Waseda University Research Articles

中日理科教育交渉史研究(1) : 早稲田大学清国留学生部の意義

中日理科教育交渉史研究(1) : 早稲田大学清国留学生部の意義

事大=守舊 對 獨立=開化의 二項對立的 近代敍事 프레임의 創出과 變容

This paper explores the creation of Korean modern narrative frame and its transformation afterwards. It examines how the original Korean modern narrative frame was created and standardized by the Japanese, and reviews the process and methods used to intentionally transform that frame by pro-Japanese Koreans.BR Modern narrative frame originally created by the Japanese was intentionally transformed during acceptance by means of adding or imitating. Such work was accomplished by Koreans experienced in studying in Japan, especially Waseda University alumni. Unlike Japan, the Enlightenment party playing a central role and setting extreme Conservatism party being its opposition were major changes. With the composition of enlightenment versus toadyism, the Enlightenment party’s leading role became fully emerged. From the Imo Gullan to Gapsin Coup, the Enlightenment party emerged as a key player, and in the Gabo and Eulmi era the Enlightenment party gained its historical status as a reform leader. Choe Nam-seon being the beginner, such intentional transformation on modern narrative frame was carried out across the board passing through Yi Pyong-do and Lee Son-keun. From Gapsin Coup to the ruin of the Korean Empire, not only modern narrative frame but also its content were filled in full swing with the enlightenment and reform works led by the Eenlightenment party and its successors.

ISIAQ Academy Awards 2016

ISIAQ Academy Awards 2016

早稲田大学オーストラリア研究所編, 『オーストラリア研究-多文化社会日本への提言』, オセアニア出版社, 2009年

早稲田大学オーストラリア研究所編, 『オーストラリア研究-多文化社会日本への提言』, オセアニア出版社, 2009年

Theoretical Analysis of SiCl4 Reaction Mechanism for Si Electrodeposition Process in Tmha-Tfsi As Ionic Liquids

Low-cost and simple fabrication methods of Si thin films have been required to meet increasing demands for solar cells, semiconductor materials, and so on. Si electrodeposition is one of the useful techniques, for it is low-cost and suitable for large scale production and nano-structure fabrication. We have proposed the Si electrodeposition process using SiCl4 as Si source and ionic liquids Trimethyl-n-hexylammmonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (TMHA-TFSI) as solvents [1,2], and have attempted to optimize the deposition process, for which understanding of the molecular level mechanisms of Si electrodeposition reaction is significant. In this study we carried out theoretical analysis on the reaction mechanism of SiCl4 in ionic liquids by density functional theory (DFT), mainly focusing on Si-Si bond formation just after electron transfer from Si electrode surface. Two reaction schemes about the Si-Si bond formation as an initial stage of Si electrodeposition process are hypothesized; (i) SiCl4 forms Si-Si bond with Si surface directly, (ii) SiCl4 forms Si-Si bond with another SiCl4nearby. More favorable scheme was identified by comparing theoretically obtained energy profiles of scheme (i) and (ii). All DFT calculations were performed by Gaussian 09, with B3LYP as an exchange-correlation functional, 6-31+G** as basis sets for C and H, LANL2DZdp ECP as a basis set for Si. To model ionic liquids as solvent surrounding reactants, ONIOM method was applied; main reactants were expressed by quantum mechanics and solvent molecules were expressed by molecular mechanics with universal force field (UFF) parameters. Since ionic liquids generally exhibit complicated behaviors in dielectric constant, polarized continuum model (PCM) that usually provides sufficiently appropriate solvent model in the case of water solvent is not capable to work well in this situation. Energy profiles obtained by the DFT calculation showed that the scheme (ii) was more favorable than the scheme (i), suggesting that just after accepting electrons, SiCl4 forms Si-Si bond with another SiCl4 species, rather than with Si surface. Mulliken charge analyses showed that the electron population of covalent Si-Si bonds in Si surface decreased after the bond formation with SiCl4, which was caused by highly electronegative Cl atoms of SiCl4. This charge distribution destabilized the covalent bond within products of scheme (i), which made scheme (ii) more favorable. Solvation structure of products with ionic liquids showed that products of scheme (ii) interacted with both cation TMHA+ and anion TFSI-, whereas the product of scheme (i) interacted with only TMHA+. This result implies that the ionic liquid molecules significantly influence the stability of the products, promoting Si-Si bond formation among SiCl4species as shown in scheme (ii). From these results, we hypothesized the scheme of Si electrodeposition at initial stage as follows; a SiCl4 molecule near electrode surface receives electrons to react with another SiCl4molecule nearby to form Si-Si bond, generating relatively smaller size intermediates, which are stabilized by the solvation of ionic liquids. These smaller size intermediates continue to receive electrons near electrode surface to organize larger size intermediates or to deposit on the Si surface, forming Si film. This study was financially supported by JST Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology (CREST). T. F. acknowledges the Leading Graduate Program in Science and Engineering, Waseda University from MEXT, Japan.

