Washing Wastewater Research Articles

Polyethersulfone membrane fouling mitigation during ultrafiltration of wastewaters from car washes

The car wash wastewater was separated by ultrafiltration. The commercial ultrafiltration (UF) polyethersulfone (PES) membranes (10 and 100 kDa) were applied. The FTIR analysis indicated that membrane matrix beside PES also contained poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP). These membranes were used for the wastewater separation, achieving over 50 % rejection of most contaminants and the permeate with a turbidity of <0.2 NTU. It has been shown that a severe membrane fouling was caused not only by the pollutants removed from the cars but also by the detergents used for car washing. As a result, the permeate flux disappeared after 5–10 h of filtration. The Hermia's models analysis indicated that raw wastewater (841 NTU) caused both complete blocking and intermediate fouling mechanism. Wastewater turbidity was reduced by sedimentation (29 NTU), and consequently, cake formation was dominant fouling mechanism in this case. Fouling was reduced by washing the membranes with alkaline agents (pH = 11–12), commonly used in car washes, to clean wheels and remove insects. By washing the membranes every 5–7 h for 30 min with solutions (0.3–0.5 %) of these agents a stable permeate flux at a level of 80 % of the initial flux was obtained during 100 h wastewater filtration tests.

Determination and implementation of an onsite management system for motor-vehicle wash effluents: A field-scale commercial application toward sector sustainability

The global upsurge of vehicle wash enterprises is allied to the production of large wastewater volumes. This effluent contains organic and inorganic compounds which can cause environmental pollution. Upscaling the laboratory-scale systems for motor-vehicle wash wastewater (MVWW) treatment to field-scale commercial application is essential for enabling the circular economy framework, meeting the United Nations' 2030 Agenda. In this study, 98 research publications on MVWW treatment technologies were scrutinized for bibliometric-meta analysis. After, a practical treatment option was identified and designed for implementation in a Ugandan motor-vehicle wash station and a comprehensive economic evaluation was performed. A continental outlook on MVWW quality showed that its major pollutants include oil-greasy compounds, surfactants, and suspended solids. Results showed that a hybrid system consisting of coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation and sand/gravel filtration was identified as the most practical treatment method for implementation in motor-vehicle washing stations. The final effluent of the field-scale integrated treatment system contained turbidity = 2 ± 0.0 NTU, chemical oxygen demand (COD) = 18.9 ± 0.6 mg/L, surfactants = 3.2 ± 0.3 mg/L, supporting onsite recyclability in motor-vehicle washing activities. The integrated system demonstrated a profitability scenario with a benefit-cost ratio (B/C) > 1 and a payback period of 2.7 years. Implementing the hybrid system for onsite MVWW treatment could fulfil targets of sustainable development goals related to; water conservation, water recycling and reuse, and environmental protection.

Pembbuatan Hair Tonic Dengan Memanfaatkan Air Limbah Cucian Beras Putih

Abstract Making hair tonic products aims to process white rice washing waste water into a hair tonic product, get the right formula for making hair tonic products by utilizing white rice washing waste water, and find out people's interest in the product. The method used is the 4D development method, namely define (definition) including analysis of utilization and needs as well as literature studies related to rice washing waste water and hair tonic then determine the reference product, design (planning) including making 3 formulas into hair tonic products along with packaging, develop (development) includes product validation tests, dissemination (distribution) includes liking tests and pH tests. The results obtained were the processing of white rice washing wastewater into hair tonic products by sterilizing at a temperature of 121℃ for 17 minutes, obtaining the right formula, and liking test results with a percentage value of 88.75%. Based on the assessment scale for Akdon modification products, it shows that the products are well received by the public.

