Effects Of Warm-up Research Articles

Land-based Warm-up Is Inferior To Water-based Warm-up For 100m Freestyle Swimming Performance

In swimming competitions, athletes must usually complete their pool-based warm-up 20 minutes before their race time, and spend the intervening time out of the water in a call room. It is possible that some of the beneficial effects of completing a warm-up may be lost during this time. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a land-based warm up (LAND) on 100m freestyle swimming performance, compared to a traditional water-based warm-up (WATER). METHODS: Twenty-two national level swimmers ( 11 female, age 17.9 ± 2.5 years, 100m freestyle personal best 59.8 ± 2.8 s; 11 male, age 18.6 ± 2.8 years, 100m freestyle personal best 52.8 ± 1.91 s) completed both WATER and LAND warm-ups prior to a 100m race, in a randomised cross-over design. WATER consisted of 2100m of drills at various intensities, taking approximately 30 minutes to complete, and followed by a 20-minute call-room wait. LAND consisted of a time-matched programme of dynamic mobility exercises, pulse-raisers, and muscle activation exercises, again followed by a 20-minute call-room wait. Race time, stroke rate (SR) and distance per stroke (DPS) were obtained from race video analysis; heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded before and after the warm-up and race. Paired T-tests were performed to test for significant differences between conditions. RESULTS: Race time was faster after WATER than LAND (58.10 ± 4.39 s vs. 59.00 ± 4.04 s, p = 0.001, Cohen’s d ES 0.2), there were no significant differences in SR or DPS. HR was higher after WATER than LAND (153 ± 14 bpm vs. 140 ± 21 bpm, p = 0.024, Cohen’s d ES 0.7); RPE was lower after WATER than LAND (median RPE 13 vs. 15, p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The land-based warm-up was not sufficient to prepare swimmers for a 100 m freestyle race; this may be due to the lower physiological intensity (as determined by HR), or perhaps the absence of ‘water feel’ (not measured). Further work should investigate the effect of a combined water and land warm-up to more closely replicate the call-room scenario.

LABORATORY TESTING OF LEICA AT401 LASER TRACKER

<p>This paper describes laboratory tests on a Leica AT401laser tracker. As the newer Leica AT402 model also uses the same firmware package, most of the results should also be valid for this device. First, we present the instrument’s firmware errors and the software used for testing. The ASME B89.4.19-2006 standard for testing laser trackers is briefly presented. The warm-up effect of the instrument is inspected with respect to both angle measurement and distance measurement. The absolute distance meter (ADM) is compared with a laboratory interferometer on a 30-meter long rail and also on a bench with automated movement of the carriage of the reflector. A time series of measurements for determining the additive constant is evaluated. A simple test of the stability of the distance measurement in field conditions is introduced. Most of the tests were carried out at the Research Institute of Geodesy, Topography and Cartography (RIGTC) and at the Faculty of Civil Engineering (FCE) of the Czech Technical University in Prague (CTU).</p>

Effect of Different Warm-up Methods on Anaerobic Power in Young Women

Improving anaerobic performance and anaerobic power is the critical aspect on successfully in competitions for many athletes. The purpose of current research was to investigating the effect of various pre-competitions warm-up on anaerobic performance. It has been shown that, differences pre-competitions activity may effect on anaerobic and explosive performance. Effect of general warm-up, without warm-up and warm-up with specific static stretch training were examined on anaerobic power. Twenty four young women were recruited in this research. Subjects (20 +/- 2.4 years; 164.91+- 7.54 cm; 62.04+- 12.34 kg) were performed three pre-test workouts and in the next step, the Wingate test (30 Second) was used to determination of anaerobic power and fatigue index. Familiar session was performed 48 hours before first test. Data management and analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA repeated measure, using SPSS 20.0. The Result of this study indicated that, there is not significant different on fatigue index and maximum anaerobic power in three conditions (P>0.05). It is interesting to note that 30 seconds anaerobic performance was not affected by pre-competitions activities in three stage of this study.

