Warm Water Group Research Articles

Environmental factors have stronger effects than biotic processes in patterns of intertidal populations along the southeast coast of Brazil

Rocky shore communities are shaped by complex interactions among environmental drivers and a range of biological processes. Here, we investigated the importance of abiotic and biotic drivers on the population structure of key rocky intertidal species at 62 sites, spanning ∼50% of the Brazilian rocky shoreline (i.e., ∼500 km). Large-scale population patterns were generally explained by differences in ocean temperature and wave exposure. For the gastropod species Lottia subrugosa, differences at smaller scales (i.e., 0.1–1 km) were better explained by other abiotic influences such as freshwater discharge and substrate roughness. Based on the general population patterns of intertidal species identified, three main oceanographic groups were observed: a cold-oligotrophic grouping at northern sites (Lakes sub-region), a eutrophic group associated with large estuaries and urban zones (Santos and Guanabara bays); and a transitional warm-water group found between the two more productive areas. Larger individuals of Stramonita brasiliensis, L. subrugosa and Echinolittorina lineolata were generally found in the cold-oligotrophic system (i.e., upwelling region), while small suspension feeders dominate the warm-eutrophic systems. Evidence of bottom-up regulation was not observed, and top-down regulation effects were only observed between the whelk S. brasiliensis and its mussel prey Pernaperna. Environmental drivers as compared to biotic interactions, therefore, play a key role determining the population structure of multiple intertidal species, across a range of spatial scales along the SW Atlantic shores.

Surface water mass dynamics at IODP Site U1313 through Principal Component Analysis: Evidence from coccolith assemblages in the ∼25–7 kyr interval

Coccolith assemblages from Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Site U1313 (North Atlantic; 41°0′N, 32°57.4′W) are analysed to assess temporal changes in surface water conditions from the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) to the Middle Holocene (∼25–7 kyr). We perform Principal Component Analysis (PCA), involving both calcareous nannofossil assemblage data and other paleoenvironmental proxies. We reconstruct sea-surface dynamics using calcareous nannofossil assemblage variations and comparison with other previously published proxy data from Site U1313 including C37:4 alkenone, dolomite/calcite and quartz/calcite ratios, Uk’37 SST, as well as the sedimentation rate.We use variations in paleoproductivity proxies, cold and warm water group abundance, and the PCA results to infer North Atlantic Current (NAC) and North Atlantic Transitional Waters (NATW) migration through the studied interval. These proxies are also used to highlight variations in the Subtropical Gyre dynamics. Warming episodes are recorded during the LGM and Heinrich Stadial (HS) 1 as a result of northward expansion of the Subtropical Gyre. High coccolithophore productivity episodes characterize HS 1 and 2, and are concomitant with increasing terrigenous input. Both processes are considered a consequence of iceberg influence, which transport nutrients and ice-rafted debris to the area. A southward shift of the Subpolar Front and NAC favour the expansion of cold water from 25.3 ka to the end of the Younger Dryas, whereas the early Holocene is characterized by NATW influence resulting from northward migration of the NAC and Azores Current.

Drinking Warm Water Promotes Performance by Regulating Ruminal Microbial Composition and Serum Metabolites in Yak Calves.

Yaks live in the harsh environment of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and the cold climate causes lower growth efficiency. The aim of this experiment was to explore the effects of drinking warm water on the growth performance in yak calves and investigate the underlying physiological mechanisms. A total of 24 Datong yak calves were selected and randomly assigned into the cold water group (group C, water temperature around 0-10 °C without any heating; 58.03 ± 3.111 kg) and the warm water group (group W, water constantly heated at 2 °C; 59.62 ± 2.771 kg). After the 60-day experiment, body weight was measured, and rumen fluid and blood serum samples were collected for analysis. The results show that the body weight and average daily gain of yaks that drank warm water were higher compared to those that drank cold water (p < 0.05). The acetic, propionic, isobutyric, valeric, and isovaleric acid concentrations were higher in group W than in group C (p < 0.05). Additionally, warm water changed the ruminal microbes at different levels. At the phylum level, the relative abundance of Tenericutes, Kiritimatiellaeota, and Elusimicrobiota was higher in group C (p < 0.05). At the genus level, three genera were increased by warm water, including Ruminococcoides and Eubacteriales Family XIII. Incertae Sedis, and 12 genera were decreased, including Ruminococcus (p < 0.05). At the species level, unclassified Prevotellaceae and Ruminococcoides bili were increased by warm water compared to cold water (p < 0.05). According to the metabolomics results, metabolites, including valine, isoleucine, PC (15:0/22:2(13Z,16Z)), and LysoPC (18:0/0:0), were increased in the warm water group compared to the cold water group (p < 0.05), and were enriched in glycerophospholipid and amino acid metabolism pathways. This study analyzed the differences in ruminal microbes and metabolomes of yak calves provided with water at different temperatures and revealed the potential mechanism for better performance promoted by warm drinking water.