Car wash wastewater treatment combination: A systematic review

Car wash wastewater is a source of water pollution. Processing car wash waste is crucial to prevent environmental pollution. In this issue, car wash treatment has the potential to sustain of clean water. However, the effective treatment of car wash wastewater is still being determined, complicated to solve, limited resource capabilities, inadequate surrounding environmental support, and very expensive processing costs. This systematic review paper aims to review the combination technology of car wash wastewater treatment systematically. A literature survey was conducted, and 11 research articles were found suitable for inclusion in the investigation, which extracted information, country of origin, and method used. The best 8 of 11 articles were removed as secondary data for writing this manuscript to be included in the analysis table. Studies on flocculation-column-flotation, coagulation-flocculation, ultra-microfiltration, coagulation-flocculation, electrocoagulation, sedimentation-filtration, filtration-ozonation, electrocoagulation-adsorption, and each n=1. This systematic review shows that ultrafiltration and microfiltration membrane treatment methods effectively remove pollutants from car wash wastewater.

Resource recycling and carbon sequestration by carbonizing concrete washing wastewater of ready-mix concrete plant

Recycling the concrete washing wastewater (CWW) of ready-mix concrete plants is significantly important for saving hundreds of millions of tons of water and avoiding water and soil pollution. However, to directly recycle CWW to mix fresh concrete is particularly difficult due to its high alkalinity and high solid content with unstable compositions. To respond these challenges, a feasible approach involving carbonation treatment of CWW and subsequent recycling of the carbonized CWW (CCWW) for concrete mixing is proposed in this paper. To this end, the CWW carbonation test was firstly carried out and the compositional analysis showed that the CCWW became a stable suspension with uniform distribution of fine CaCO3 particles, stable ions contents and neural pH value. The effects of CWW, CCWW and the tap water on the fresh cement pastes hydration and the mechanical and deformation properties of hardened cement pastes were then comparatively analyzed. The results supported that CCWW contributed to the improvement of workability of fresh paste, the increase of strength, the decrease of dry shrinkage and the pore refinement of harden paste. Approximate 16.6 million tons of CO2 per year was estimated to be captured by this approach wemix concrete plants. Benefiting from the improved mechanical properties and extraordinary CO2 sequestration capability, recycling CCWW for concrete mixing resulted in nearly half reduction in CO2 emission.

Study on biogas production from coffee wastes and cow-dung fermentation and its use towards reducing emissions from coffee roasting

The production of high-quality coffee for export is an important industry in Indonesia. However, coffee processing produces unavoidable waste and emissions to the environment; 1 kg of cherry beans (CB) needs 3 kg of water for processing (2 kg for CB selection by floating, 1kg for wash-fermentation). One kg CB generates several waste and product streams: cherry skin (44%), beans (20%), parchment (5%), pulp (4%), silverskin (0.5%), and volatiles (26.5%). This study utilized the wastewater from the washed-coffee processing such as fermentation wash water and coffee pulp. The materials were mixed with cow dung from local farms for anaerobic processing in a one-gallon digester. This research took into consideration three variations: cow dung mixed with water in the same amount (1:1); cow dung and fermentation washing wastewater (1:1); and cow dung and pulp (1:1). The resulting biogas was analyzed with gas chromatography for comparison. Biogas yield was used to estimate the potential for supplying heat and electricity for use in the coffee roasting process. Alternative energy sources were also considered in the following combinations: biogas-electricity (solar panels) and LPG-electricity (fossil). A life cycle assessment was performed on scenarios to calculate global warming potential (GWP). This study will be used as a pilot project toward a zero-waste and zero-emission coffee industry. The scenario with the lowest GWP can be used as a reference for the sustainability of coffee production.