Analysis of Cathodic Reaction Process of SiCl4 in Ionic Liquids

Electrodeposition of semiconductor materials such as Si with very negative reduction potentials has been attempted in various non-aqueous solvents [1-3]. In particular, since ionic liquids exhibit relatively large electrochemical windows and are applicable under low temperature condition, they are expected to be one of the promising solvents for Si electrodeposition. Several studies have suggested the capability of ionic liquids to electrodeposit Si [4-6]. We also applied trimethylhexylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide (TMHATFSI) ionic liquid for the electrodeposition of Si [7-9]. To control this deposition process more precisely, its reaction mechanism should be elucidated further in detail. In the present study, we analyzed the reaction mechanism of SiCl4 during Si electrodeposition in ionic liquids using three approaches; 1) Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM), 2) X-ray reflectivity (XRR), and 3) Density functional theory (DFT) calculation. Electrodeposition of Si was conducted in TMHATFSI at 40 oC, controlled by thermo block. 3 electrodes cell (W.E. : Au, R.E. : Ag/Ag+, C.E. : Pt) was employed for the Si film electrodeposition. During XRR measurement, 2 electrodes cell (W.E. : Au, C.E. : Au) was used at 30 oC, controlled by thin thermo plate. EQCM measurement was carried out in Ar atmosphere, while the mixture of Ar and N2 was introduced into the electrolytic cell during the XRR measurement. The XRR measurement data were analyzed by GenX software. DFT calculation was performed by Gaussian09 package to support the XRR measurements. Results of the EQCM measurements during the cyclic voltammetry indicated a preliminary stage prior to the electrodeposition, in which no mass increase was detected in spite of substantial amount of charge transfer, suggesting the sequential reduction of SiCl4 through Si (III) and Si (II) species over the multiple stages. These were thought to be intermediate state in Si electrodeposition. Such a state was then investigated by using XRR measurement. The intensity of the reflectivity gradually decreased with the progress of the Si electrodeposition. Analyzed results of the XRR measurement indicated that a layer, which is thought to be polymer-like structure of Si containing dimer such as Si2Cl6, would be generated prior to the formation of metallic Si (0) films. This polymer-like structure was also supported by the results of DFT calculation; energy profiles showed that Si-Si bond formation between two SiCl4 molecules was more favorable than that between SiCl4 and Si surface, after SiCl4 received electrons from the surface. These results suggest that the cathodic reaction of SiCl4 proceeds through the formation of intermediate states containing polymer-like structure of Si. We would like to thank Dr. Apurva Mehta (SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory) and Mr. Trevor Petach (Department of Physics, Stanford University) for their kind advices and helps with the experiment. This study was financially supported in part by the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) CREST program. Use of the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences under Contract No. DE-AC02-76SF00515. Y. T. acknowledges the Leading Graduate Program in Science and Engineering, Waseda University, from MEXT, Japan.

