Distilled Water Washing Research Articles

Effectiveness of different sanitizers in inactivating E. coli O157:H7 in Tomato and Cucumber

Fresh produce is popular worldwide because it is recognized as an important source of nutrients, vitamins and fiber for humans. However, in the last two decades outbreaks of food borne illness and cases associated with fresh produce have increased significantly. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of acidic electrolyzed water (EO) and alkaline water (AlcO), 200-ppm chlorine water, 3% H2O2 and/or sterile distilled water wash in reducing Escherichia coli O157:H7 on the surface of dip-inoculated tomato and cucumber. Inoculated sample (tomato, cucumber) were dipped in 200 ml of electrolyzed acidic or alkali water, or 200 ppm chlorine water, or 3% H2O2 and/or sterile distilled water and hand rubbed for 90 seconds followed by second wash with sterile distilled water for 90 seconds to minimize the residual effect. Approximately 2.0 log CFU/g reduction was observed when washed with acidic electrolyzed water (EO) and alkaline water (AlcO). On the other hand, approximately 3.0-4.0 log CFU/g reduction was observed while washing with chlorine water and 3% H2O2. Washing with distilled water found ineffective in reducing the pathogen. Prevalence of total microbial population, coliforms, Salmonella enteriditis, E. coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Yersinia enterocolitica was also observed in non-spiked samples (tomato, cucumber). It was found that total microbial population, coliform bacteria and other pathogens varied among different samples depending on the location and type of samples. However, no Salmonella spp., were found in the tested samples. The results revealed that 3% H2O2 or 200 ppm chlorine water gave better reduction than that of acidic electrolyzed water and alkali water.

Development of biopolymer coated calcium fortified rice using spraying and soaking methods

Calcium fortified rice premix was prepared adding calcium chloride as fortificant by soaking and spraying method followed by biopolymer coating namely hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), methyl cellulose (MC), combination of HPMC and MC and zein. Spraying method resulted in relatively higher whiteness index and hard texture of calcium fortified rice premix than soaking method. Calcium content in calcium fortified rice premix samples, prepared using soaking and spraying methods ranged from 9.93 to 22.39 and 11.84 to 25.39 mg/g, respectively. Biopolymer coating of calcium fortified rice premix reduced the washing losses of calcium. Retention of calcium after two washing in distilled water was highest in zein coated (at 9% level) calcium fortified rice premix followed by combination of HPMC and MC at 2% level. Overall acceptability scores for different cooked samples of calcium fortified rice ranged from 7.66 to 8.14 as compared to 8.07 for unfortified rice. Though insignificant but higher overall acceptability scores for HPMC and MC (at 2% level) coated cooked fortified rice indicated the scope for development of calcium fortified rice premix by spraying calcium solution containing 120 mg calcium per mL, 150 min tempering time, followed by HPMC and MC (at 2% level) coating and drying.

Sequential stepwise recovery of selected metals from flue dusts of secondary copper smelting

Abstract A novel and clean process was developed to convert flue dusts of secondary copper smelters into value-added products. The process consists of three main steps: NaOH leaching, two-stage combined electrolysis, and deep purification of recycle solution. Initially, 80–92% Zn and Pb were dissolved in 5 M NaOH at 80 °C, whereas Cu was concentrated in the residue. Yates' algorithm was used to determine the main effects and interactions of the leaching factors. The leach solution was then electrolyzed at 100–250 A/m 2 and high purity Pb (>97%) was separated from the alkaline solution. Subsequently, a pulsed current was introduced to obtain ultrafine zinc powders (∼30 μm) with the best performance occurred at T on (current-on) = 15 ms, and T off (current-off) = 10 ms. Finally, Cl and Al were precipitated by evaporation-condensation and CaO addition, respectively. The combination of alkaline media and pulse current enables the green route without distilled water washing and surfactant addition, thus minimizing effluent emissions. This environmentally friendly method has promise to treat other industrial wastes due to its low cost and simple design.

