Washing Liquid Research Articles

Comparison between Electropolymers of 3,5-Dihydroxybenzoic Acid and 2',6'-Dihydroxyacetophenone in Dimethyl Sulfoxide and Their Analytical Performance towards Selected Analytes with the Role of the Washing Liquid.

In the first part of this study, the electrochemical polymerization of two compounds, 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid and 2',6'-dihydroxyacetophenone, was compared in dimethyl sulfoxide solvent on platinum and glassy carbon electrodes. The voltammograms obtained showed remarkable differences between the two monomers and between the two electrode materials. The acetophenone derivative formed electropolymer remnants at the electrodes, while in the case of the benzoic acid derivative, practically no passivation occurred, and the scanning electron microscopic results reinforced this. A few stackings adsorbed only after electropolymerization from a highly concentrated solution of dihydroxybenzoic acid. As a modifying layer on the platinum and glassy carbon electrodes, the prepared films from 2',6'-dihydroxyacetophenone were tested for tributylamine in acetonitrile and in an aqueous solution of a redox-active compound, hydroquinone, during the stirring of the solution. More stable amperometric current signals could be reached with modified platinum than with glassy carbon, and the significant influence of the organic washing liquid after deposition was established via the study of noise level. In this respect, acetone was the best choice. The amperometric signals with the modified platinum obtained upon the addition of aliquots of the stock solution resulted in a 3.29 μM detection limit.

Salt removal from coal flotation product filter cakes using counter-current and displacement washing

Water reuse is a common practice to alleviate water scarcity concerns and mitigate their environmental footprint in coal processing facilities. Nevertheless, water reuse leads to the accumulation of various organic and inorganic substances, including salt and residual reagents in the processing water, potentially leading to the retention of soluble impurities within the coal product. Residual impurities may result in a reduction in the quality of coal products. Salt and moisture retention has become a common issue on-site, but there lacks a proper solution currently. To resolve this industrial problem, investigations were carried out for the effects of washing on removing inorganic impurities from the cake during filtration. Filter cakes were prepared from flocculated metallurgical coal in process water. Two washing methods were trialled namely counter-current washing and displacement washing. Regarding washing efficiency, counter-current washing tended to produce cakes with higher specific resistance, which caused longer filtration time. Displacement washing, however, showed increased filtration time, though to a lesser extent. In addition, washing with different washing liquid ratios for multiple wash cycles showed that the filtration time, specific cake resistance, and medium resistance increased with the number of wash cycles. The analysis of the filtrate indicated that utilising a strategy of displacement washing with a washing ratio of 1:20 yielded the most effective removal of salt. The filter cakes were analysed using the μCT imaging technique to gain insights into the pore structure of the cake at a microscopic level. There was a significant change in the cake structure, where the pore profile was more evenly distributed and smaller when the cake was washed by displacement washing.

The Effect of Bay Leaf (Syzygium Polyanthum) Extract Hand Washing Liquid Soap Preparation on The Growth of Escherichia Coli Bacteria in Vitro

Bay leaf (Syzygium polyanthum) is known as a complement to cooking spices, also used by the community for treatment. The content of antibacterial compounds from bay leaves such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and tannins which can inhibit bacterial growth. This study aims to determine the effect of hand washing liquid soap with bay leaf extract on the growth of Escherichia coli bacteria. This study uses a Quasi Experiment research design. The population in this study is located on Jalan Atot Ahmad, West Pontianak District. The sample used was liquid hand washing soap with bay leaf extract at a concentration of 3, 6, and 9%, 9 repetitions with a total of 27 samples, using the disc diffusion method. The results of the antibacterial study showed that the average diameter of the inhibition zone at 3% concentration was 8.27 mm, 6% concentration was 10.55 mm and 9% concentration was 11.16. The results of the Linear Regression test using the Anova test obtained pvalue = 0.000, which is pvalue < α, with α = 0.05, so that it was stated that H1 was accepted so that there was an effect on the preparation of liquid hand washing soap (Syzygium polyanthum) extract on the growth of Escherichia coli bacteria in vitro.