Treatment of net washing wastewater by Fenton process

&lt;p&gt;The discharge of wastewater from net washing is one of the most significant problems in the marine ecosystem because of its high organic and saline content. Sea water quality is deteriorated every day due to the high amount of organic matter produced in the aquaculture sector. The aim of this study was to investigate the treatability of net washing wastewater by Fenton process. The efficiency of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) in the treatability of net washing wastewater was evaluated through chemical oxygen demand (COD) and color removal. The effects of H2O2, and Fe (II) dosages, pH and reaction time were investigated, and the parameters were optimized by 23 full factorial design principles and variance analysis (ANOVA). The results showed that H2O2 dosage was the most effective parameter for Fenton process. The maximum COD removal was found at Fe (II)/H2O2 concentration ratio of 1/5 and the 180 minutes reaction time. The COD removal increased from 77 % to 88 % by increasing the peroxide dose from 80 mM to 400 mM. The total R2 for the three factors was calculated to be 59.67%. According to the experimental results, in the factor analysis between the three variables and COD removal, only the variation in peroxide concentration was statistically significant. Since the efficiency of biological treatment is unstable in treating of high organic matter and saline wastewaters, the Fenton process has great potential in the treatment of net washing wastewater.&lt;/p&gt;

Treatability Study of Car Wash Wastewater Using Upgraded Physical Technique with Sustainable Flocculant

Grease, oil, hydrocarbon residues, heavy metals, and surfactants are all present in car wash wastewater (CWW), which all can have detrimental effects on the environment and human health. This study was designed to assess CWW treatment using an upgraded physical technique combined with a range of conventional and more sustainable coagulants. Physical treatment effectively lowered the oil and grease (O&amp;G) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the CWW by 79 ± 15% and 97 ± 1.6%, respectively. Additional treatment was provided using chemical coagulation–flocculation–settling. In jar test studies, humic acid (HA) and alum were found to provide significantly higher turbidity removal, 79.2 ± 3.1% and 69.8 ± 8.0%, respectively, than anionic polyacrylamide (APA), 7.9 ± 5.6% under influent turbidity values from 89 to 1000 NTU. Overall physical/chemical treatment of CWW yielded 97.3 ± 0.8% COD removal, and 99.2 ± 0.4% O&amp;G removal using HA and alum. Due to the numerous problems created when using synthetic coagulants, naturally occurring coagulants that have no impact on human health, such as HA, are highly desirable options. The findings of this study show that treating CWW provides several advantages for sustainable development, health and well-being, and raising public knowledge and support for water reuse.

Treatment of Wastewater from Soil Washing with Soluble Humic Substances Using Biochars and Activated Carbon

Energy can be obtained by pyrolysis of organic wastes, and the solid residue of pyrolysis (biochar) can be used as an adsorbent for the treatment of various types of wastewater. Although soil washing can effectively remediate metal-contaminated soils, it can generate significant amounts of soil washing wastewater (SWW). This study investigated the effectiveness of using activated carbon and various biochars to treat SWW from the remediation of soil heavily contaminated with cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) with soluble humic substances (SHS) from municipal sewage sludge. Willow biochar (BW), plant biomass biochar (BPB), coconut shell biochar (BCH), and Norit SX2 activated carbon (ACN) were tested at different dosages (12.5–100 g/L) and adsorption times (30–1440 min) for the treatment of SWW. At 100 g/L dosage, biochar removed Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn with 56–83%, 32–41%, 18–42%, 75–83%, and 44–83% efficiency, respectively, while ACN removed them with 87–95% efficiency. Only BW and ACN removed soluble organics with efficiencies of 49% and 94%, respectively, at the highest dosage. Adsorption of metals and soluble organics was mainly controlled by physisorption and chemisorption. Diffusion of metals and soluble organics into the different pore sizes was not the most important rate-limiting step. ACN and BW had better structural properties and treated SWW most effectively. BPB and BCH removed metals but not soluble organics, which could be beneficial for SHS recycling.

Carbon dots as specific fluorescent sensors for Hg2+ and glutathione imaging.

