Feet In Warm Water Research Articles

A study to Assess the Impact of warm water foot immersion therapy on regulation of body temperature among patients with fever.

A study to Assess the Impact of warm water foot immersion therapy on regulation of body temperature among patients with fever.

Acute vascular effects of carbonated warm water lower leg immersion in healthy young adults.

Endothelial dysfunction is associated with increased cardiovascular mortality and morbidity; however, this dysfunction may be ameliorated by several therapies. For example, it has been reported that heat‐induced increases in blood flow and shear stress enhance endothelium‐mediated vasodilator function. Under these backgrounds, we expect that carbon dioxide (CO 2)‐rich water‐induced increase in skin blood flow improves endothelium‐mediated vasodilation with less heat stress. To test our hypothesis, we measured flow‐mediated dilation (FMD) before and after acute immersion of the lower legs and feet in mild warm (38°C) normal or CO 2‐rich tap water (1000 ppm) for 20 min in 12 subjects. Acute immersion of the lower legs and feet in mild warm CO 2‐rich water increased FMD (P < 0.01) despite the lack of change in this parameter upon mild warm normal water immersion. In addition, FMD was positively correlated with change in skin blood flow regardless of conditions (P < 0.01), indicating that an increase in skin blood flow improves endothelial‐mediated vasodilator function. Importantly, the temperature of normal tap water must reach approximately 43°C to achieve the same skin blood flow level as that obtained during mild warm CO 2‐rich water immersion (38°C). These findings suggest that CO 2‐rich water‐induced large increases in skin blood flow may improve endothelial‐mediated vasodilator function while causing less heat stress.

The effect of footbath on sleep quality of the elderly: a blinded randomized clinical trial.

The progressive increase in the elderly population of developing countries has drawn attention to their health. Sleep Pattern and quality can affect life quality in old people. We need more documents about footbath (a non-invasive method). The purpose of this research was to examine footbath on sleep quality of the elderly. This study is a blinded, randomized, clinical trial on 46 old men that had health documents in health center, 2013. Participants in the research were divided into two groups. One group had footbath (experimental group) and another group did not have footbath (control group). The experimental group participants were asked to put their feet in warm water (41-42 ºC) for 20 minutes before sleeping for 6 weeks. The co-researcher completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) before and after the intervention by individual interview. Data were analyzed by SPSS software. The comparison of changes in sleep quality score the old men showed the sleep duration and total sleep quality has significantly improved in the experimental group. According to the study results, the maximum effect of footbath was on sleep latency and sleep duration disturbances. In this study, the researchers had limited access to the elderly in Tabriz; therefore, it is recommended that future research be conducted in a higher number of health centers.

α-Adrenoreceptor blockade with phenoxybenzamine does not affect the ability of the nose to condition air

The primary function of the nose is to warm and humidify air. We have previously shown that raising nasal mucosal temperature by immersing feet in warm water increases the amount of water evaporated by the nose as air passes through it (nasal conditioning capacity; Abbott D, Baroody F, Naureckas E, and Naclerio R. Am J Rhinol 15: 41-45, 2001). To investigate further the effect of nasal mucosal temperature on nasal conditioning capacity, we raised the temperature through alpha-adrenoreceptor blockade by intranasally administering phenoxybenzamine. We hypothesized that blocking alpha-adrenoreceptors during inhalation of cold, dry air would lead to an increase in nasal blood flow, surface temperature, and nasal conditioning capacity, as measured by the water gradient. After appropriate pilot studies, we performed a double-blind, placebo-controlled, two-way crossover study in nine nonatopic, healthy subjects by studying the effect of treatment with intranasal phenoxybenzamine. Nasal mucosal temperature increased significantly after administration of phenoxybenzamine and was associated with a significantly smaller net decrease in nasal mucosal temperature after exposure to cold, dry air (P < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences in nasal conditioning capacity between treatments (P > 0.05). Phenoxybenzamine decreased the symptom of rhinorrhea after exposure to cold, dry air (P < 0.05), but congestion was not different between individuals given phenoxybenzamine and placebo (P > 0.05). Our data demonstrate that phenoxybenzamine, despite raising mucosal temperature and not affecting nasal volume, did not affect the ability of the nose to warm and humidify air.