Experimental study on mechanical dewatering and displacement washing of filter cakes with inhomogeneous cake geometry

The influence of cake geometry on mechanical gas dewatering and displacement washing of filter cakes is investigated experimentally. For this purpose, five cake geometries are considered. The results show that the dewatering kinetics are independent of cake geometry within the limits of measurement accuracy. Further investigations demonstrate that an inhomogeneous cake geometry negatively influences displacement washing, which can be quantified in a wash diagram. Compared to flat filter cakes used as reference, non-uniform cake heights increase the needed amount of wash liquid to achieve the same cake purity in the dispersion and diffusion regime. This research underlines the importance of ensuring that filter cakes have homogeneous properties to maintain sustainability of industrial filtration processes.

Formulation and Evaluation of Formalin Washer Fluid Preparation from Garlic Peel Waste (Allium sativum L.)

Until 2022, there will still be many salted anchovies that contain formalin. This potential danger can be reduced by reducing the levels of formalin that may be contained in salted anchovies before consumption, one of which is by utilizing the saponin content in garlic peel waste. Garlic peel waste powder is proven to be able to reduce formalin levels in salted anchovies by up to 89.12%. However, the use of powder is less practical, and in a certain period, the powder can rot and emit an unpleasant odor. Therefore, an innovation is needed to transform the powder form into a formalin washer fluid. This study aims to determine the effect of garlic peel extract variation on several parameters evaluating the physical properties of formalin washing liquid. The extraction of garlic peel was done using the maceration method and a 70% ethanol solvent. Washing liquids were prepared using glycerin, PEG400, EDTA, and distilled water with varying extract concentrations. Evaluation of physical properties included organoleptic, pH value, specific gravity, viscosity, clarity, and physical stability of formalin washer fluid. The stability test of the physical properties of the sample liquid was carried out using the cycling test method. The samples were kept in storage conditions with extreme temperatures for 3 cycles. In each cycle, the test preparation was stored for 24 hours at 4±2oC and 24 hours at 40±2oC. The formalin washer fluid produced was in the form of a liquid with a weak to pungent garlic aroma, yellow to dark brown in color, homogeneous, clear, and had a pH value of 4. The more extract is used in the formalin washer fluid, the darker the color and the more pungent the garlic aroma will be. Increasing the concentration of garlic peel extract does not affect the pH and clarity of the preparation. The higher the concentration of extract is, the higher the specific gravity and viscosity will be. The selected formula is the formula with a 1% concentration of garlic peel extract.

Training on Making Hand Washing Liquid Soap from Green Tea at PKK Mothers in Kranggan Village, Polanharjo, Klaten as an Effort to Improve Community Health and Economy

Abstract: Green tea is a plant that contains phytochemicals, namely polyphenols, alkaloids, volatile oils, polysaccharides, amino acids, lipids, and vitamin C. Flavonoids have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, and antibacterial activity. These advantages can be increased in terms of benefits and economic value by making it in the form of liquid soap. The addition of green tea is expected to increase the antioxidant effect of the soap preparations made. The study aims to provide training on making liquid hand-washing soap from steeping green tea leaves. The training activity for making liquid hand-washing soap with the addition of green tea was carried out as an effort to increase health independence and provide entrepreneurial provisions for the PKK community in Kranggan Village, Polanharjo, Klaten. The training was attended by 20 participants with presentation methods and practice in making liquid hand-washing soap. The result of this service activity is that the community knows how to make hand-washing soap from green tea and knows the function of the ingredients used in the process of making hand-washing soap. Keywords: training, devotion, liquid soap, green tea