Nitrogen-doped carbon dots (NCDs) have been constructedin which coal washing wastewater is used as carbon precursor, tryptophan is added for nitrogen doping and surface functional together with polyethylene glycol. The nitrogen doping and surface functional with electron rich groups resulted in excellent fluorescent properties regardingstability, reversibility, printability with high quantum yield which not only enable the NCDs as fluorescent ink for advanced message encryption, but also realize specific on-off-on fluorescent sensing of Hg2+ and GSH as solution, hydrogel and filter paper sensors. TheNCDs had a linear range of 0.01-100 μM and a detection limit of 6.27 nM (RSD 0.33%) for Hg2+ and the NCDs@Hg2+ had a linear range of 0.01-60 μM and a detection limit of 3.53 nM (RSD 1.53%) for GSH in sensing studies with aqueous solutions. In addition, with the low cytotoxicity and good biocompatibility NCDs have been successfully used for imaging Hg2+ and GSH in living MG-63 cells. The presented NCDs recycle waste coal washing water into worthwhile material which can be implemented as promising anti-counterfeiting and message encryption candidates as well as effective Hg2+ and GSH sensing, tracking and removing tools in complicated environmental and biological systems.

Concentration of phenolic compounds from olive washing wastewater by forward osmosis using table olive fermentation brine as draw solution

The olive industry has a considerable amount of process water consumption. As a result of the process, a large volume of oil mill wastewater (OMW) and table olive wastewater (TOW), both of them with high concentrations of organic matter, phenolic compounds and conductivity, are released. The appropriate management of these wastewaters is of paramount importance due to their toxic impacts on the environment. In this work, forward osmosis (FO) process is presented as an option to concentrate phenolic compounds for their further recovery. Two membranes, OsmoF2OTM (FTS, USA) and HFFO.6 (Aquaporin, Denmark) were evaluated with NaCl as draw solution (DS) and olive oil washing wastewater (OOWW) filtered at 5μm (5F) as feed solution (FS). Both membranes were able to concentrate the phenolic compounds with acceptable volume reduction (VR) values. The HFFO.6 membrane, which presented the lowest passage of phenolic compounds (TPhC) to the DS, was tested with fermentation brine from table olive processing (FTOP) as DS. As FS the same 5F-OOWW as well as an OOWW ultrafiltration permeate (UF-OOWW) were considered. Interestingly, greater percentages of TPhC concentration were observed compared to the tests with NaCl as DS (74.13–76.93% versus 62.6%, respectively). Although the tests with UF-OOWW presented greater flux, the recovery percentages of TPhC were similar, even slightly lower than those obtained with 5F-OOWW. Therefore, FO appears as a promising option to concentrate TPhC from OOWW and as well as to dilute FTOP. Thus both wastewaters from the olive industry could be treated at the same time.

Optimization Of process parameters for microbial cellulose production from rice-washing wastewater (NATA-DE-LERI) By Acetobacter Xylinum

Nata is a bacterial cellulose obtained from the fermentation of Acetobacter xylinum. It is often found in desserts as a health supplement because of its high fiber content. It is not only produced from coconut water, known as nata-de-coco but can also be produced from other sources, such as wastewater from rice washing, called nata-de-leri. This study aimed to optimize the parameters of bacterial cellulose (nata-de-leri) fermentation by statistical methods to improve production. First, the Placket-Burman Screening Design was applied to address the essential parameter components affecting nata-de-leri production. Eight factors are continuously checked, and unimportant elements are removed to obtain a smaller, more manageable set of characteristics. Second, a feedback surface method using Central Composite Design (CCD) was used to determine the optimal level of fermentation parameters using yield response. The results of this study show that sucrose concentration, CO(NH2)2 concentration, inoculum concentration and fermentation time are believed to be the main factors for nata production. The estimated optimal values nata-de-leri production when using 500 ml of rince washing wastewater are as follows: sucrose is 17.5 g; CO(NH2)2 is 12 g; volume of starter is 60 ml; fermentation time for 12 days. This results in a yield of 97.20%. From this study, the optimum yield in nata-de-leri is 20% larger than the baseline parameters

Efficient photocatalytic removal of N‐nitrosamines from amine washing wastewater using bismuth tungstate