Biogeography and Species Durations of Selected Cenozoic Shallow and Deep-Water Smaller Calcareous Benthic Foraminifera – A Review

Abstract Most previous accounts summarising the biogeography and species durations of smaller calcareous benthic foraminifera have been based on literature reviews or on a massive North American database that had been taxonomically standardised. In this review we limit consideration to extant and fossil families or genera (from nearshore, open shelf, and deep-sea environments) with modern reviews that have standardised their global morphotaxonomy and where available, are complimented by molecular studies. We confirm previous studies that indicate most shelf species have limited geographic ranges and the majority of deep-water species are widespread and cosmopolitan or nearly so. In our intertidal and inner shelf groups only one species (molecular and morphological), Ammonia veneta, has a cosmopolitan distribution, although four warm-water morphospecies, of Ammonia and Rugobolivinella, have or had distributions that spanned more than one ocean in equatorial latitudes. The majority of both warm- and cool-water species in these groups are regionally or locally-restricted endemics (92% of Bolivinellidae, 100% of Tubulogenerina, 73% of Ammoniidae). The biogeographic distribution of the two rarer, warm-water groups (Bolivinellidae, Tubulogenerina) changed dramatically through the Cenozoic with the Paleocene–Eocene North American–European distribution of Bolivinellidae switching to purely Indo-Pacific by the Pliocene–Quaternary. In our shelf–upper bathyal groups (Notorotaliiidae, Plectofrondiculariidae), two genera have been restricted to the Southern Hemisphere since their Eocene originations with their greatest diversity throughout in New Zealand and Australia, respectively. The dominantly cold-water notorotaliid genus Buccella has a biogeographic distribution largely restricted to the Arctic Ocean and both coasts of North and South America. Most notorotaliid species are locally or regionally endemic (100% of Notorotalia, Parrellina, Porosorotalia, 75% of Buccella). At least 50–60% of species in five extinct mid-bathyal–abyssal families are cosmopolitan and have been throughout the Cenozoic since their originations. The majority of these deep-sea species with more-restricted distributions are rare, and many could possibly be more widespread with further extensive study. This review found that the shortest mean species durations (4–5 myrs) occur in two groups of rather rare, tropical–subtropical inner-shelf foraminifera with many locally endemic species. In cooler and progressively deeper water environments the mean species durations increase to 7–11 myrs for temperate shelf–bathyal taxa (Notorotaliidae), 20 myrs for an extinct mid-shelf to bathyal family (Plectofrondiculariidae) and 41–50 myrs for five extinct mid-bathyal–abyssal families (Chrysalogoniidae, Ellipsoidinidae, Glandulonodosariidae, Pleurostomellidae, Stilostomellidae). One species in each of four of these deep-water families had a species duration of 150–120 myrs.

Intake of hot water after each meal as a weight reduction strategy – a prospective randomized controlled trial

Introduction and Aim: Intake of water before meal is associated with weight loss. There is a paucity of literature with comparative evaluation of taking warm water or regular water after meals on weight and BMI. Hence, we designed a randomized controlled trial with regular and warm water after meals to investigate the comparative efficacy of warm and regular water intake after meals on weight and BMI in overweight adults. Methodology: Fifty participants were randomized into two groups, with Group H instructed to drink 200-250 ml of warm water after each meal and Group C to drink the same amount of regular water. Results: The demographic data prior to the study in both the groups were similar. Compliance was high in both groups, and after three months, the warm water group experienced a significant reduction in weight and BMI compared to the regular water group (p=0.000). In Group H, weight and BMI came down from 76 to 73 and 29 to 27 respectively. Conclusion: The study concluded that warm water intake after meals may contribute to weight loss without major side effects. This is the first attempt to investigate the influence of warm water on weight reduction.