Интенсификация процесса очистки деталей погружением в моющий раствор

The quality of cleaning metal parts from contaminants depends on the physical and chemical properties of the washing medium and the intensity of the mechanical impact of the liquid on the surfaces subject to cleaning. Intensified cleaning of the parts is possible when there is an unsteady mode of a washing liquid flow, characterized by change of pressure and speed of a liquid in time and in each considered point of a surface subject to cleaning. In order to confirm the theoretical statement about the dependence of cleaning efficiency on the speed of the washing liquid flow, the authors made an experiment. They took a combined submerged washing machine using a combination of two hydromechanical methods of cleaning intensification. The parts subject to cleaning moved in the bath by means of the platform vibration. A helical blower provided the turbulent flow of the washing liquid relative to the object subject to cleaning. The authors used connecting rods of internal combustion engines as the objects to be cleaned. Their surfaces contained asphalt-resin contaminants, which were hard to remove. The cleaning process was studied in the aqueous solution of detergent Temp-100D with a concentration of 20 g/l at a temperature of 65 to 70°C. The cleaning lasted for 15 min. The quality of cleaning from contaminants was controlled by wettability of the cleaned surface with water. It was found that the intensity of cleaning, characterized by the liquid flow rate necessary for the detachment of dirt particles, depends on the vibration frequency of the platform holding the cleaned parts. Increasing the vibration frequency from 0.25 to 1.0 Hz leads to a three-fold increase in the flow rate of the cleaning solution, which provides an intensive removal of contaminants while increasing the quality of cleaning. When increasing the vibration frequency from 0 to 1.0 Hz, the cleaning efficiency increases in 2.5 times. The study results confirmed the theoretical supposition of the relationship between the cleaning efficiency and the washing liquid flow rate.

Assessment of the Toxicity and Histo-Morphological Effects of Clint Car Wash Liquid Soap on African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Fingerlings

Assessment of the Toxicity and Histo-Morphological Effects of Clint Car Wash Liquid Soap on African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Fingerlings

ПРОЦЕСС ПОГРУЖНОЙ ОЧИСТКИ МЕТАЛЛИЧЕСКИХ ПОВЕРХНОСТЕЙ ДЕТАЛЕЙ МАШИН

During the operation of agricultural machinery, contamination of various types and properties is deposited on the metal surfaces of parts, which can lead to increased wear of parts and a decrease in the operational reliability of machines as a whole. (Research purpose) The research purpose is studying the influence of the mechanical action of the cleaning solution on the efficiency of removing contaminations from the metal surfaces of machine parts. (Materials and methods) It was determined that the efficiency and quality of cleaning can be improved by increasing the intensity of the mechanical action of the washing liquid flow on the contamination of parts of agricultural machinery and equipment. We have obtained a mathematical inequality describing the condition under which the contamination is destroyed and removed from the surface. (Results and discussion) It has been shown that mixing of the cleaning solution, the creation of mechanical vibrations of the parts to be cleaned and their movement, the creation of cavitation phenomena in the flow of the cleaning solution, where acoustic currents play an important role, which form vortex hydrodynamic flows that facilitate the dissolution and movement of components in a liquid medium, are used as mechanical effects when cleaning metal surfaces of parts and assemblies of agricultural machinery. It was found that the criteria for cleaning efficiency are the hydromechanical action of the washing liquid on the surface to be cleaned and the energy intensity of the intensifying submersible cleaning. (Conclusions) The cleaning efficiency is determined by the physical and chemical properties of detergents, the flow rate of the cleaning solution, heating and softening of contaminants under high accelerations, the temperature of the cleaning solution, the concentration of detergent in water, the exposure of the solution to the surface to be cleaned.