Comparison of teliospore proteins of the two smut fungiTilletia cariesandTilletia controversa, by SDS electrophoresis

The aim of this study was to develop an accurate, fast and safe routine diagnostic method based on protein studies for differentiating between T. caries and T. controversa at species level. Since import of wheat contaminated with T. controversa is restricted by several countries, differentiation of T. controversa from the more prevalent T. caries is of economic interest. The newly developed method is based on distilled water washing followed by the rupturing of the teliospore walls in PBS extraction medium, and an SDS electrophoresis (10% resolving gel). The electrophoretic pattern showed consistent species-related differences in a 106 kDa polypeptide that appeared in each extract of T. controversa, but was not present in the protein extracts of T. caries. The newly developed method could be of value for the authorities performing routine monitoring of T. controversa as an up-to-date diagnostic assay in wheat shipments.

In vitro propagation of Kaempferia galanga (L)

Kaempferia galanga (L) is an aromatic perennial herb, which is widely used in Ayurvedic medicine.Dry tubers are imported in large scaie to Sri Lanka due to lack of mass production in Sri Lanka.Disease susceptibility and higher cost of production have restricted its cultivation. Propagation ofKaempferia galanga is normally by rh izorne cuttings but disease susceptibi Iity of tender rh izomesrestricts propagation in large scale. Propagation through other vegetative methods is not possible.Rahman et al. (2004) reported the possibility of obtaining plants through somatic embryogenesis butthe survival rate was low. Therefore an attempt was made to develop a protocol for mass propagationof Kaempferia galanga through direct organogenesis.Leaf discs and axi Ilary buds were used as explants. Axi Ilary buds isolated from rh izomes of Kaempferiagalanga mother plants were sprayed with 0.2% Captan ™ 2-3 days before collection. After that, theywere placed on a wet paper Iined tray and covered again with another wet paper. Five to six dayslater young axillary buds were emerged from nodes and they were used as explants. For leaf discexplants leaves were washed with soap and soaked in a solution of Teepol" for 15 minutes, andwashed with running tap water for 45 minutes.Both leaf discs and axillury buds were dipped in 5% Chlorox ™ (5.25% Sodium hyperclorite v/v) for10-15 minutes under sterile conditions. Then they were washed 10% Clorox r for 3 minutes and 70%ethanol for one minute each followed by two successive washings in sterile distilled water. Explantswere cultured on MS basal medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) supplemented with differentconcentrations of Benzyl amino purine (BAP) and Indole acetic acid (IAA) (2.00 mgl' - 2.25 rngl'and 0.30 mgl-I- 0.70 mgi' respectively). Sucrose 3% (w/v) and 0.8% agar were added to the media.pH was adjusted to 5.8.Cultures were incubated under 16 hr light 18 hr dark at 26 :.+:: I DCtemperature for 21 days. Callusingwas not observed from both tested explants in any of the media tested. After 15 -18 days of incubationaxillary buds were elongated in all combinations tested. MS supplemented with 2.25 rngl' BAP and0.5 rngl' IAA showed the highest elongation (490 ± 10 mrn).After 25-30 days of incubation in vitro grown shoots were cut and separated from the explant. Thenthey were subcultured on the same medium and incubated in 16 hr light at 26 ± 1 DCtemperature forshoot multiplication. MS medium was used as basal medium with above combinations of growthregulators.The highest multiplication was observed in 2.25 mgl:' BAP and 0.5 mg' IAA (7.0 ±..0.02) shoots perexplant. Further sub culturing on to the same medium induced roots. Seven-weeks old plantlets wereremoved from culture vessels, washed well to remove all agar and transferred to small plastic potscontaining sand, soil and compost in I: I: 1 proportion by volume and kept in shade house covered withpolythene bags, for acclimatization. 100% survival was observed when acclimatized plants weretransferred to the field.

In vitro callus induction of Spilanthes calva DC [Spilanthes acmella auct. non L,.] (Maha Akmella)

