Textile reinforced fine-grained concrete (TRC) is a new type of construction material that can be used for lightweight thin-walled structural members, sandwich thermal insulation composite panels, reinforcement of concrete structures in harsh marine environments, etc. In this paper, the tensile and flexural properties of the basalt fabric with different mesh sizes, different angles of layer, and different warp and weft densities reinforced fine-grained concrete were investigated by using a universal material testing machine through 48 experimental specimens. The crack patterns of the specimens were recorded and analyzed using high-speed photography. A cohesive finite element model was proposed to simulate the flexural properties of basalt fabric reinforced fine-grained concrete. The results showed that as the mesh sizes of basalt fabric increased, its enhancement effect on the tensile and flexural properties of fine-grained concrete weakened. The basalt fabric with a layup angle of 45° exhibited little effect during the hardening stage. Since the weft yarns were arranged along the principal stress direction of the specimens, the weft yarn density presented a great influence on the tensile and flexural properties of basalt fabric reinforced fine-grained concrete, while the effect of warp yarn density on the tensile and flexural properties of basalt fabric reinforced fine-grained concrete was not obvious. When the basalt fiber content was sufficient, the stress could be transferred in time, and the composites illustrated evident strain-hardening and multiple-cracking phenomena when subjected to tensile load. This multiple-cracking mode and the evolution mode of the cracks were recorded by high-speed photography. The finite element analysis results corresponded to the experimental results, which indicated the accuracy and applicability of the established model.