Direct Synthesis of Highly Designable Hybrid Metal Hydroxide Nanosheets by Using Tripodal Ligands as One‐Size‐Fits‐All Modifiers

AbstractInvited for the cover of this issue is the group of Yoshiyuki Kuroda and Kazuyuki Kuroda at the Waseda University in Tokyo. The image depicts how the production of diverse metal hydroxide nanosheets can be standardized in the same way as Sushi. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201605698.

Relation Between Combinations of Personal Characteristic Types and Educational Effectiveness for a Controlled Project-Based Learning Course

To improve practical IT education, many Japanese universities are implementing project-based learning (PBL). Although a previous study examined the relationship between educational effectiveness and the scatter of personal characteristics, the relationship between educational effectiveness and the combination of personal characteristics in a team, which is important to optimize the team composition for PBL, has yet to be examined. Herein, we use the five factor and stress theory to measure personal characteristics and classify students enrolled in a PBL class at Waseda University into four types—leadership, management, tugboat, and anchor. Then, knowledge and skills questionnaires are used to measure educational effectiveness. The results show that educational effectiveness is highest when a team consists of management and anchor types without leadership types. The results are preliminary, because the practical usefulness of our results is limited as the experiment of the paper targeted only one PBL course of one university. For that reason, we need to collect data from other PBL course at the same or other university.

カーロボ連携大学院での自動車・ロボットの知能化高度化に向けた専門人材育成

The Joint Graduate School Intelligent Car and Robotics Course, called “Car-Robo Joint Graduate School” is an educational program that started in 2012 mainly at The Kitakyushu Science and Research Park (KSRP). Graduate schools of engineering in Kyushu Institute of Technology, the University of Kitakyushu, and Waseda University at KSRP participate in this program. The purpose of this program is to foster highly skilled personnel in technical fields on intelligent car and robot technology. They will gain practical ability as leaders, mastering their special fields, understanding the peripheral technologies, and leading research and development teams. The special-feature program of this course is seven comprehensive practicums as team learning. Internship students of national colleges of technology and other universities as well as master and PhD course students of these graduate schools participate in the practicums.

堆積学スクール2015「堆積岩岩石学におけるデータ解析」（2015年12月，早稲田大学）参加報告

堆積学スクール2015「堆積岩岩石学におけるデータ解析」（2015年12月，早稲田大学）参加報告

The Characteristics and Significance of the Chinese edition of ‘Geumhwasa Mongyurok’ at the Waseda University Library

The Characteristics and Significance of the Chinese edition of ‘Geumhwasa Mongyurok’ at the Waseda University Library

復興まちづくりにおけるまちづくり会社の組成プロセスに関する研究

Over 5 years have passed since the Great East Japan Earthquake of March 11, 2011. In many tsunami-affected municipalities, the reconstruction of infrastructure such as roads, ports, seawalls, or the preparation of tsunami-safe, raised building land is proceeding relatively well, following municipal reconstruction plans. This is due to a lack of communication and community involvement in reconstruction plans. In such situation, it would be effective to set up a community development council, which is a special form of public private partnership between the local government, residents, and landowners. The council would facilitate the communication between all the involved stakeholders and take care of the management of shared facilities such as shops or housing. At the Naiwan area of Kesennuma city, in Miyagi prefecture, the planning of invasive, large-scale coastal protections was proceeding without consensus being formed among the affected citizens of the area. Most of the public discourses materialized around the reconstruction of the infrastructure such as the seawall that would protect the Naiwan area, but debates about the overall recovery program with the reconstruction of buildings and community facilities didn't proceed accordingly. In order to reach a consensus, the members of the municipal reconstruction council enlisted the support of Waseda University, to which also the author belongs. The facilitation of the reconstruction planning process was promoted in the form of a participatory action research. This research was conducted in order to document and analyze the importance of establishment of community development corporations promoted in the form of a participatory action research. Our team supported the council with reaching an agreement for the overall recovery program and to prepare the field for individual reconstruction projects. The team facilitated this process by organizing discussion rounds and by using different physical as well as digital models of the area. In many disaster-affected areas of Tohoku the reconstruction of private residences and shops is still lagging behind and therefore a careful analysis of Naiwan's widely recognized and groundbreaking recovery planning process is of great importance. At first, we will explore and analyze the main issues of the Naiwan area, which had to be resolved through the reconstruction process. At the Naiwan area, a reconstruction planning council was established by the local citizens, in order to raise resistance against and develop alternatives to controversial government plans for the construction of large-scale and invasive coastal protections. However, beyond the issue of the hotly debated seawall, the discussion about the detailed local reconstruction program including the rebuilding of residences and shops as well as the establishment of a Machizukuri enterprise for the implementation of plans, didn't take place in the council. Next, in order to facilitate a wider discussion process and reanimate the stagnant reconstruction planning process, we designed a process to reach an agreement between all the stakeholder by soliciting and discussing creative ideas from the subcommittee in Management Conference, and then explaining and discussing the in wider plenary sessions. At the Management Conference, we supported the consensus formation from the broader development of plan to the development of the respective private project plans by utilizing workshops and various innovative communication and visualization formats by PDCA, plan-do-check-act cycle. Based on these results, we evaluated the result of the above reconstruction planning process, from the establishment of council to the development of recommendations and plans, as well as the establishment of community development corporations as business.