Thermo-therapy and cryotherapy to decrease the symptoms of restless leg syndrome during the pregnancy: A randomized clinical trial

Background and purposeRestless legs syndrome (RLS) is a common sensory-motor disorder among the pregnant women. The aim of this study is to compare the impacts of two methods of immersion of legs in cold and warm water on the RLS symptoms among the pregnant women. MethodsThis randomized clinical trial was conducted on 80 pregnant women with RLS who referred to Taleghani educational-therapy center. After obtaining their informed consent, they were selected by accessible method and randomly allocated into group 1 (warm water) and group 2 (cold water). Group 1 were asked to put their legs in cold water for 10 min every night for 2 weeks. The group 2 put their legs in warm water under the same condition. The severity of RLS was measured before and after the study. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive as well as the analytical statistics such as Chi-square, independent T test, pair T test, Mann-Whitney U, Wilcoxon and covariance. ResultsAfter intervention, mean RLS of the cold water group was11.02 ± 4.93; while this mean was 13.50 ± 4.74 in the warm water group. The difference between the two groups was significant (p = 0.017). Results also revealed that the severity of RLS symptoms at the end of the treatment was different from the beginning of the research in both groups (p = 0.001). The intervention with both warm and cold water declined the RLS symptoms among pregnant women. ConclusionThe warm and cold water can be used for this purpose depending on the women’s preference. However, this article recommends the cold water for more reducing of symptoms.

Evaluation of the efficacy of warm salt water foot-bath on patients with painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: A randomized clinical trial

Objectives: Pain relief is one of the main goals of treatment in Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). Abzan(foot- bath) is one of the effective ways to relief various types of pain in Persian Medicine (PM). Design: This study is a randomized clinical trial (RCT) conducted on 60 patients of age range within 30 to 70 years, which were randomly divided into three groups. Group A (warm water bath):For one month each night before bedtime, they were asked to sit on a chair with trousers pulled up to about 5 cm above the ankles and both feet immersed in an electrical foot-bath that contained 5 liters of warm tolerable water (between 40 and 45 ° C) for 15 minutes without any massage. In Group B (salt water bath) was added and dissolved 250 grams of powdered mineral salt to their warm water. Other stages were similar to the group A. Group C (control) did not receive any interventions. Patients were evaluated prior to and following the intervention by the Douleur Neuropathique 4 questionnaire (DN4), The McGill Pain questionnaire and The World Health Organization Bref Quality of Life (WHOQOL-BREF) questionnaire. Results: Decrease in DN4 score level in the salt warm water group was significant while The McGill questionnaire showed a significant decrease of pain level the same group. Conclusions: Application of a specific Abzan (salt water bath) may significantly decrease the pain of DPN patients.

Drinking Warm Water Improves Growth Performance and Optimizes the Gut Microbiota in Early Postweaning Rabbits during Winter.

Simple SummaryEpidemiological investigations have revealed that cold temperature can increase the risk of diarrhea in children, and similar observations have been made in early postweaning livestock. Recent studies have shown that cold temperature alters the gut microbiota, which may be associated with the pathogenesis of various intestinal diseases, such as inflammatory bowel diseases. However, few studies have focused on how to improve intestinal health from the perspective of the gut microbiota in early postweaning livestock during winter. In the present study, using early postweaning rabbits as a model, we analyzed the effects of drinking warm water (WW) on the growth performance and gut microbiota structure of postweaning rabbits during winter. Our results confirmed that drinking WW improved the growth performance and optimized gut microbiota in early postweaning rabbits during winter. Therefore, our results provide a new perspective for improving early postweaning rabbits welfare during winter.Accumulating evidence indicates that cold exposure changes the composition of the gut microbiota and reduces intestinal immunity in early postweaning livestock. However, little is known about the effects of drinking warm water (WW) on gut microbiota during winter. In this study, we investigated the effects of drinking WW in winter on the growth performance and gut microbiota structure of rabbits raised in poorly insulated housing from the early postweaning period (day 46) to the subadult period (day 82). The average daily gain and feed conversion ratio in rabbits drinking WW were significantly improved compared to those of the rabbits drinking cold water (CW) during 47–58 days. In addition, rabbits drinking WW had a significantly decreased the risk of diarrhea during 71–82 days. 16S rRNA sequence analysis revealed that the alpha diversity of the cecal microbiota was not significantly different between the WW and CW groups, but significantly increased with age. The relative abundance of cecal microorganisms, such as Coprococcus spp. was considerably increased at day 70 in the group drinking WW. Correlation analysis indicated that Coprococcus spp. was negatively associated with pro-inflammatory factors. In conclusion, our results suggest that drinking WW has a positive effect on growth performance and gut microbiota in rabbits during the early postweaning stage in winter.