Analysis of the opening of zones with abnormally high reservoir pressures in the oil and gas fields of the Western part of Turkmenistan

The article provides information about the change in the gradient of abnormally high reservoir pressure (AHRP) with increasing depth in the oil and gas fields of Turkmenistan. The analysis of the origin of AHRP is given, which subsequently leads to severe complications due to the manifestations of reservoir fluids, and the hydrodynamic causes of complications are considered in depth. Hypotheses and endogenous opinions are analyzed, as well as the interaction of a complex of reasons for the origin of abnormally high reservoir pressures associated with geological, geochemical and mechanical processes. This work can be used to fulfill the tasks set when drilling ultra-deep wells with abnormally high reservoir pressures, as well as to predict the causes of complications and possible prevention of these complications by regulating the density of drilling mud. Keywords: oil and gas occurrence; pressure; gradient; washing liquid; migration; degassing.

Application of SEAMON as Edible Bird’s Nest cleanser in the Edible Bird’s Nest Industry

Background: In Surabaya, the edible bird's nest industry has witnessed significant growth in recent years, driven by increasing demand for this highly prized delicacy, known for its nutritional and medicinal benefits. As the industry expands, effective cleaning methods for edible bird's nests become paramount. Contaminants, impurities, and feathers can compromise the quality and purity of edible bird's nests, affecting their market value and consumer appeal. Contribution: In response to this challenge, applying SEAMON as an edible bird's nest cleanser has emerged as a promising solution. SEAMON, a specific cleaning agent for edible birds' nests, offers the potential to revolutionize the cleaning process within the edible birds' nest industry. This innovative approach addresses the cleanliness and hygiene standards required for edible bird's nests, ensuring that consumers receive the highest quality product. Method: The SEAMON application was carried out at the edible bird's nest industry in Surabaya, East Java, on July 2, 2023, with twelve samples of edible bird's nests with heavy feather characteristics. All samples were tested for nitrite analysis using a Genesys 30 visible spectrophotometer. Results: Based on the results of its application, this innovation has the potential as an edible bird’s nest cleaning agent to clean hydrogen peroxide residue and can reduce nitrite levels in the white edible bird’s nest. Conclusion: This washing liquid is the first cleanser specifically for white edible bird’s nests, and another advantage is that it is food grade, so edible bird’s nests cleaned with SEAMON is safe for human consumption.

Prospect and application of flue gas washing liquid from wet scrubber unit at Masaro plastic refinery for organic pesticides

Masaro plastic refinery represents an advanced technology designed to effectively manage residual waste. This innovative approach integrates the principles of incineration and pyrolysis to obtain valuable products, including fuel and flue gas washing liquid from a wet scrubber unit. The flue gas washing liquid contains ammonia, nitrates, nitrites, and phenol compounds which still do not meet the quality standards stipulated by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry. Those compounds should be reclaimed due to their toxicity towards aquatic organisms. Fortunately, they are extensively employed in the agricultural domain such as raw material for fertilizers and pesticides. This research endeavors to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the composition of the flue gas washing liquid. The objective is to evaluate the potential application of its components as main ingredients in pesticide formulations. To augment its effectiveness, supplementary active ingredients are incorporated, derived from various plant species recognized for their efficacy in combatting pests and insects. The extraction process combines flue gas washing liquid with selected plants, such as bintaro fruit, garlic, lemongrass, neem leaves, and tobacco. From the results, this research not only addresses the environmental issue but also provides a sustainable solution to meet the agricultural sector’s demand for sustainable pesticides.

Study of combination of liquid organic waste on antifungal activity Bacillus sp. DB12

This study examines the ability of liquid organic waste carriers to increase the antifungal activity of the active ingredient Bacillus sp DB12, which has been stored for 12 weeks against the pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cepae. The research method was carried out in an experimental laboratory using a completely randomized design (CRD) with a single factor in the form of a liquid waste carrier consisting of 9 treatments. The composition of liquid tofu waste (TLW), coconut liquid waste (CLW), and rice washing liquid waste (RLW) was determined as follows: 100% TLW, 75% TLW + 25% CLW, 50% TLW + CLW 50%, TLW 25% + CLW 75%, CLW 100%, TLW 75% + RLW 25%, TLW 50% + RLW 50%, TLW 25% + 75% RLW, and 100% RLW. The results showed that the combination of 75% TLW + 25% CLW carriers increased the antifungal activity of Bacillus sp. DB12 compared to other carrier combinations. An increase in antifungal activity was indicated by an inhibition zone diameter of 13.03 mm during 12 weeks of storage.