Differing Conceptions of "Voluntary Motherhood": Yamakawa Kikue's Birth Strike and Ishimoto Shizue's Eugenic Feminism

Differing Conceptions of "Voluntary Motherhood":Yamakawa Kikue's Birth Strike and Ishimoto Shizue's Eugenic Feminism Sujin Lee (bio) The Multiple Definitions of "Voluntary Motherhood" in Interwar Japan In March and April 1922, American birth control activist Margaret Sanger (1879-1966) visited Japan to promote the concept and techniques of birth control. In her first lecture, held at the Tokyo Y.M.C.A. on March 14, Sanger addressed an audience of over five hundred people on the subject of "War and Population" (Japan Times 1922). Sanger attributed colonization and militarism to an overflowing population, as typified in Germany before the outbreak of World War I, and urged Japanese audiences to address similar issues facing Japan. Sanger's accounts of overpopulation were anchored in Neo-Malthusianism—the advocacy of birth control to ensure the balance between population size and resource supply; she believed that Japan's rising population would lead to domestic problems as well as international conflicts.1 Thus the debate on birth control heralded by Sanger's visit to Japan went far beyond medical debates over the use of contraceptives: the introduction of birth control into interwar discussions about population growth provided a chance for Japanese intellectuals, activists, and bureaucrats to tackle a variety of pressing social issues, including poverty, employment, migration, and maternal and child health. As I will argue, despite their differing views on the primary purpose of birth control, Japanese birth control advocates reconfigured sexual reproduction and motherhood as central politico-economic problems. [End Page 3] Yamakawa Kikue (1890-1980) and Ishimoto Shizue (1897-2001, later Katō Shizue after marrying labor activist Katō Kanju in 1944) were feminist pioneers of the birth control movement and established the first birth control organization in Japan, the Japan Birth Control Research Group (Nihon Sanji Chōsetsu Kenkyūkai), in May 1922, led by Ishimoto. Ishimoto observed Sanger's birth control movement firsthand during her stay in New York between 1919 and 1920. After returning to Japan in September 1920, Ishimoto worked to introduce birth control to Japanese society (Ishimoto 1935 and 1984; Hopper 2004). Organization members included physician Kaji Tokijirō (1858-1930), socialist and baron Ishimoto Keikichi (1887-1951), socialist and Waseda University professor Abe Isoo (1865-1949), and labor activist Suzuki Bunji (1885-1946). The group published the magazine Shōkazoku (Small Family) along with a series of pamphlets promoting birth control. Although the organization disbanded less than a year later, the birth control movement continued throughout the interwar period as different actors—social reformists, proletarian activists, and feminists—agreed on the need to control population size and improve the "quality" of the Japanese population on eugenic grounds. I add to the growing body of scholarship in English, Japanese, and other world languages that has delved into the political dimensions of birth control to address questions of sexuality and reproduction within broader contexts of modern Japanese society. This article sheds new light on the history of birth control by arguing that the transnational discourse of problematizing populations was an integral part of Japanese feminists' advocacy for birth control. For example, Fujime Yuki (1997), in her comprehensive analysis of sex and gender systems in modern Japan, locates the prewar history of the birth control movement within long-term conflicts between state power and individual sexual freedom. Sabine Frühstück (2003), by focusing on social discourses and knowledge production about sexuality, broadens the notion of power to include the social control of sex and emphasizes intellectuals' roles in normalizing and regulating sexual behaviors such as artificial birth control. As opposed to these two researchers who address the question of control in the politics of birth control, Ogino Miho (2008) sheds light on Japanese citizens' responses to the political and social control of individuals' reproductive bodies. Ogino considers birth control as both a biopolitical technology and the sexual practice of individuals; she examines the often-overlooked fissures between discourse and practice in the politics of reproduction. Despite different understandings of power and agency in the politics of birth control, these scholars all agree with the underlying premise that social and scientific discourses on birth control exemplify the politics of women's bodies in modern Japan. While previous literature confines...