Climate-induced long-term variations in ecosystem structure and atmosphere-ocean-ecosystem processes in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea

Located at the margin of the Northwest Pacific Ocean, the Yellow Sea (YS) and East China Sea (ECS) marine ecosystems are mainly influenced by the Kuroshio and its branches. In addition to decadal changes in their marine environments, the YS and ECS have been impacted by intensive fishing at both the species- and community-levels, leading to over-exploitation of commercial species and changes in species composition and trophic structure. The dual effects of overfishing and climate change on the variability and processes of the YS and ECS ecosystem structure and functions are not well understood. In this study, we have compiled biological and physical time series, including 147 taxa catches, 7 local-scale environmental variables and 8 large-scale climate indices, to explore variations in ecosystem structure, and to elucidate the effects of climate change on the two regions during the period 1950–2014. Aside from fishing impacts, results show that decadal variations occurred in both the YS and ECS, with step-like changes around the mid-1960s, mid-1970s, late 1980s and late 1990s. These changes correspond well with contemporaneous climatic regime shifts in the Pacific. Climate-induced changing patterns are also evident in different fish communities, with diverse sensitivities in response to these patterns. Increasing water temperature exhibits greater effects on cold-water group than on temperate- and warm-water groups. Functional and thermal groups both show pronounced linkages with fishing effort and physical drivers, particularly with local-scale environmental variables, which highlights the importance of fishing and the validity of biological grouping in future investigation of environmental impacts on marine organisms. Our results provide evidences for climate-induced variations in over-exploited marine ecosystems and coupled “Atmosphere-Ocean-Ecosystem” influencing processes, which have important implications for ecosystem-based fisheries management in the YS and ECS.

Perbedaan Intensitas Nyeri Tehnik Pemberian Kompres Air Hangat Dan Aroma Terapi Mawar Pada Ibu Bersalin Kala I Fase Aktif

Childbirth pain is common. The onset of pain is due to uterine contractions, the pain felt stronger in the active phase. Management of Childbirth pain with non-pharmacological methods is very helpful for maternal mothers to reduce pain, one of them with the provision of warm water compresses and rose aromatherapy. This study aims to analyze the differences in pain intensity by giving warm water compresses on the lower back and aroma therapy of roses in the maternal mothers when I active phase in BPM Patmi Hartati Kediri Regency. The research design used was Comparative Study 2 paired samples with Pre-test and Post-test. Sampling was conducted from July 28 to August 18, 2017 with a population 27 mothers and simple random sampling technique with a sample of 26 mothers in BPM Patmi Hartatati. There are two groups that will be compared using with pre-test before treatment is given, after that post-test after treatment is given. This research using data analysis Wilcoxon Matched Pairs Test and Mann Whitney U-Test. The Wilcoxon Matched Pairs Test statistic shows that the compresses warm water group with value Tcount (13) and aromatherapy groups rose in value Tcount (9) Which means there is a difference in pain intensity before and after treatment. Based on statistical test results Mann Whitney U-Test values obtained Ucount (77) then it can be said H0 accepted and H1 rejected which is mean there is no difference in the intensity of pain with the provision of warm water compresses on the lower back and aroma therapy rose in maternal mothers when I Active Phase at BPM Patmi Hartati Kediri Regency. Keywords: childbirth pain, warm water compress, rose aromatherapy.

Effects of temperature on the final stages of sexual maturation in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.).

Maturing male and female Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) were held under three temperature regimes for 10weeks between September and December: warm (constant 14-16°C), ambient (decreasing from 11 to 5°C), and cold (decreasing from 7 to 3°C). Blood samples were analyzed for plasma steroid levels, and the fish were inspected for the presence of expressible milt (total volume and spermatocrit) and ovulation weekly. Samples of eggs were dry-fertilized with milt stripped from three males held at the same temperatures and incubated until the eyed stage. In females, levels of plasma testosterone (T) and 17β-oestradiol (E2) dropped as ovulation approached, concurrent with a rapid increase in levels of plasma 17α,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17,20β-P). In males, levels of T and 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) peaked 2-3weeks after the first appearance of expressible milt, while levels of 17,20β-P increased steadily and did not exhibit a definite peak. Exposure of females to cold water amplified and advanced the profiles of all three steroids compared with the ambient group, and increased the survival rates to the eyed egg stage. Cold water had no immediate effect on the male steroid profiles, but later, higher levels of 17,20β-P were evident compared with both the ambient controls and the warm water group, while the effects on 11-KT and T were more variable. Exposure to warm water completely inhibited both milt production and ovulation. Moreover, warm water modulated the steroid profiles of the males with lower 11-KT levels compared with ambient controls and lower 17,20β-P level compared with cold-water-treated males. In females, warm water resulted in total inhibition of the peri-ovulatory peak in 17,20β-P and prevented the normal decline of T and E2 levels associated with ovulation. The findings of the present study are highly relevant for broodstock management in aquaculture, as well in understanding the impact of climate change/temperature variability on wild salmon spawning.