Spilanthes calva DC. (Maha Akrnella) is a valuable medicinal plant belongs to Family Asteraceae. Itis widely used in indigenous medicine to treat toothache in most of the Asian countries. Not only it hasanesthetic properties, but also contain secondary metabolites, with the insecticidal properties, whichcould be used as potential bio insecticide. This is an annual plant, which grows to a height about 30ern. After flowering mother plant is dried off. Four to six weeks later seeds are germinated and newseedl ings are produced. Viabil ity of seeds loses with in short period of time. Even though seeds aregerminated percentage of germination is low (about 30%). Rooting of cuttings is also not possible.This is a limitation in using this valuable medicinal plant for commercial production. Therefore it isvery important to develop a protocol for mass propagation through tissue culture and establishing cellcultures will be useful for large-scale chemical extraction in industrial purposes.Leaf discs were used as explant for callus initiation. In order to identify the suitable maturity stage forcallus initiation, leaves were harvested at different maturity stages i.e first, second and third fullyopened leaf.Leaves were washed with Dettol" soap and soaked in a solution of Teepol" for 5 minutes. After thatleaves were washed with running tap water for 45 minutes, In order to surface sterilize. Leaves werewashed with 10% Clorox ™ (5.25% Sodium hypochlorite v/v) for 5 minutes and then with 70% alcoholfor 30 seconds each followed by three successive washings in sterile distilled water. These operationswere carried out inside the laminar airflow cabinet before inoculation. Basal media tested for the study were full strength MS (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) medium and Y2 MS (both macro andmicronutrients) medium. Media were supplemented with different concentrations (1.0 mgl' - 3.0mgl") of BAP and 2,4-0. Cultures were incubated under complete dark at 25± I °C in the growthroom.Study conducted by Haw and Keng (2003) on the same species produced multiple shoots from axillarybud explants without inducing callus in MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mgl.:' BAP. In the presentstudy, callusing was observed within 5 days of incubation in full strength MS medium supplementedwith BAP and 2AO. It took longer period to initiate callus when both macro and micro nutrients in thebasa l rned ium was lowered to ha If and the amount of callus produced was also very low even after 6thweek of incubation. In order to observe the time taken to produce maximum amount callus freshwe iuht was measured after 2".1,4th and 6tltweek of incubation. It was observed that maximum amountofc~llus was produced within 4 weeks in all explant types tested with a maximum of 0.88 g:': 0.23 inleaf discs obtained from first fully opened leaf.In order to determine the best growth regulator combination for callus initiation, calli fresh weightswere measured after fourth week of incubation in different growth regulator combinations tested.Highest amount of calli were in MS medium in the presence of2.25 mgl' BAP and 1.0 mgl' 2.4-0.Fragile calli, which were transulant and mucilaginous in nature were observed within 15 days ofincubation, which could lead to cell suspension cultures.

Oxidation stability of biodiesel from different feedstocks: Influence of commercial additives and purification step

The present study investigates the effectiveness of three commercial synthetic (AO1, AO2 and AO3) and one natural (AO4) antioxidants to improve the oxidation stability of various biodiesel fuels produced from different vegetable oils: soybean methyl ester (SBME), rapeseed methyl ester (RME), high oleic sunflower methyl ester (HOSME) and palm methyl ester (PME) and prepared by two different purification steps, using distilled water and acidified distilled water (0.1M citric acid solution) wash methods. The results of this study have shown that different biodiesel samples have different levels of oxidative stability. Antioxidants can improve the oxidation stability and the antioxidant effect increases as a function of its concentration.This study showed that the use of citric acid (0.1M) instead of distilled water in the purification step improved the oxidative stability of biodiesel from different feedstocks, and the washing agent volume required resulted reduced.Results obtained were fitted to an equation in order to predict the minimum antioxidant dosage to meet EN 14214.The information generated in this study could be used to better understand the oxidation stability and its effect on the quality of pure biodiesel.

Study of Conservational Methods for the Old Printing Papers

ABSTRACT Printing papers published in between 1950's and 1990's were treated with three methods such as distilled water washing, CaCO 3 solution washing and methyl cellulose solution coating for improving their con-servational properties. Accelerated aging with 80 o C and 80% RH for 14 days was applied to the testing papers. Results showed that distilled water and CaCO 3 washing kept increased pH even after accelerated aging, but did not improve folding endurances for 1950's-60's papers. Methyl cellulose treatment did not increased pH of the old papers, but increased folding endurances remarkably for 1950's-60's papers even after accelerated aging. It suggests that methyl cellulose treatment after CaCO 3 washing should give im-provements both in pH and folding endurance. Keywords : aged printing paper, paper conservation, accelerated aging, methyl cellulose, CaCO 3 , pH, folding endurance 1. 서 론 한국에는 대학, 도서관, 국가기록원, 국사편찬위원회 및 규장각 등 기록문화유산을 보존하는 기관이 존재하고 있다. 이들은 대부분 1945년 이후에 설립된 기관들로 70년이 지난 지금 양지로 된 자료의 산성화 및 재질 약화에 따른 원본보존상 문제점이 심각하게 논의되고 있다. 이에 따라 각 기관별로 보존관련 조직을 신설하고 전문 인력을 충원하고 있다.