7-227 早稲田大学、大阪大学における標準化教育連携について((16)国際化時代における工学教育-I)

7-227 早稲田大学、大阪大学における標準化教育連携について((16)国際化時代における工学教育-I)

9-215 早稲田大学における遠隔教育の現状(オーガナイズドセッション:オープンコースウエアとその活用-I,口頭発表論文)

9-215 早稲田大学における遠隔教育の現状(オーガナイズドセッション:オープンコースウエアとその活用-I,口頭発表論文)

2H19 早稲田大学標準化教育の学部展開について((07)高大院連携/(17)国際化時代における工学教育-I,口頭発表)

2H19 早稲田大学標準化教育の学部展開について((07)高大院連携/(17)国際化時代における工学教育-I,口頭発表)

Design and Periodic Inspection of the Kintai-kyo Wooden Arch Bridge

The Kintai-kyo Bridge is a unique, five-span wooden bridge with three arches across the Nishiki River, the largest river of the Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan. The central wooden rib arch is very rare in the world. The bridge has become a famous landmark because of its elegant structure and its aesthetic appearance that is in harmony with the surrounding picturesque landscape. It is a popular historical site and attracts many tourists. The wooden bridge has been rebuilt several times since its inauguration in 1673. The latest rebuilding was done in 2004 which was almost 50 years after the previous one. The original span length of the Kintai-kyo Bridge was close to the limit allowed for construction of wooden bridges during that time. In order to strengthen the bridge against floods, the best combination of wood and stone was used. Arch structure was adopted for the superstructure, and hollow stone piers of spindle-shaped crosssection were adopted in the substructure. This paper studies the origin of the arch structure of the Kintai-kyo Bridge because this arch is unique and different from the voussoir arch or the corbel arch, and its resulting elegant appearance. In addition, as a unique feature, periodical inspections of the Kintai-kyo Bridge have been conducted by the Waseda University every 5 years since 1953, where the weight of local high-school students is used as the load for testing.

Corporate Governance Models and Practices in Japan and East Asia: Proceedings of a Panel Discussion

Despite general interest in the economic rise of Asia and in the role of law in the development of the region, the literature on comparative corporate governance in Asia is surprisingly undeveloped with respect to in-depth comparisons among Asian countries. In particular, it should be both valuable and feasible to compare and contrast corporate governance systems and practices among countries in East Asia, in light of Japan’s historical influence and more recent divergences from that influence. At a recent conference sponsored by Waseda University, a distinguished group of corporate law scholars from Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and China engaged in a broad-ranging panel discussion centering on the question of the operation and reform of traditional stakeholder-oriented corporate governance systems featuring concentrated ownership and a board of directors involved in day-to- day management against the need to account for greater monitoring of management on behalf of shareholders. For example, the panelists agreed that the traditional internal corporate auditors (or kansayaku in Japanese) have not appeared to operate effectively in monitoring management, and to some extent they should be supplemented or replaced by outside directors. However, the scope and pace of such change varies considerably among countries in East Asia, and skepticism remains about the effectiveness of outside directors. The panel discussion highlighted both the challenges and significant potential rewards for greater scholarly collaboration in making cross-Asian comparisons in the field of corporate governance.