Coccolithophore variability from the Shackleton Site (IODP Site U1385) through MIS 16-10

Coccolithophore assemblages have been investigated at Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Site U1385, on the western Iberian margin, through Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 16 to 10, between the end of the Mid-Pleistocene Transition and the Mid-Brunhes interval, with the aim to reconstruct orbital and millennial-scale surface water modifications. Assemblage variations are interpreted in terms of paleoclimate and paleoproductivity proxies. The pattern of C37 alkenones is also presented as an additional indicator of primary paleoproductivity. The overall proxies are compared with the available benthic and planktonic δ18O records and Ca/Ti profile. A new benthic and planktonic δ13C dataset is also shown. The coccolithophore abundance mirrors the Ca/Ti pattern indicating that coccolith-derived carbonate is the dominant contributor to carbonate production in the studied interval. The distinct increase in the coccolithophore abundance, as well as in the accumulation rate, occurring at the MIS 14/13 transition, reflects the beginning of the worldwide-scale mid-Brunhes blooming of Gephyrocapsa caribbeanica and triggers the increase in carbonate production imprinted on the Ca/Ti profile. Interglacials are marked by enhanced abundances of the coccolithophore warm water group (wwt group) that also displays high frequency variability related to precessional/insolation forcing. Warmest surface water conditions are recorded during MIS 15, suggesting an intensified contribution of the subtropical AzC, essentially during MIS 15.5 and 15.1. Reduced productivity in these intervals is in agreement with a major influence of nutrient-poor and less ventilated subtropical waters. On the other hand, productive and mixed surface water conditions can be inferred during MIS 13 in agreement with other North Atlantic records. A long lasting period of warm, stratified and oligotrophic waters is inferred during MIS 11.3, indicating a continuous and more persistent influence of subtropical waters at the site location. Glacial phases are marked by increases of Coccolithus pelagicus ssp. pelagicus and of Gephyrocapsa margereli–Gephyrocapsa muellerae. The pattern of C. pelagicus ssp. pelagicus during MIS 16 is in agreement with a southern position of the Polar Front at the end of the Mid-Pleistocene Transition with respect to younger counterparts, whereas the pattern of the wwt group during MIS 14 attests the influence of subtropical water during this weak glacial. Throughout the interval, short-lived increases of C. pelagicus ssp. pelagicus, G. margereli–G. muellerae>4μm and of reworked taxa are concomitant to decreases of coccolithophore productivity and heavier values of planktonic δ18O, testifying the occurrence of abrupt cold episodes related to North Hemisphere millennial-scale climate oscillations.