Acute effects of inspiratory muscle warm-up on pulmonary function in healthy subjects

The acute effects of inspiratory muscle warm-up on pulmonary functions were examined in 26 healthy male subjects using the pulmonary function test (PFT) in three different trials. The control trial (CON) did not involve inspiratory muscle warm-up, while the placebo (IMWp) and experimental (IMW) trials involved inspiratory muscle warm-up. There were no significant changes between the IMWp and CON trials (p>0.05). All the PFT measurements, including slow vital capacity, inspiratory vital capacity, forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in one second, maximal voluntary ventilation, and maximal inspiratory pressure were significantly increased by 3.55%, 12.52%, 5.00%, 2.75%, 2.66%, and 7.03% respectively, in the subjects in the IMW trial than those in the CON trial (p<0.05). These results show that inspiratory muscle warm-up improved the pulmonary functions. The mechanisms responsible for these improvements are probably associated with the concomitant increase in the inspiratory muscle strength, and the cooperation of the upper thorax, neck, and respiratory muscles, and increased level of reactive O2 species in muscle tissue, and potentially improvement of muscle O2 delivery-to-utilization. However, further investigation is required to determine the precise mechanisms responsible from among these candidates.

Acute Warm-up Effects in Submaximal Athletes: An EMG Study of Skilled Violinists.

Warm-up is commonly recommended for injury prevention and performance enhancement across all activities, yet this recommendation is not supported by evidence for repetitive submaximal activities such as instrumental music performance. The objective of this study is to quantify the effects of cardiovascular, core muscle, and musical warm-ups on muscle activity levels, musical performance, and subjective experience in skilled violinists. Fifty-five undergraduate, postgraduate, or professional violinists performed five randomly ordered 45-s musical excerpts of varying physical demands both before and after a randomly assigned 15-min, moderate-intensity cardiovascular, core muscle, musical (technical violin exercises), or inactive control warm-up protocol. Surface EMG data were obtained for 16 muscles of the trunk, shoulders, and right arm during each musical performance. Sound recording and perceived exertion (RPE) data were also obtained. Sound recordings were randomly ordered and rated for performance quality by blinded adjudicators. Questionnaire data regarding participant pain sites and fitness levels were used to stratify participants according to pain and fitness levels. Data were analyzed using two- and three-factor ANCOVA (surface EMG and sound recording) and Wilcoxon matched pairs tests (RPE). None of the three warm-up protocols had significant effects on muscle activity levels (P ≥ 0.10). Performance quality did not significantly increase (P ≥ 0.21). RPE significantly decreased (P < 0.05) after warm-up for each of the three experimental warm-ups; control condition RPE did not significantly decrease (P > 0.23). Acute physiological and musical benefits from cardiovascular, core muscle, and musical warm-ups in skilled violinists are limited to decreases in RPE. This investigation provides data from the performing arts in support of sports medical evidence suggesting that warm-up only effectively enhances maximal strength and power performance.

Warm-up effects from concomitant use of vibration and static stretching after cycling.

Static stretch is routinely used in traditional warm-up but impaired muscle performance. Combining vibration with static stretching as a feasible component may be an alternative to static stretching after submaximal aerobic exercise to improve jumping as well as flexibility. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the effects of aerobic exercise, static stretching, and vibration with static stretching on flexibility and vertical jumping performance. A repeated measures experimental design was used in this study. Twelve participants randomly underwent 5 different warm-ups including cycling alone (C warm-up), static stretching alone (S warm-up), combining vibration with static stretching (VS warm-up), cycling followed by S (C+S warm-up), and cycling followed by VS (C+VS warm-up) on 5 separate days. Sit-and-reach, squat jump (SJ), and counter movement jump (CMJ) were measured for pre- and post- tests. The sit-and-reach scores after the S, VS, C+S and C+VS warm-ups were significantly enhanced (P<0.001), and were significantly greater than that of the C warm-up (P<0.05). The jumping height of SJ and CMJ after the C and C+VS warm-ups were significantly increased (P<0.05), whereas a significant reduction was found after the S warm-up (P<0.05). Vibration combined with stretching after submaximal cycling exercise (C+VS warm-up) could be a feasible warm-up protocol to improve both flexibility and vertical jump performance, compared with the traditional warm-up (C+S warm-up).

Effect of respiratory warm-up on anaerobic power.

