipped for glow‐in‐the‐dark bowling, popular for parties and non‐league bowling.

WALTA school-network cosmic ray detectors

The Washington Area Large-scale Time coincidence Array (WALTA) is placing particle detector arrays in secondary schools in the Seattle area to build up a large-scale ultra-high energy cosmic ray detector network, one of several such projects around the world. Scintillation counters salvaged from the CASA experiment in cooperation with the CROP group at the University of Nebraska at Lincoln are refurbished by teachers and students, tested, calibrated, and installed in four-fold arrays at high school sites. To identify time coincidences, a GPS time synchronization system is employed. Data are acquired using a custom low-cost DAQ card. Here we will describe the logistics and status of WALTA and show samples of data taken with a prototype array at the University of Washington.

Spatial Relationship of Biomass and Species Distribution in an Old-Growth Pseudotsuga-Tsuga Forest

Abstract Old-growth forests are known for their complex and variable structure and function. In a 12-ha plot (300 m × 400 m) of an old-growth Douglas-fir forest within the T. T. Munger Research Natural Area in southern Washington, we mapped and recorded live/dead condition, species, and diameter at breast height to address the following objectives: (1) to quantify the contribution of overstory species to various elements of aboveground biomass (AGB), density, and basal area, (2) to detect and delineate spatial patchiness of AGB using geostatisitcs, and (3) to explore spatial relationships between AGB patch patterns and forest structure and composition. Published biometric equations for the coniferous biome of the region were applied to compute AGB and its components of each individual stem. A program was developed to randomly locate 500 circular plots within the 12-ha plot that sampled the average biomass component of interest on a per hectare basis so that the discrete point patterns of trees were statistically transformed to continuous variables. The forest structure and composition of low, mediate, and high biomass patches were then analyzed. Biomass distribution of the six major species across the stand were clearly different and scale- dependent. The average patch size of the AGB based on semivariance analysis for Tsuga heterophylla, Abies amabilis, A. grandis, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Thuja plicata, and Taxus brevifolia were 57.3, 81.7, 37, 114.6, 38.7, and 51.8 m, respectively. High biomass patches were characterized by high proportions of T. heterophylla and T. plicata depending on spatial locations across the stand. Low AGB patches had high densities of A. amabilis and T. brevifolia. We presented several potential mechanisms for relating spatial distribution of species and biomass, including competition, invasion and extinction, disturbance, and stand dynamics. Clearly, future studies should be developed to examine the details of how each process alters the spatial patterns of tree species with sound experimental designs and long-term monitoring processes at multiple scales. FOR. SCI. 50(3):364–375.