北部湾北部生态系统结构与功能研究IV：水母动物群集结构与数量分布

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 北部湾北部水母类群集结构与数量分布 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201307011812 作者: 作者单位: 厦门大学海洋与地球学院,厦门大学海洋与地球学院,厦门大学海洋与地球学院,厦门大学海洋与地球学院 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 我国近海海洋综合调查与评价专项(908-01-ST09);海洋公益项目"东南沿海半封闭海湾生态系统对人类活动干扰的响应评价、生态重构技术及示范"(201005012);国家自然科学基金(41006078) The assemblage and abundance distribution of jellyfish in northern Beibu Gulf Author: Affiliation: College of Ocean and Earth Science,Xiamen University,College of Ocean and Earth Science,Xiamen University,College of Ocean and Earth Science,Xiamen University,College of Ocean and Earth Science,Xiamen University Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:根据"908"专项北部湾2006-2007年四个季节的调查数据,分析了北部湾北部(20°N以北海域)水母类的种类组成、数量分布、优势种和群集结构特征及其环境影响因子。该区共记录水母类4类125种,分别为水螅水母类99种、管水母类17种、钵水母类4种和栉水母5种;以沿岸暖水种为主,占本区水母总种数的61.6%,其次是大洋暖水种,占37.6%,沿岸暖温种仅占0.8%。种数季节变化呈单峰型,夏季83种,冬季56种,秋季和春季各49种,四季均以水螅水母类为主。周年丰度变化呈单峰型,夏季(943.0 个/m3)> 春季(572.4 个/m3)> 冬季(548.2 个/m3)> 秋季(427.6 个/m3)。拟细浅室水母、双生水母、球型侧腕水母、四叶小舌水母、半口壮丽水母、两手筐水母、异摇篮水母、双小水母、单囊美螅水母、疣真囊水母、半球美螅水母、六幅和平水母、八囊摇篮水母、刺胞真囊水母、黑球真唇水母、端粗范式水母和细颈和平水母共17种全年出现,为四季种;其中,前7种为四季优势种,优势度(Y)分别为0.25、0.19、0.09、0.08、0.05、0.03和0.03,各季节的优势种演替模式不尽相同。依据水母种类和数量分布情况,北部湾北部水母类可划分2个群集:栖息在受沿岸流影响的20 m以浅的低盐群集,代表种有拟细浅室水母和双生水母等;栖息在受外海水影响的20 m以深的高盐群集,代表种有四叶小舌水母、半口壮丽水母和两手筐水母等。海流与水团的消长是影响水母类群集结构和水平分布格局的重要影响因素。 Abstract:The assemblage structure and abundance distribution of jellyfish were studied based on the samples of Beibu Gulf during 4 seasons in 2006-2007. The environmental factors that probably affected the number of species, abundance and assemblage structure were analyzed. The study showed that a total of 125 jellyfish species were identified, which belongs to 4 assembleges, they were Hydromedusae, Siphonophora, Scyphomedusae and Ctenophore. Hydromedusae was the dominant assemblege, accounted for 79.2% of the total species. The species number of jellyfish varied seasonally, there was 83 in summer, which was the highest among 4 seasons, followed by winter, autumn and spring, the species number were 56, 49 and 49. The 20 meters deep of water could be considered as the boundary according to the horizontal distribution of jellyfish species, the species number of the above was more than the under. There were three ecological groups of the jellyfish, the neritic warm-water group such as Lensia subtiloides, Diphyes chamissonis and Pleurobrachia globosa was the dominant group, accounted for 61.6% of total species, followed by the high-temperature oceanic group, occupied 37.6%, Liriope tetraphylla, Aglaura hemistoma and Solmundella bitentaculata were belonged to this group, and there was only one neritic low-temperature specie identified, that was Ocyropsis crystallina. The abundance of jellyfish varied seasonally, was highest in summer, followed by spring, winter and autumn. The abundance in the northwest of the studied area was higher, and the northern of Weizhou Island was lower, basiclly less than 10.0 ind/m3. There were 17 seasonal species which appeared the whole year, 7 of them were dominant species, Lensia subtiloides, Diphyes chamissonis, Pleurobrachia globosa and Liriope tetraphylla were the most important. Lensia subtiloides got the largest abundance in summer, made contributions to 40.4% of the sum. Diphyes chamissonis' abundance was large in spring and winter, occounted for 36.3% and 32.6% of the sum in each season. The abundance of Liriope tetraphylla in autumn occupied 36.7% of the sum, was far more than the other three seasons. Pleurobrachia globosa' abundance in 4 seasons changed not much compared to the 3 mentioned species, was largest in summer, occupied 12.2% of the sum. The assemblage of jellyfish in northern Beibu Gulf was analyzed based on the effect of 10 factors, they were deeper (D, m), surface temperature (Ts,℃), middle temperature (Tm, ℃), bottom temperature (Tb, ℃), surface salinity (Ss), middle salinity (Sm), bottom salinity (Sb), surface chlorophll a (Chas, mg/m3), middle chlorophll a (Cham, mg/m3) and bottom chlorophll a (Chab, mg/m3). Though the results showed details difference in 4 seasons, it could be divided into two groups, the low-salinity group (lower than 20 m) and high-salinity group (deeper than 20 m) formed northern Beibu Gulf jellyfish assemblage structure. The low-salinity group was mainly affected by the coastal current from Guangxi to Vietnam, this group had two types depended on temperature, they were the neritic low-temperature type and the neritic warm-water type. The high-salinity group was mainly affected by the seawater. The environmental factors varied during four seasons. Currents and water masses were the main factors on jellyfish assemblage and abundance distribution. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Spermatogenesis Process Following Chronic Swimming and Standing in Cold, Warm and Lukewarm Water

Background: Physical activity and alteration of temperature as a source of stress may have adverse effects on male reproduction. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of chronic swimming and standing in cold, warm and lukewarm water on mouse spermatogenesis. Materials and Methods: Forty-nine male mice (N = 49) were randomly divided into seven groups: C, control; SwC, swimming in cold water (10°C); StC, standing in cold water (10°C); SwL, swimming in lukewarm water (23°C); StL, standing in lukewarm water (23°C); SwW, swimming in warm water (36°C); StW, standing in warm water (36°C). Animals in swimming groups were submitted to daily forced swimming for five minutes for five consecutive days/week during five weeks. However groups StC, StL and StW were only standing on a raised platform inside the water pool, without swimming, for the same time and duration. Evaluations on day 36 were made using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Johnsen score and immunohistochemistry for assay of serum testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH) levels, quality of spermatogenesis and detection of apoptosis, respectively. Results: Serum LH and testosterone levels as well as Johnsen score were significantly reduced in all groups except for the group standing in lukewarm water (P < 0.05). Apoptosis was increased only in the swimming or standing in warm water groups (P < 0.05). Conclusions: This study indicates that forced swimming and standing in all water temperatures has adverse effects on male fertility parameters, the only exception is standing in lukewarm water, which seems to be safe for male fertility parameters.