[Purpose] The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of respiratory muscle warm-up on anaerobic power. [Subjects and Methods] Thirty male field hockey players (age, 20.5 ± 2.0 years) each participated in a control (CAN) trial and an experimental (EAN) trial. The EAN trial involved respiratory muscle warm-up, while the CAN trial did not. Anaerobic power was measured using the Wingate protocol. Paired sample t-tests were used to compare the EAN and CAN trials. [Results] There were significant increases in peak power and relative peak power, and decreases in the time to peak after the EAN trial by 8.9%, 9.6%, and 28.8% respectively. [Conclusion] Respiratory muscle warm-up may positively affect anaerobic power due to faster attainment of peak power.

The effect of dynamic whole-body vibration warm-up on lower extremity performance

Summary Objective Numerous studies have postulated that whole-body vibration (WBV) exercise could be used as a warm-up procedure. Unfortunately, the inconsistency in reporting and standardizing the WBV protocols participate to the lack of consensus of the literature. The purpose of this study was, first, to investigate whether a WBV intervention performed on a vertical synchronous platform could be an effective warm-up procedure. Second, we meticulously paid attention to the quantification of the effective acceleration produced by the platform. Methods Fourteen recreationally active individuals performed either a WBV (30 Hz/4 mm; theoretical acceleration of 71 m·s −2 ) or non-vibration (NWBV) intervention comprising dynamic squatting exercises intermittently (30 s/30 s) during ten minutes. Pre- and post-intervention tests consisted of countermovement jump, bilateral isometric maximal voluntary contraction of knee extensor muscles and sit and reach box test. Post-tests were performed at one and five minutes after the intervention. Results Countermovement jump height (+4.92%; P P −2 ). Conclusion In the absence of change after the NWBV intervention, we concluded that our dynamic WBV exercise constitutes a successful warm-up procedure to improve lower extremity performance. The present results also emphasize that the effective acceleration of the WBV devices should be methodically monitored.

Effect of camera temperature variations on stereo-digital image correlation measurements.

In laboratory and especially non-laboratory stereo-digital image correlation (stereo-DIC) applications, the extrinsic and intrinsic parameters of the cameras used in the system may change slightly due to the camera warm-up effect and possible variations in ambient temperature. Because these camera parameters are generally calibrated once prior to measurements and considered to be unaltered during the whole measurement period, the changes in these parameters unavoidably induce displacement/strain errors. In this study, the effect of temperature variations on stereo-DIC measurements is investigated experimentally. To quantify the errors associated with camera or ambient temperature changes, surface displacements and strains of a stationary optical quartz glass plate with near-zero thermal expansion were continuously measured using a regular stereo-DIC system. The results confirm that (1) temperature variations in the cameras and ambient environment have a considerable influence on the displacements and strains measured by stereo-DIC due to the slightly altered extrinsic and intrinsic camera parameters; and (2) the corresponding displacement and strain errors correlate with temperature changes. For the specific stereo-DIC configuration used in this work, the temperature-induced strain errors were estimated to be approximately 30-50 με/°C. To minimize the adverse effect of camera temperature variations on stereo-DIC measurements, two simple but effective solutions are suggested.

English

The purpose of the present research is studying the effects of warm-up with two different sizes of balls on passing skills. Loughborough Soccer Passing Test (LSPT) was conducted on 28 non-elite football players, who participated in the present research for 10 training days. LSPT is a passing skill protocol established on completing 16 passes successfully in the shortest period of time possible (Ali et al., 2007). After 5 days implementation of LSPT, the participants were divided into 2 equal groups of 14, as experiment and control groups. During the second 5-day test period, control group participants warmed up with ball number 5, than took LSPT with the same ball. On the other hand, experiment group warmed up with ball number 4, and took LSPT with ball number 5. Obtained data were analysed with independent samples t-test, and accordingly experiment group was more successful than control group in LSPT (p&lt; .01). Consequently, passing skills of football players who warmed up with ball number 4 were affected positively. The present research, which aimed at increasing match performance, predicted that passing skills were affected positively during the match among football players who warmed up with smaller size balls before the match. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; Key words: Soccer, passing, warm up, ball, LSPT. &nbsp