Elevation of the Nasal Mucosal Surface Temperature After Warming of the Feet Occurs Via a Neural Reflex

Objective --To evaluate in humans the mechanisms underlying the increase in nasal mucosal temperature following immersion of the feet in warm water (42°C). Material and Methods --The nasal mucosal temperature of subjects was measured whilst their feet were immersed in warm water. Results --The nasal mucosal temperature rose quickly on immersion and dissipated equally fast on removal of the feet from warm water. Intranasal lidocaine raised the mucosal temperature slightly after application, but also blocked the feet warming-induced increase in nasal mucosal temperature, suggesting a neural reflex. Whereas the cutaneous-nasal reflex stimulates a transient parasympathetic response, acetylcholine does not seem to contribute to the more prolonged increase in nasal mucosal temperature following immersion of the feet in warm water. Warming of the feet probably leads to a loss of alpha-sympathetic activity of nasal blood vessels and an increase in nasal mucosal temperature because application of phenoxybenzamine, an alpha-sympathetic blocking agent, to the nasal mucosa increased the nasal mucosal temperature. Conclusion --Our data suggest that the increase in nasal mucosal temperature after warming of the feet is mediated by a neural reflex, which is caused by loss of sympathetic activity of the nasal vasculature and a possible additional contribution of a long-acting parasympathetic mediator.

Elevation of nasal mucosal temperature increases the ability of the nose to warm and humidify air.

The nose functions to warm and humidify inspired air. The factors that influence these functions have been studied to a limited degree. We have developed a method for measuring the temperature and relative humidity of the air before and after nasal conditioning to study nasal function. In this experiment we studied the effects of raising the mucosal surface temperature by immersion of the feet in warm water. Six subjects (avg. age = 27.0 years) were randomized to immersion of the feet in 30 degrees C and 40 degrees C water. The nasal mucosal temperature increased significantly from the 32.2+/-1.3 degrees C during immersion in the 30 degrees C water to the 33.1+/-1.2 degrees C during immersion in 40 degrees water (p < 0.05). No significant difference in nasal volume was noted between the 30 degrees (17.8+/-4.5 cc) and the 40 degrees (17.7+/-5.3 cc) immersions. There was a significant increase in the conditioning capacity of the nose (as measured by total water content of inspired air) in response to cold-air challenge during the 40 degrees immersion (1669+/-312 mg water) when compared to the 30 degrees immersion (1324+/-152 mg water). From these data we deduce that warming of the nasal mucosa improves the ability of the nose to condition inspired air without a significant change in the volume of the nasal cavity.

Warming of feet elevates nasal mucosal surface temperature and reduces the early response to nasal challenge with allergen

Background: We have previously shown that hot, humid air partially reduces the early allergic response. Mechanisms for this effect have been suggested, but none has gained universal acceptance. The most likely explanations are a modification of mucosal temperature or a reduction in nasal secretion osmolality. Objective: We sought to investigate whether increasing the nasal mucosal surface temperature by immersing feet in warm water (WW) could decrease the immediate nasal response to challenge with allergen. Methods: We performed a randomized, 2-way crossover study on 14 subjects with seasonal allergic rhinitis outside of their allergy season. They immersed their feet in either WW (42°C) or room-temperature water (RW; 30°C) for 5 minutes before and during nasal challenge with diluent for the allergen extract, followed by 2 increasing doses of allergen. Results: There was a statistically significant increase in nasal mucosal temperature from baseline after warming of feet (WW, 1.9 ± 0.1°C, vs RW, 0.2 ± 0.1°C; P = .001), but there were no significant differences in body temperature (WW, 0.1 ± 0.1°C, vs RW, 0.4 ± 0.1°C; P = .1). Net changes from diluent challenge for all parameters were compared between immersion of feet in WW and RW. Immersion of feet in WW significantly inhibited allergen-induced sneezes (WW, 5.7 ± 1.1, vs RW, 11.6 ± 3.2; P < .01), human serum albumin levels (WW, 941.7 ± 172.2 μg/mL vs RW, 1524.8 ± 220.6 μg/mL; P < .01), and secretion weights (WW, 30.5 ± 7.2 mg, vs RW, 41.8 ± 6.8 mg; P < .01). Conclusion: Our data show that warming of feet decreases the early response to nasal challenge with antigen. This inhibitory effect is probably related to the increase in the nasal mucosal temperature. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999;104:285-93.)