Carbon Dioxide Insufflation or Warm-Water Infusion Versus Standard Air Insufflation for Unsedated Colonoscopy

The increasing demand for colonoscopy has renewed the interest for unsedated procedures. Alternative techniques, such as carbon dioxide insufflation and warm-water infusion, have been advocated to improve patient tolerance for colonoscopy in comparison with air insufflation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the benefits of carbon dioxide insufflation and warm-water irrigation over air insufflation in unsedated patients. This study was a randomized, controlled trial. This study was conducted at a nonacademic single center. Consecutive outpatients agreeing to start colonoscopy without premedication were included. Patients were assigned to either carbon dioxide insufflation, warm-water irrigation, or air insufflation colonoscopy insertion phase. Sedation/analgesia were administered on patient request if significant pain or discomfort occurred. The primary outcome measured was the percentage of patients requiring sedation/analgesia. Pain and tolerance scores were assessed at discharge by using a 100-mm visual analog scale. Three hundred forty-one subjects (115 in the carbon dioxide, 113 in the warm-water, and 113 in the air group) were enrolled. Intention-to-treat analysis showed that the proportion of patients requesting sedation/analgesia during colonoscopy was 15.5% in the carbon dioxide group, 13.2% in the warm-water group, and 25.6% in the air group (p = 0.04 carbon dioxide vs air; p = 0.03 warm water vs air). Median (interquartile range) scores for pain were 30 (10-50), 28 (15-50), and 46 (22-62) in the carbon dioxide, warm-water, and air groups (carbon dioxide vs air, p < 0.01; warm water vs air, p < 0.01); corresponding figures for tolerance were 20 (5-30), 19 (5-36), and 28 (10-50) (carbon dioxide vs air, p < 0.01; warm water vs air, p < 0.01). This investigation was limited because it was a single-center study and the endoscopists were not blinded to randomization. Carbon dioxide insufflation was associated with a decrease in the proportion of patients requesting on-demand sedation, improved patient tolerance, and decreased colonoscopy-related pain in comparison with air insufflation. The findings regarding warm-water irrigation confirmed the previously reported advantages, so that warm-water irrigation and carbon dioxide insufflation could represent competitive strategies for colonoscopy in unsedated patients.

NEW EVIDENCE FOR MORPHOLOGICAL AND GENETIC VARIATION IN THE COSMOPOLITAN COCCOLITHOPHORE EMILIANIA HUXLEYI (PRYMNESIOPHYCEAE) FROM THE COX1b-ATP4 GENES(1).

Emiliania huxleyi (Lohmann) W. W. Hay et H. Mohler is a cosmopolitan coccolithophore occurring from tropical to subpolar waters and exhibiting variations in morphology of coccoliths possibly related to environmental conditions. We examined morphological characters of coccoliths and partial mitochondrial sequences of the cytochrome oxidase 1b (cox1b) through adenosine triphosphate synthase 4 (atp4) genes of 39 clonal E. huxleyi strains from the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, Mediterranean Sea, and their adjacent seas. Based on the morphological study of culture strains by SEM, Type O, a new morphotype characterized by coccoliths with an open central area, was separated from existing morphotypes A, B, B/C, C, R, and var. corona, characterized by coccoliths with central area elements. Molecular phylogenetic studies revealed that E. huxleyi consists of at least two mitochondrial sequence groups with different temperature preferences/tolerances: a cool-water group occurring in subarctic North Atlantic and Pacific and a warm-water group occurring in the subtropical Atlantic and Pacific and in the Mediterranean Sea.

Nature of the ring current in Saturn's dayside magnetosphere

We employ magnetic field and plasma particle data from two equatorial passes of the Cassini spacecraft spanning the radial range between ∼3 and ∼20 RS to investigate the nature of the ring current in Saturn's dayside magnetosphere (RS is Saturn's equatorial radius, equal to 60,268 km). We examine plasma parameters obtained by Cassini for each pass and compare the azimuthal current density profiles deduced with those obtained from current disk modeling of the magnetic field perturbations. We show that the current associated with the P⊥ &gt; P∥ pressure anisotropy of the warm water group ions is important inside ∼10 RS, canceling a significant fraction of the otherwise dominant inertia current inside ∼6 RS. The overall total current density profile is then found to be similar to that produced by the pressure gradient current but augmented in strength by factors of ∼1.5–2.0 by the difference between the inertia and anisotropy currents. The total current density rises from small values near ∼6 RS, peaks at ∼100 pA m−2 near ∼8 RS, and reduces to values below ∼25 pA m−2 at distances beyond ∼15 RS, up to the 20 RS limit of our study. The deduced current density profiles are in good agreement with the gross features of the profiles deduced from current disk modeling, with peak values occurring just outside the inner edge of the best fit models at ∼7 RS, though with the current density then falling more steeply with radial distance than the 1/r dependence assumed in the model.