Effects of Respiratory Muscle Warm-up on High-Intensity Exercise Performance

Exercise performance is partially limited by the functionality of the respiratory musculature. Training these muscles improves steady-state exercise performance. However, less is known about the efficacy of executing a respiratory muscle warm-up (RWU) immediately prior to high-intensity exercise. Our study purpose was to use a practitioner-friendly airflow restriction device to investigate the effects of a high, medium, or low intensity RWU on short, high-intensity exercise and pulmonary, cardiovascular, and metabolic function. Eleven recreationally active, males (24.9 ± 4.2 y, 178.8 ± 9.0 cm, 78.5 ± 10.4 kg, 13.4% ± 4.2% body fat) cycled at 85% peak power to exhaustion (TTE) following four different RWU conditions (separate days, in random order): (1) high; (2) medium; (3) low airflow inspiration restriction, or no RWU. When analyzed as a group, TTE did not improve following any RWU (4.73 ± 0.33 min). However, 10 of the 11 participants improved ≥25 s in one of the three RWU conditions (average = 47.6 ± 13.2 s), which was significantly better than (p &lt; 0.05) the control trial (CON). Neither blood lactate nor perceived difficulty was altered by condition. In general, respiratory exchange ratios were significantly lower during the early stages of TTE in all RWU conditions. Our findings suggest RWU efficacy is predicated on identifying optimal inspiration intensity, which clearly differs between individuals.

Effect of Practical Precooling on Neuromuscular Function and 5-km Time-Trial Performance in Hot, Humid Conditions Among Well-Trained Male Runners.

This study investigated whether torso and thigh precooling during a warm-up effects neuromuscular function and 5-km time-trial performance in hot, humid conditions. Eight well-trained male runners completed 3 randomized time-trials in 32.2 ± 0.8° C and 48.6 ± 6.7% relative humidity. A 30-minute warm-up was completed with no cooling (Control), precooling by an ice vest (Vest), or ice packs covering the thighs (Packs). Before the warm-up and after the time-trial, supramaximal femoral nerve stimulation was delivered during and following maximal isometric contractions. Core and skin temperature, heart rate, and perceptual ratings were recorded before and during the warm-up and time-trial. Overall performance time was improved in Packs compared with Control (1,407 ± 80 seconds vs. 1,492 ± 88 seconds; p ≤ 0.05) but not in Vest (1,444 ± 71 seconds; p > 0.05). In Packs, a higher exercise intensity (p ≤ 0.05) and less cumulative time (p < 0.01) were evident during the last kilometer compared with Control. Maximum voluntary force, voluntary activation, muscle contractility, and membrane excitability were not different after exercise or between conditions. Ten minutes after the warm-up, skin temperature was lower in Vest and Packs compared with Control (p < 0.01). Thermal strain and body heat content change was lower in Vest and Packs, respectively (p ≤ 0.05). Findings indicate that torso and thigh precooling during a warm-up reduces thermoregulatory strain. However, thigh opposed to torso precooling provides greater performance improvements. Neuromuscular function did not aid performance, indicating that transient changes in afferent feedback and muscle recruitment may enhance endurance trial performance.

과중량을 이용한 워밍업 점프가 사후 점프 수행에 미치는 영향

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of loaded vertical jumps on the following vertical jumps and to find how long the transient effect of warm-ups would continue. Methods : Twelve healthy college male students, majoring in physical education, participated in this study voluntarily. They performed three sets of unloaded jumps (pre-jump, 5% post jump, and 10% post jump) and two sets of loaded jumps (5% and 10% loaded jumps) according to the counter-balanced order. At each set, three trials of maximal vertical jumps were performed by a 30 second interval between trials and a 3 minute break after warm-up jumps. Force platform and motion capturing system were used to record motions and ground reaction force. Results : Only 5% post-warm-up jumps () showed significant increase in the jump height compared with pre-warm-up jumps (). The transient effects of loaded warm-ups disappeared 4 minutes after loaded jumps. Conclusion : Conclusively, a decent amount of loading (around 5% extra of body weight) during sport specific warm-ups would give a positive, transient effect on the performance of the vertical jump.