An efficient and universal Agrobacterium-mediated transformation protocol in rice

For development of transgenic varieties of interest in rice, we have developed a simple, efficient and universal Agrobacterium mediated transformation protocol. Mature seeds of two indica (IR64 and Jaya), one each from japonica (AC41039) and aromatic (Basmati370) varieties were used as explants in the present study. Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA 105 carrying Ti plasmid (pBI121) with the selectable marker nptII along with the reporter gene uidA encoding β-glucuronidase (GUS) was successfully integrated with rice genome without use of acetosyringone. Sterile distilled water washing in place of cefotaxime in the elimination process has been used to control excess growth of Agrobacterium. All the material after transformation germinated in 2 to 3 days of co-cultivation on MS basal medium. Germinated seeds transferred to the selection medium i.e. plain MS medium with 50 mg/l of kanamycin, produced two to three primary tillers within 2 weeks. Mesocotyls from 2 week old in vitro grown plants were taken and cultured in the multiplication medium (MS supplemented with 0.5 mg/l BA and 50 mg/l Kanamycin) where within 6–8 days they produced 3–4 secondary tillers. All the five to six tiller shoots so produced in the process developed roots on plain MS and grew well when transferred to pots containing autoclaved soil and vermicompost in the proportion of 4:1. Transient expression of GUS was observed in all the tissues of recipient plants. Integration of the transgene was confirmed by employing southern blotting and real-time PCR technique. The transformation protocol developed can be efficiently used across the two major subspecies/ecotypes of the Asian rice cultivar Oryza sativa.

Combustion synthesis of tungsten powder from sodium tungstate

Abstract Tungsten powders were prepared by Self-propagating High-temperature Synthesis (SHS) method directly from hitherto unreported system: sodium tungstate (Na 2 WO 4 ) and magnesium (Mg). The adiabatic temperatures of self-propagating combustion reactions with different amount of Mg in Na 2 WO 4 + Mg system were calculated. The influences of different starting conditions (molar ratios of Mg/Na 2 WO 4 and relative densities of samples) on the compositions and microstructure of reaction products were investigated. It shown that, the complete reduction of WO 3 required a 60% excess of magnesium over the stoichiometric molar ratio Mg/Na 2 WO 4 of 3. The amount of the impurities is minimal at appropriate relative density. At last, tungsten powders can be obtained after the acid enrichment and distilled water washing.

Synthesis of B4C from Na2B4O7+Mg+C by SHS Method

This paper deals with the formation of Boron Carbide (B4C) powders from Na2B4O7+Mg+C system by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) method. B4C without impurities could be obtained after the acid enrichment and distilled water washing. The reaction mechanism of SHS of B4C was proposed: the synthesis of B4C is a process involving the decomposition of Na2B4O7 into the intermediate phase B2O3, which reacts with Mg and Carbon to form B4C.

Fabrication of tungsten powder with sodium tungstate as raw material by SHS method

Tungsten powders were fabricated by Self-propagating High-temperature Synthesis (SHS) method with sodium tungstate (Na 2WO 4) and magnesium (Mg) as raw reactants. The effect of the molar ratios of Mg/Na 2WO 4 on the compositions of combustion products was investigated. The results show that, it is advantageous for more Mg in the raw reactants than the stoichiometric quantity to decrease the impurities in the combustion products and increase the completeness of the synthesis reaction of tungsten. At last, tungsten powders can be obtained after the acid enrichment and distilled water washing.

Fabrication of B 4C from Na 2B 4O 7 + Mg + C by SHS method

This paper deals with the formation of boron carbide (B 4C) powders from Na 2B 4O 7 + Mg + C system by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) method. B 4C without impurities could be obtained after the acid enrichment and distilled water washing. The reaction mechanism of SHS of B 4C was proposed: the synthesis of B 4C is a process involving the decomposition of Na 2B 4O 7 into the intermediate phase B 2O 3, which reacts with Mg and carbon to form B 4C.