Usefulness of Warm Water and Oil Assistance in Colonoscopy by Trainees

Success rate of cecal intubation, endoscopist's difficulty, and procedure-related patient pain are still problems for beginners performing colonoscopy. New methods to aid colonoscopic insertion such as warm water instillation and oil lubrication have been proposed. The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of using warm water or oil in colonoscopy. Colonoscopy was performed in 117 unsedated patients by three endoscopists-in-training. Patients were randomly allocated to three groups, using a conventional method with administration of antispasmodics, warm water instillation, and oil lubrication, respectively. Success rate of total intubation within time limit (15 min), cecal intubation time, degree of endoscopist's difficulty, and level of patient discomfort were compared among the three groups. Cecal intubation time was shorter in the warm water group than in the conventional and oil groups. Degree of procedural difficulty was lower in the warm water group, and patient pain score was higher in the oil lubrication group, compared with the other groups. However, there was no significant difference in success rate of intubation within time limit among the three groups. The warm water method is a simple, safe, and feasible method for beginners. Oil lubrication may not be a useful method compared with conventional and warm water method.

Warm Water Irrigation versus Air Insufflation for Unsedated Colonoscopy: Preliminary Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial

Purpose: In the colorectal cancer screening era, the increasing request for colonoscopy has determined the need to improve the efficiency of endoscopy services. Unsedated colonoscopy is characterized by lower costs and recovery time, although it may be painful and poorly tolerated by patients. Recent uncontrolled data suggest these drawbacks may be reduced by the use of warm water (37°C) irrigation in the insertion phase of unsedated colonoscopy. Present study is aimed to test in a prospective randomized controlled trial whether the use of warm water (WW) irrigation versus air (A) insufflation during the insertion phase of colonoscopy increases the proportion of patients able to complete the examination without sedation and the global tolerability of the examination itself. Methods: Consecutive 18-80 yr-old outpatients undergoing colonoscopy for routine indications and accepting to initiate the examination without sedation were enrolled and randomized to a WW or an A insertion phase, according to a computer generated list. Sedation and analgesia (midazolam plus meperidine) were administered on patient's demand, if significant discomfort or pain occurred during the procedure. Pain and tolerability scores were assessed by means of a visual analogic scale (VAS, range 0-10) at discharge; the willingness to repeat examination in the same conditions was assessed at discharge (time 0) and after 24 hours by phone (time 24). Proportions and means were compared by Chi-squared and Student t test, respectively. A sample size of at least 226 patients (113 in the WW, 113 in the A group) was calculated, by hypothesizing a decrease from 25% to 10% in the proportion of patients requiring on demand-sedation in the WW group (0.05 significance level, 80% power). Results: From April to June 2009, 192 subjects (99 in the WW and 93 in the A group) were enrolled (mean age 66.2 yrs, male 55.2%). Demographic features, quality of bowel cleansing and indication to colonoscopy were comparable in both groups. Main results of the study are shown in Table 1.TableConclusion: Preliminary results of present study suggest that the use of WW during the insertion phase of unsedated colonoscopy might improve its tolerability, although it does not increase the proportion of patients who are able to complete the examination without sedation. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00905554).

Do summer temperatures trigger spring maturation in Pacific lamprey, Entosphenus tridentatus?

Abstract – Pacific lamprey, Entosphenus tridentatus, return to streams and use somatic energy to fuel maturation. Body size decreases, the lamprey mature, spawn, and then die. We predicted that warm, summer temperatures (&gt;20 °C) would accentuate shrinkage in body size, and expedite sexual maturation and subsequent death. We compared fish reared in the laboratory at diel fluctuating temperatures of 20–24 °C (mean = 21.8 °C) with fish reared at cooler temperatures (13.6 °C). The results confirmed our predictions. Lamprey from the warm water group showed significantly greater proportional decreases in body weight following the summer temperature treatments than fish from the cool water group. A greater proportion of warm water fish sexually matured (100%) and died (97%) the following spring than cool water fish (53% sexually mature, 61% died). Females tended to mature and die earlier than males, most obviously in the warm water group.