(Invited) Industrialization Trial of a Biosensor Technology

Sensor network systems using mobile phones with several physical sensors can collect big data related to human health. The addition of low-cost chemical sensors to the sensor system increases the scientific prescription based on contemporary medicine. The authors examine the commercialization of a system based on the concept of physiological balance sensing. Individuals and animals possess biological barrier systems against various stressors. This study offers a system that constantly monitors biological barrier functions on the epithelial layers by using an ion sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET) sensor and feedback recommendations and precipitations through a smart phone [1]. The initial business trial of the ISFET sensor was developed jointly with Horiba, Ltd. to provide a micro-pH meter with no reference electrodes. The sensor chip consisted of two ISFETs, namely a chip that detected the hydrogen ion concentration [H3O+] and another chip that was unaffected by [H3O+]. The differential signal between both the chips is converted to a pH value without using a reference electrode [2]. This holds tremendous potential from a research viewpoint. However, the expected market size did not meet the expectations of a large company. The next business trial involved establishing two approaches to commercialization. The first approach involved a public finance start-up with an existing large company. This approach is usually effective when a technological breakthrough is required. Universities were expected to play a key role in organizing a joint venture by combining several existing enterprises, and thus this was included in the objectives of the Radical Innovation and Entrepreneurship Program (COI STREAM) of the Center of Innovation Science and Technology that was launched by the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT). A wireless multi-target ISFET system that detected, analyzed, and provided feedback on physiological substances in biological barriers was developed. This program involved a collaboration between the Waseda University and two private enterprises (Riken Genesis Co., Ltd. and Toppan Printing Co. Ltd). Certain key molecules for monitoring the balance sensing such as cortisol do not possess electric polarization. Hence, the role of aptamers that deformed to change the charge distribution within a Debye length was investigated for the detection of these non-polarized molecules by ISFET. This entailed a collaboration with another government program (the Adaptible and Seamless Technology transfer Program through target driven R&D (A-STEP)) to develop artificial nucleotides with NEC Solution Innovators, Ltd. and to develop the aptamers with high sensitivity and high selectivity with Gunma University. Another approach included a small startup from Waseda University in the Enhancing Development of Global Entrepreneur (EDGE) program of MEXT. The first trial of the startups was a pet business, which served a skin monitoring system by using an ISFET sensor for pets. A wireless ISFET system was developed for animal skin care and it included a simple and quick skin pH measurement method applicable to both humans and dogs. As part of the first stage in customer discovery, students interviewed several dog-owners and their pets who participated in a dog run at a big park by showing a prototype as the minimum viable product (MVP) [3]. None of the dog-owners were interested in the MVP, as all the pets were young and healthy. Since there were no true customers, alternative areas were explored. The next target entailed animal hospitals with unhealthy dogs. However, veterinary doctors did not want to purchase the products as they believed in the accuracies of their diagnoses. The next area explored was dog-grooming services. In these services, there were constant complaints that customers did not accept their suggestions despite being informed about symptoms of a cutaneous disease. Hence, the dog-grooming services could be the early adapters of the first product. At this stage, it is difficult to determine the approach that leads to industrialization success. Hence, further explorations are required in order to “embrace the struggle” [4].