AbstractThe most mature and practical technology to reduce industrial CO2 emissions, the main contributor to global warming, is amine‐based post‐combustion CO2 capture. However, this results in amine degradation products that pose a threat to human health as well as marine life. To reduce the impact on human health and marine life, identifying and treating carcinogenic and mutagenic compounds like N‐nitrosamines is extremely important. Photocatalysis, in particular, an advanced oxidation process which uses a UV light source and semiconductor catalysts is studied for the degradation of organic and inorganic pollutants. N‐Nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) is treated with strong reactive hydroxyl radicals generated by a bismuth tungstate (Bi2WO6) semiconductor under UV/visible irradiation. The Bi2WO6 was studied both in pure form and surface‐modified forms using transition metal impregnation like Ag, Fe, Cu, and La. Various catalyst characterization techniques like Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), X‐ray diffraction analysis (XRD), UV–visible, and scanning electron microscopy–energy‐dispersive X‐ray (SEM‐EDS) are used to study the surface textural and morphological properties of the catalyst. Furthermore, the effect of pH of the solution, catalyst dosing, and metal impregnation (%) on the photocatalytic degradation of NDEA is analyzed. The face centred‐central composite design (FC‐CCD) experimental design method was used through response surface methodology (RSM) and optimization studies for removal of NDEA. The quadratic model was obtained as a functional link between NDEA concentration and three operation variables for all metal impregnated Bi2WO6. The results showed that the pH of the solution was the most significant factor compared to other variables like catalyst dosing and metal impregnation. The average degradation efficiency of NDEA was 89.2% for Fe‐Bi2WO6, 87.4% Ag‐Bi2WO6, 86.9% for La‐Bi2WO6, and 85% for Cu‐Bi2WO6.

Reuse of mine and ore washing wastewater in scheelite flotation process to save freshwater: Lab to industrial scale

This paper describes an economical and eco-friendly technology that utilises carbide slag to treat mine and ore washing wastewater (MOW) and reuses the treated wastewater in a scheelite flotation circuit. The results of systematic bench-scale and industrial-scale experiments indicate that the wastewater reuse process can reliably improve the WO3 grade with negligible effect on the recovery of scheelite. At the Yuanjing processing plant, the WO3 enrichment ratio improved from 17.4 to 23.6 and the recovery was maintained at approximately 79.2 % when recycled wastewater was used. The fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses consistently implied that the interaction between the collector of sodium oleate and scheelite in the recycled wastewater was stronger than that in plant water. Specifically, the adsorption of Ca2+ on the scheelite surface and the formation of colloidal complexes by Ca2+ and oleate ions were responsible for the superior selectivity, while the gangue minerals such as quartz were effectively depressed by the depressant of water glass. Consequently, the treated MOW could be a suitable alternative to reduce freshwater consumption in mining areas, which is of great significance for the mining and mineral processing industries.

The Application of Polyethersulfone Ultrafiltration Membranes for Separation of Car Wash Wastewaters: Experiments and Modelling.

The wastewater generated as a result of car washes is considered a new source of water. However, recovered water must meet the required quality criteria for reuse. For this purpose, the ultrafiltration (UF) process can be successfully used. The main aim of the present work was to investigate the influence of the membrane's molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) on the UF performance in terms of the fouling phenomenon and retention degree of car wash wastewater. Moreover, for a better understanding of the fouling mechanisms, Hermia's model was used. The experimental studies were conducted with the use of two polyethersulfone (PES) membranes (MWCO of 10 kDa and 100 kDa). It has been noted that the used membranes provided a high-quality permeate and excellent turbidity removal, up to 99%. Moreover, it has been noted that the MWCO membrane has a significant impact on the fouling mechanism. Generally, a much greater intensity of fouling for the membrane with MWCO of 100 kDa was observed. Results obtained in the present study showed that both real wastewaters and the clean solutions used for washing cars cause the fouling phenomenon. It has been proven that rinsing the membranes with water is not sufficient to recover the initial membrane's performance. Hence, periodic chemical cleaning of the membranes was required. Fitting the experimental data to Hermia's model allowed us to indicate that membranes with MWCO of 100 kDa are more prone to intermediate blocking. To sum up, the findings suggest that for the UF of the car wash wastewater, the use of membranes with MWCO equal to 10 kDa is recommended.

Treating mechanical washing wastewater with iron-in-oil characteristics by changing the fate of iron.