STUDY OF THE VARIABILITY OF RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER-BASED BIOPOLYMER DISPERSIONS IN DRILLING FLUIDS

Link for citation: Lambin A.I., Averkina E.V. Study of the variability of rheological properties of water-based biopolymer dispersions in drilling fluids. Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo Аssets Engineering, 2023, vol. 334, no. 8, рр. 91-97. In Rus. The relevance. Water-based biopolymer drilling fluids have become quite widespread in the technology of oil and gas well construction. Much attention is paid to the methods of regulating the physical and mechanical properties of biopolymer systems. In particular, rheological properties of solutions based on xanthan gum are of great practical interest. The effectiveness of the use of polymers is determined by the amount of the main reagent and modifying additives necessary to impart the required properties to the washing liquid. Biopolymer water drilling fluids based on xanthan gum have shown their effectiveness in many regions of the Russian Federation. However, the evaluation of the effectiveness of the solutions is difficult due to the differences in the saleable products of the producing companies in solubility, swelling and composition, which affects the optimized performance of the drilling mud. The main aim: consideration of the differences in aqueous solutions of a number of samples of xanthan gum in terms of power dependence: K-coefficient of consistency and n-degree of deviation from the Newtonian flow regime of the study. Objects: rheology of aqueous solutions of several xanthan samples, both purely aqueous and based on aqueous brines of potassium chloride (KCl) and sodium (NaCl). Methods: instrumental methods for determining the parameters of drilling fluids according to SS 33213-2014; the difference in the parameters of the power rheological dependence was determined by comparing its indicators after measuring the viscosity of solutions on a viscometer with direct indications. Results. The influence of a fixed concentration of NaCl and KCl salts on the considered indicators of the power model is shown. A generalized optimization indicator is proposed for solutions obeying a power-law rheological law. The calculated dependence of the accuracy of approximation of experimental data by a power model, which showed acceptable accuracy, is presented.

Study of the operating parameters of vibrations of a vibrosieve of the washing liquid purification unit

The object of the research is elastic plates located across the movement of the solution on the vibrosieve. The problem of uniform distribution of material on the surface of the sieve is considered, which is solved with the help of the design proposed in the work. Tensometry was used as a research method with subsequent processing of the results on an elector computer. In the course of the research, an analog-to-digital converter developed and manufactured at the Department of Mechanization of Construction Processes of the National University «Yuri Kondratyuk Poltava Polytechnic» (Ukraine) was used. As well as a computer with a free COM-1 port, «PROGRAM.EXE» software and a spreadsheet editor, strain gauges in the form of strain gauges with two pasted tensor resistors connected by a half-bridge circuit. The paper proposes a fundamentally new scheme of a vibrosieve with additional working bodies in the form of elastic plates located across the movement of the solution on the sieve. The elasticity and mass of the plates are selected in such a way that their oscillations during the operation of the vibrosieve exciter are close to resonance. At the same time, the mode of vibration of the vibrosieve itself is far beyond resonance. As a result, a higher-quality and energy-efficient cleaning of the washing liquid will be obtained. This is due to the fact that the proposed cleaning method has a number of features, in particular, dispersion of drilling fluid over the entire surface of the vibrosieve and maximum loading of the entire working surface of the sieve to avoid dead zones. Thanks to this, it is possible to obtain resonant oscillations. In comparison with known analogs that work in a resonant mode, this provides advantages in the cleaning of drilling mud. The amplitude of oscillations of elastic plates reaches 1.2–1.5 mm, which is significantly greater than the amplitude of oscillations of a vibrating table. In practice, it will be possible to use the proposed fundamentally new scheme of a vibrosieve with additional working bodies in the form of elastic plates that work in a resonant mode, as a way of supplementing vibrosieves that are in use or new when manufactured at manufacturers' factories.