Growth Behavior of ZnO during Discharge of Zinc Negative Electrode

Zinc is promising negative electrode for secondary batteries due to high energy density and low cost. However, morphological changes of the electrode during charge-discharge cycles result in poor cyclability. Especially, formation of ZnO during discharge (anodic dissolution) is important process because precipitation of ZnO strongly influences cyclability and discharge capacity of the electrode [1]. In addition, ZnO formation mechanism is characteristic since ZnO is not directly formed by electron transfer but by dynamic concentration change of ions near electrode surface as described in Eq. (1) and (2). Zn + 4OH− = Zn(OH)4 2− + 2e− (1) Zn(OH)4 2− = ZnO + 2OH− + H2O (2) After formation of zincate ion by oxidation (Eq. (1)), ZnO precipitates when local concentration of zincate ion exceeds solubility limit (Eq. (2)). In previous study, ZnO morphologies were qualitatively classified based on dissolution conditions [2]. However, nucleation and growth behavior of ZnO, which is coupled with dynamic concentration change near electrode surface, is still unclear. In this study, in order to shed light on formation process of ZnO accompanying anodic dissolution, morphological and structural evolution of ZnO were analyzed in detail. Anodic dissolution was performed in galvanostatic conditions (+20 and +40 mA cm−2) in electrolyte containing 2.0 – 6.0 M KOH and 0.050 M ZnO. Effects of Li+addition were investigated by adding 0.50 M LiOH to electrolyte. Zinc working electrode was horizontally upward faced to counter electrode in order to avoid natural convection effect [3]. Counter electrode was zinc wire and reference electrode was Hg/HgO. Crystal structure of precipitated ZnO was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze morphology of the precipitates. First, to understand the formation process of ZnO, morphology and structure of precipitates were analyzed in time-resolved manner; dissolution was stopped at several oxidation time (200, 400, 600, 750 s) in 2.0 M KOH at +20 mA cm−2 and precipitates were characterized. At 750 s, electrode potential drastically changed to positive value. This potential increase was considered as passivation of electrode by precipitated ZnO [1]. From XRD measurements, ZnO peaks first appeared at 600 s. Simultaneously, SEM observations showed ZnO crystals with a few μm length. On the other hand, Raman scattering showed peak of ZnO E1 mode, which was assigned to defective ZnO (Zn excess ZnO), even at 200 s and 400 s where no ZnO peaks appeared in XRD. At 600 s, ZnO E2 mode (crystalline ZnO) also appeared and became dominant over E1 mode at passivated condition (750 s). These results suggested that the formation process of ZnO transiently changed; low crystalline ZnO formed at initial stages of dissolution and crystal growth of ZnO became dominant as dissolution proceeded. We hypothesized that this transient behavior was originated from dynamic change in nucleation and growth behavior of ZnO as follows. First, at initial stages of dissolution, nucleation by zincate condensation in supersaturated solution was favored. Then, crystal growth became dominant by decomposition of zincate species on precipitated ZnO surface. This assumption was testified by Li+ addition; in homogeneous precipitation of ZnO from zincate solutions, Li+ was known to prevent decomposition of zincate on ZnO surface and following crystal growth of ZnO particles [4]. Accordingly, the crystal growth observed at the latter stages of dissolution would be influenced by Li+ when this process was originated from zincate decomposition on the surface. As a result, acicular morphology of ZnO was changed to particulate by Li+ addition. Intensity of ZnO peaks decreased in XRD profiles. Thus, crystal growth was mitigated by Li+addition and this results supported the hypothesis above. From these results, ZnO growth behavior accompanying anodic dissolution of zinc dynamically changed from nucleation to crystal growth. Dominant growth behavior observed at the latter stages of dissolution was possibly caused by decomposition of zincate species on ZnO surface. This study was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 25249104. T. O. acknowledges the Leading Graduate Program in Science and Engineering, Waseda University from MEXT, Japan. [1] A. Nakata, H. Arai, T. Yamane, T. Hirai, Z. Ogumi, J. Electrochem. Soc., 163, A50 (2016). [2] R. W. Powers, M. W. Breiter, J. Electrochem. Soc., 116, 719 (1969). [3] I. Arise, Y. Fukunaka, F. R. McLarnon, J. Electrochem. Soc., 153, A69 (2006). [4] N. Uekawa, R. Yamashita, Y. J. Wu, K. Kakegawa, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 6, 442 (2004).