Hydrotherapy.

The Journal of Alternative and Complementary MedicineVol. 3, No. 2 PhotoessayHydrotherapyStanley B. Burns and Jason L. BurnsStanley B. BurnsSearch for more papers by this author and Jason L. BurnsSearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:12 Sep 2007https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.1997.3.105AboutSectionsPDF/EPUB Permissions & CitationsPermissionsDownload CitationsTrack CitationsAdd to favorites Back To Publication ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited byAquatic strength training improves postural stability and walking function in stroke patients14 March 2022 | Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, Vol. 45Hydrotherapeutic Resources for Sleep Management11 December 2021A study to Assess the Impact of warm water foot immersion therapy on regulation of body temperature among patients with fever.1 January 2017 | Pondicherry Journal of Nursing, Vol. 10, No. 1Effects of an Aquatic-Based Exercise Program to Improve Cardiometabolic Profile, Quality of Life, and Physical Activity Levels in Men With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus10 September 2014 | PM&R, Vol. 7, No. 2Le Martyr Imaginaire28 February 2014 | Religious Studies and Theology, Vol. 32, No. 2Aquatic Exercise Is Effective in Improving Exercise Performance in Patients with Heart Failure and Type 2 Diabetes MellitusEvidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Vol. 2012Hydrotherapy-a new approach to improve function in the older patient with chronic heart failure11 August 2003 | European Journal of Heart Failure, Vol. 5, No. 4Hydrotherapy: Nineteenth Century Greek Scientific Views Niki Papavramidou and Helen Christopoulou-Aletra5 July 2004 | The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, Vol. 9, No. 3 Volume 3Issue 2Jun 1997 InformationCopyright 1997, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.To cite this article:Stanley B. Burns and Jason L. Burns.Hydrotherapy.The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine.Jun 1997.105-107.http://doi.org/10.1089/acm.1997.3.105Published in Volume: 3 Issue 2: September 12, 2007PDF download

Combined cold- and heat-induced cholinergic urticaria

A 36-year-old white woman with a 20-year history of cutaneous, respiratory, and cardiovascular symptoms triggered by physical activity and by exposure to either heat or cold was evaluated. A routine evaluation for the cause of her condition was positive only for certain physical factors. Cutaneous testing for dermatographism, ice-cube challenge, and exposure to ultraviolet A and ultraviolet B light were negative. A methacholine skin test was positive. Sitting in a cold room (4 degrees C) induced micropapular wheals on exposed areas similar to those classically associated with cholinergic urticaria. Placing both feet in warm water (44 degrees C) induced similar but more intense cutaneous lesions at sites not exposed to heat, light headedness, and severe asthma. Exercise for 10 minutes caused confluent and punctate urticarial lesions. Simultaneous measurement of plasma histamine during cold and heat challenges revealed increases paralleling the course of symptoms. Repeat challenge with cold, heat, and exercise after beginning treatment with both H1 and H2 histamine antagonists resulted in marked reduction in symptoms; however, significant rises in plasma histamines were still noted.

Flow and composition of leg lymph in normal men during venous stasis, muscular activity and local hyperthermia.

Changes in normal human leg lymph protein concentration, output, and lymph flow/lymph protein concentration relationship, as well as lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase activity were followed during procedures known to increase capillary filtration as venous stasis, muscular exercise and warming of tissues. Lymph flow increased by 83% during two hour ergometer cycling, and by 117% during two hour warm water foot bath. During a two hour period of venous stasis lymph flow dropped by 50%. There was an increase in lymph flow during the rest period following all three types of experiment, most pronounced after foot warming. An inverse relationship between the lymph flow rate and lymph protein concentration was found. Lymph enzymes followed the same pattern of changes as total protein.