Surface properties of Lactobacillus and Leuconostoc isolates from homemade cheeses showing auto-aggregation ability

Ten lactobacilli and one leuconostoc showing auto-aggregation ability were isolated from artisanal cheeses. Furthermore, non-aggregation strains were isolated from the same cheese sample, if existed. The analysis of factor(s) possibly involved in auto-aggregation was performed. The pretreatment of cells with proteinase K resulted in the disappearance of auto-aggregation ability. Moreover, cells also lost aggregation ability after three-times, successive washing in distilled water. Testing the ability of strain Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei BGSJ2-8 and its aggregation-deficient derivative BGSJ2-81 to co-aggregate with Listeria innocua ATCC33090, Escherichia coli ATCC25922 or Salmonella typhimurium TR251 showed that strain BGSJ2-8 co-aggregated with these strains, but derivative BGSJ2-81 was not. However, the treatment of L. paracasei subsp. paracasei BGSJ2-8 with proteinase K prior to co-aggregation tests resulted in losing co-aggregation ability. Surface properties of selected strains were analyzed by MATS (microbial adhesion to solvents) method. It was noticed that the strains with auto-aggregation ability were highly hydrophobic in comparison with aggregation-deficient ones. Comparative analyses of the surface features of strain L. paracasei subsp. paracasei BGSJ2-8 and its derivative BGSJ2-81 revealed notable difference.

An adhesion-based method for plasma membrane isolation: Evaluating cholesterol extraction from cells and their membranes

A method to isolate large quantities of directly accessible plasma membrane from attached cells is presented. The method is based on the adhesion of cells to an adsorbed layer of polylysine on glass plates, followed by hypotonic lysis with ice-cold distilled water and subsequent washing steps. Optimal conditions for coating glass plates and time for cell attachment were established. No additional chemical or mechanical treatments were used. Contamination of the isolated plasma membrane by cell organelles was less than 5%. The method uses inexpensive, commercially available polylysine and reusable glass plates. Plasma membrane preparations can be made in 15 min. Using this method, we determined that methyl-β-cyclodextrin differentially extracts cholesterol from fibroblast cells and their plasma membranes and that these differences are temperature dependent. Determination of the cholesterol/phospholipid ratio from intact cells does not reflect methyl-β-cyclodextrin plasma membrane extraction properties.

Combustion of Na 2B 4O 7 + Mg + C to synthesis B 4C powders

Boron carbide powder was fabricated by combustion synthesis (CS) method directly from mixed powders of borax (Na 2B 4O 7), magnesium (Mg) and carbon. The adiabatic temperature of the combustion reaction of Na 2B 4O 7 + 6 Mg + C was calculated. The control of the reactions was achieved by selecting reactant composition, relative density of powder compact and gas pressure in CS reactor. The effects of these different influential factors on the composition and morphologies of combustion products were investigated. The results show that, it is advantageous for more Mg/Na 2B 4O 7 than stoichiometric ratio in Na 2B 4O 7 + Mg + C system and high atmosphere pressure in the CS reactor to increase the conversion degree of reactants to end product. The final product with the minimal impurities’ content could be fabricated at appropriate relative density of powder compact. At last, boron carbide without impurities could be obtained after the acid enrichment and distilled water washing.

Interaction of Actin and the Chloroplast Protein Import Apparatus

Actin filaments are major components of the cytoskeleton and play numerous essential roles, including chloroplast positioning and plastid stromule movement, in plant cells. Actin is present in pea chloroplast envelope membrane preparations and is localized at the surface of the chloroplasts, as shown by agglutination of intact isolated chloroplasts by antibodies to actin. To identify chloroplast envelope proteins involved in actin binding, we have carried out actin co-immunoprecipitation and co-sedimentation experiments on detergent-solubilized pea chloroplast envelope membranes. Proteins co-immunoprecipitated with actin were identified by mass spectrometry and by Western blotting and included the Toc159, Toc75, Toc34, and Tic110 components of the TOC-TIC protein import apparatus. A direct interaction of actin with Escherichia coli-expressed Toc159, but not Toc33, was shown by co-sedimentation experiments, suggesting that Toc159 is the component of the TOC complex that interacts with actin on the cytosolic side of the outer envelope membrane. The physiological significance of this interaction is unknown, but it may play a role in the import of nuclear-encoded photosynthesis proteins.