Pengaruh Komposisi Media Hidroponik dan Konsentrasi Pupuk Cair Cucian Beras terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Tanaman Basil Merah (Ocium Basilicum L.)

Modification of the nutrient solution in the red basil plant can be done hydroponically, because it is able to stimulate the synthesis of secondary metabolites of the basil plant so that the plant can easily get the necessary nutrients through the addition of nutrient doses. The application of liquid organic fertilizer can help the addition of nutrients, while the use of different planting media is expected to obtain a good combination for the cultivation process. This study used rice washing water with the trademark pandanwangi and a combination of planting media between husk charcoal, sand, and bokashi. This study used a factorial complete randomized design (4x3) and repeated 3 times. The factors used are the concentration of rice laundry liquid fertilizer (P), consisting of 4 levels: (P0) : Control 0%, (P1): Rice washing liquid fertilizer concentration 25%, (P2): Rice washing liquid fertilizer concentration 50%, (P3): Rice washing liquid fertilizer concentration 75%, and substrate media composition factor (Q), consisting of 3 levels: (Q1): Husk charcoal and sand 1:1, (Q2): Husk charcoal and bokasi 1:1, (Q3): Husk charcoal, sand and bokasi 1:1:1. The observation variables in this study are plant height, number of leaves planted, leaf area, fresh weight of leaves, dry weight of leaves, fresh weight of plants, dry weight of plants and volume of roots. Based on the results of research that has been carried out, the results of the treatment obtained The interaction between the composition of the planting media and the addition of liquid fertilizer for rice laundry does not have a noticeable effect on all treatments except the root volume parameter. The composition treatment of the growing medium had an unreal effect on all treatments except plant height and leaf area with recommendations of husk charcoal:sand (1:1) for plant height and husk charcoal:bokasi (1:1) for leaf area. The treatment of adding concentration of liquid fertilizer to rice laundry has a noticeable effect on all treatments except the fresh weight of the leaves and the fresh weight of the plant with the best recommendation in applying the concentration of liquid fertilizer of rice laundry 25% perliter - 50% perliter on each plant.

Some quality standards for Dronapushpi Panchanga (Leucas aspera Spreng) Powder

Background: Dronapushpi (Leucas aspera Spreng) of Lamiaceae is found as a weed throughout the country. It is described in various Nighantus. To maintain the effectiveness of crude drugs, the standardisation and proper identification of the plant is very important. Fresh juice of Dronapushpi is efficacious in malarial fever, collyrium prepared from the juice is used in jaundice, the decoction of the herb is used to ulcer as wash liquid, also applied externally to poisonous insect bites and also useful in worm infestation, inflammation, bronchitis, asthma and cough. In this study Dronapushpi panchanga (whole plant) was studied systematically to evaluate its quality standards. Methods: Macro-microscopic features, physico-chemical and phytochemical investigation were performed as per Pharmacopoeial procedures. Results: The pharmacognostic study revealed the macroscopic characters, physicochemical constants and phytochemical nature of Donapushpi. The extracts which were screened for its phytochemicals showed the presence of constituents like coumarin, flavonoids, carbohydrates, phenols and tannin in both the ethanolic and aqueous extracts. HPTLC profile was developed as fingerprint of extracts. Conclusion: Results of the present investigation L. aspera plant will help in validation of this crude drug.