The mechanical washing wastewater contained a large amount of oil, and the iron wrapped in the oil was slowly released into water. This caused the effluent quality to fluctuate, causing common polymeric aluminum chloride (PAC) to ineffectively remove the water-in-oil. The method uses Ca2+ to demulsify and ClOx- to destroy the water-in-oil structure, which releases Fe from the oil droplets. The active oxygen produced by NaClOx further converts Fe2+ into Fe3+ and then combines with NaOH to form Fe(OH)3-flocs core, which improves the flocculation efficiency of PAC. The optimal ratio was approximately 400 μL of NaClOx, 200 μL of 1 mol L-1 CaO, and 12 mL of 12.8 g L-1 PAC. The oil removal rate reached 99.88% and the residue density was 178.42 mg L-1. The maximum Fe and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal rates were close to 49.2 and 99.89%, respectively. In field applications, wastewater should be acidified first, and acidification oxidation is more effective than direct oxidation. In short, a novel way for treating mechanically washed wastewater with iron-in-oil characteristics by changing the environmental fate of iron is provided.

Optimize lettuce washing methods to reduce the risk of microplastics ingestion: The evidence from microplastics residues on the surface of lettuce leaves and in the lettuce washing wastewater

Airborne microplastics have been identified as an emerging contaminant that can adhere to the surface of leafy vegetables, and if not completely removed by washing, there is a high risk that human consumption of these plastics may cause harm to humans. In this study, we simulated atmospheric pollution by spraying microplastic particles (MPs) with particle sizes of 100 nm and 500 nm to determine whether MPs particles would adhere to the lettuce surface and whether different common cleaning methods (water rinsing, ultrasonic vibration cleaning, and edible detergent cleaning) would be effective in removing MPs from the leaf surfaces. We scanned the leaf surface with a laser confocal microscope and examined the wash water with a flow cytometer and found that simple rinsing was not effective in removing plastic particles from lettuce leaves. In comparison, ultrasonic vibratory cleaning showed a better efficiency, 4 times higher than more MPs being washed from the leaves. The most effective method was detergent washing, with the washing efficiency increased by 6.9 times. Ultrasonic vibrations can partially break the chemical bonds between MPs and plant surfaces, and detergents' surfactants can enhance MPs' hydrophilicity. MPs with a particle size of 100 nm were more difficult to clean than those with a particle size of 500 nm. This finding has important implications for the interaction of MPs contamination with vegetables and the cleaning of vegetables.

The Use of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Photocatalyst for Photodegradation of Car Wash Wastewater

The Use of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Photocatalyst for Photodegradation of Car Wash Wastewater

Current Trends in Rail Transported Industry Wash Water Treatments, Reuse, Recycling &amp; Recovery: A Review

According to North Eastern Railway the coach washing plant due to continuous growth the World population development of agriculture and Industry in the emerging important issue countries as well as climate change the insufficiency water becomes the past few years in Increase important issue. The collection of data process was performed and integrated with a characterization process, reuse treatment operation and maintains that a new process has been developed in treating train coach waste water for recycling in the work. This fresh water is available as surface water and ground water. The water collected from the coach wash centre was taken to the laboratory and analysis was carried out by conducting various tests to determine the difference in physical and chemical characteristics of the water sample. Railway coach wash water contains oil, grease, sand, etc., and main chemical characteristics that are not suitable for gardening like pH, iron, nitrate, and ammonia, so we can reduce these parameters in the effluent treatment plant (ETP) and reuse them for washing train coaches and gardening purposes. The tests that are conducted for determining the different physical and chemical parameters include: chemical parameters effluent reuse treatment operation to maintain cost the train coach washing waste water is collected in the storage tank and treated waste is collected and trough the agriculture work. This paper presents the current scenario of coach washing plant activities and the utilization of waste water in many aspects after the washing of coaches.

Research on the possibility of using moving bed biofilm reactors for treating car wash wastewater

Research on the possibility of using moving bed biofilm reactors for treating car wash wastewater