Multiplicação in vitro e aclimatação de Vernonia condensata Baker

A espécie medicinal Vernonia condensata, vulgarmente conhecida por alumã, pertencente à família Asteraceae, possui propriedades analgésicas e de proteção gástrica. A crescente utilização dessa planta no Nordeste, pelas propriedades terapêuticas, justifica a necessidade de medidas que minimizem o impacto de sua exploração nas reservas naturais. O objetivo desse trabalho foi multiplicar in vitro plantas de alumã sob diferentes concentrações de BAP e aclimatá-las. Gemas axilares foram desinfestadas em solução de álcool etílico 70%, durante 2 minutos e em solução de hipoclorito de sódio (2% de cloro ativo) na concentração de 3:1, durante 15 minutos, seguido de três lavagens em água destilada estéril. Os tratamentos para multiplicação consistiram em doses de BAP (0,0; 1,0; 2,0; 3,0; 4,0 e 5,0 mg L-1) em meio MS semi-sólido. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com 5 repetições, contendo 10 gemas por repetição. Após 30 dias de cultivo observou-se maior taxa de explantes responsivos, 84% na concentração de 1,0 mg L-1 de BAP, com produção de 4,0 brotos/explante. Nos tratamentos 3,0; 4,0 e 5,0 mg L-1 ocorreu hiperhidricidade nas folhas. As microplantas de alumã provenientes da metodologia utilizada neste trabalho alcançaram 100% de sobrevivência na aclimatação.

Superação da dormência em sementes de <em>Murdannia nudiflora</em> (L.) Brenan

The objective of this study was to identify treatments capable of promoting and standardizing the germination of Murdannia nudiflora (L.) Brenan seeds. The seeds of this weed were submitted to the following treatments: mechanical abrasion with 220-grit sandpaper (20, 30 and 40 frictions); immersion in sulfuric acid (90% for 30 and 40 seconds), followed by washing in running water; immersion in sodium hypochlorite (2.5% for 8 and 12 hours) and lye (5 minutes), followed by five washings in distilled water; immersion in KNO3 (1% for 24 hours); preheating at 40ºC in a humid or dry substrate for 2, 3 and 4 weeks. The statistical design was totally randomized, with four repetitions. The number of germinated seeds was counted every other day. The most favorable treatments were preheating at 40ºC in humid substrate for 3 weeks, followed by mechanical abrasion after 40 frictions and immersion in sulfuric acid for 40 seconds

Bacterial Populations of Broiler Carcasses Washed in Mixtures of Potassium Hydroxide and Lauric Acid

The bactericidal effect of mixtures of KOH and lauric acid (LA) on the microflora of broiler carcasses was examined. Carcasses were washed by shaking in KOH-LA for 1 min on a mechanical shaker. In one set of experiments, the population of bacteria recovered from carcasses following each of 3 successive washes in 1.0% KOH-2.0% LA or in distilled water (control) was enumerated. The number of total plate count bacteria, Campylobacter, and Escherichia coli in aliquots of whole-carcass-rinses of the washed carcasses was determined. Results indicated that fewer bacteria were generally recovered from carcasses after each successive wash in KOH-LA or distilled water, but significantly fewer bacteria were recovered from carcasses washed in KOH-LA than from carcasses washed in distilled water. Bacteria recovered from carcasses after the first and third wash in KOH-LA were identified using the MIDI Sherlock Microbial Identification System. Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria were identified in the bacterial flora of carcasses washed once in KOH-LA; however, only gram-positive cocci were identified in the bacterial flora of carcasses washed 3 times in KOH-LA. Additional experiments were performed to compare the number of bacteria recovered from carcasses washed 2 times in 0.25% KOH-0.5% LA, 0.5% KOH-1.0% LA, or 1.0% KOH-2.0% LA or in distilled water (control). Results indicated that significantly fewer bacteria were recovered from carcasses washed in higher concentrations of KOH-LA than from carcasses washed in lower concentrations of KOH-LA. Findings from these experiments show that washing carcasses in KOH-LA can reduce carcass contamination by bacteria responsible for human foodborne diseases and spoilage of fresh poultry.