Optimization of Cathechin Extraction for Development of Liquid Hand Soap Made From Gambier

This study has aimed to determine the potential use of catechins derived from gambier as an anti-microbial raw material in the manufacture of hand washing liquid soap. The study started from the purification process of catechins from gambier and continued with the addition of gambier to the soap formula looking for hand washing. In this study, there were some difficulties in obtaining catechin extracts that could dissolve in water due to the character of catechins that did not dissolve completely in water. Therefore, the optimization of the catechin extraction process is optimized first. The catechin extraction process was carried out in two ways, namely by using a homogenizer at a speed of 15000 rpm for 30 minutes and a reflux process with hot water (temperature 70 degrees Celsius) for one hour. It was found that the concentration of catechin dissolved in water both in the homogenizer and reflux results was relatively the same, therefore for the manufacture of hand washing liquid soap, the process with the reflux technique would be recommended because of the cheaper operational costs.

Drilling mechanical hydrogen extraction at mining enterprises of Ukraine

Purpose. Increasing the technical and economic indicators of well mechanohydraulic production due to the selection of the type and optimal formulation of drilling flushing fluids. In today's conditions, the lack of energy carriers requires involving a wider range of natural phenomena in energy production, looking for reliable ways and methods of increasing the efficiency of production. The use of energy also forces the introduction of resource-saving, environmentally safe geotechnologies in the energy-intensive technological processes of mining, transportation, crushing and beneficiation of minerals in the conditions of powerful mining enterprises of Ukraine. The methods. The study of the features of the creation and implementation of a progressive complex hydraulic program for the construction of wells was carried out using modern methods of analytical analysis and experimental research, in particular by using general principles of mathematical and physical modeling, methods of processing research results in the environment of МАТHCAD, control and measuring devices and materials. Findings. Development and operational implementation of justified resource-saving ecologically safe geotechnologies and environmental protection strategies. Flushing fluid treated with direct current can be used to increase the technical and economic indicators of the well drilling process. The originality. Dependencies have been established that describe the process of formation under the influence of a rock-destructive tool of individual rock particles that are exposed to the action of the boundary layer, and others that fall into the zone of action of the laminar sublayer. A dependency has been established that describes the process of leaving parts of the sludge that are not carried away by the flow of washing liquid, which, in turn, leads to its further grinding and increased wear of the rock-crushing tool. Practical implementation. Data were obtained on the adsorption reduction of hardness, which is a consequence of the increase in the affinity of the collapsing rock to the washing liquid. This is reflected in the intensive binding of water (hydrate) shells on the inner surface of microcracks or in their mouths. The parameters for improving the efficiency of iron ore extraction in the conditions of deposits of Ukraine are given and substantiated, in particular, a careful approach to the process of regulating the pH level of cleaning agents, taking into account the geological and technical conditions of drilling operations and the intended purpose of wells

Formulasi Sabun Cair Cuci Tangan dan Uji Aktivitas Bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dari Ekstrak Daun Kelor (Moringa oleifera Lam.)

Soap is what can be used to wash hands so as to avoid bacteria that can cause diseases such as acne and boils. One of the natural ingredients in making soap is Moringa leaves. Moringa leaves are one of the plants that have antibacterial properties, Staphylococcus aureus bacteria are bacteria that can cause infectious diseases such as acne and boils. The purpose of this study was to formulate hand washing liquid soap from Moringa leaf extract (Moringa oliefera Lam.), to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the preparation against Staphylococcus aureus. Moringa extract was obtained by maceration method. Furthermore, phytochemical screening was carried out, then formulated into soap preparations at concentrations of 20% (F1), 25% (F2), and 30% (F3). The preparations were evaluated and tested for activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Based on the results of the study, the yield of ethanol extract of Moringa leaves was 32.35% and contained secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and tannins. Moringa leaf ethanol extract soap formula met the requirements of all test parameters including pH test, irritation test, specific gravity test, and organoleptic test. The results of the antibacterial activity test gave an inhibition zone of 20.2 mm, 21.5 mm, and 23.2 mm, respectively. For F1, F2 and F3 against Staphylcoccus aureus.