Precooling and Warm-up Effects on Time Trial Cycling Performance During Heat Stress

Precooling and Warm-up Effects on Time Trial Cycling Performance During Heat Stress

Effect Of Inspiratory Muscle Warm-up On Performance And Muscle Oxygenation During High-intensity Intermittent Sprint Exercise

Effect Of Inspiratory Muscle Warm-up On Performance And Muscle Oxygenation During High-intensity Intermittent Sprint Exercise

Effect Of Core Muscle, Cardiovascular, And On-instrument Warm-up On Muscle Load Patterns In Elite Violinists

Effect Of Core Muscle, Cardiovascular, And On-instrument Warm-up On Muscle Load Patterns In Elite Violinists

Comparative study of different duration of warming-up on the selected physical fitness components of volleyball players

The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of warm-up of different duration on selected physical fitness components of volleyball players. The subjects were 20 male volleyball players of Inter collegiate volleyball tournament of Sant Gadge Baba, Amravati University, Amravati. The age of the subjects were ranged between 18 to 28 years. The data on selected criterion based on the test the research Scholar were the criterion measures selected for the purpose of the study were vertical jump in cms. Sit and Reach test in inches. Shuttle Run in seconds. Eye hand co-ordination in seconds and eye foot co-ordination in seconds. The test was administered consecutively for four days preceded by after no warms-up on the first day, 5 min. warm-up on the fourth day, respectively. The data pertaining to each of the selected physical components of volleyball players were examined by one way analysis of variance in order to determine the differences if any. The level of significance was set at 0.05 level of confidence. Significant difference found among the paired means in vertical jump (3.725) and sit and Reach test (3.921), but insignificance difference found in shuttle run (0.847), eye-hand co-ordination (0.512) and eye-foot co-ordination (1.046) selected different duration of warm-up i.e., without warm-up, 5 min warm-up, 10 min warm-up, 15 min warm-up. Hence, it is concluded that warm-up significantly affect on leg strength and flexibility.

Joint-position sense is altered by football pre-participation warm-up exercise and match induced fatigue

BackgroundThe demands to which football players are exposed during the match may augment the risk of injury by decreasing the sense of joint position. This study aimed to assess the effect of pre-participation warm-up and fatigue induced by an official football match on the knee-joint-position sense of football players. MethodsFourteen semi-professional male football players (mean age: 25.9±4.6years old) volunteered in this study. The main outcome measures were rate of perceived exertion and knee-joint-position sense assessed at rest, immediately after a standard warm-up (duration 25min), and immediately after a competitive football match (90minutes duration). ResultsPerceived exertion increased significantly from rest to the other assessments (rest: 8.6±2.0; after warm-up: 12.1±2.1; after football match: 18.5±1.3; p<0.001). Compared to rest, absolute angular error decreased significantly after the warm-up (4.1°±2.2° vs. 2.0°±1.0°; p=0.0045). After the match, absolute angular error (8.7°±3.8°) increased significantly comparatively to both rest (p=0.001) and the end of warm-up (p<0.001). Relative error showed directional bias with an underestimation of the target position, which was higher after the football match compared to both rest (p<0.001) and after warm-up (p<0.001). ConclusionsThe results indicate that knee-joint-position sense acuity was increased by pre-participation warm-up exercise and was decreased by football match-induced fatigue.Clinical relevance: Warm-up exercises could contribute to knee injury prevention, whereas the deleterious effect of match-induced fatigue on the sensorimotor system could ultimately contribute to knee instability and injury.

The Effect of Traditional Singing Warm-Up Versus Semioccluded Vocal Tract Exercises on the Acoustic Parameters of Singing Voice

This study investigated the effect of traditional vocal warm-up versus semioccluded vocal tract exercises on the acoustic parameters of voice through three questions: does vocal warm-up condition significantly alter the singing power ratio of the singing voice? Is singing power ratio dependent upon vowel? Is perceived phonatory effort affected by warm-up condition? Hypotheses were that vocal warm-up would alter the singing power ratio, and that semioccluded vocal tract warm-up would affect the singing power ratio more than no warm-up or traditional warm-up, that singing power ratio would vary across vowel, and that perceived phonatory effort would vary with warm-up condition. This study was a within-participant repeated measures design with counterbalanced conditions. Thirteen male singers were recorded under three different conditions: no warm-up, traditional warm-up, and semioccluded vocal tract exercise warm-up. Recordings were made of these singers performing the Star Spangled Banner, and singing power ratio (SPR) was calculated from four vowels. Singers rated their perceived phonatory effort (PPE) singing the Star Spangled Banner after each warm-up condition. Warm-up condition did not significantly affect SPR. SPR was significantly different for /i/ and /e/. PPE was not significantly different between warm-up conditions. The present study did not find significant differences in SPR between warm-up conditions. SPR differences for /i/, support previous findings. PPE did not differ significantly across warm-up condition despite the expectation that traditional or semioccluded warm-up would cause a decrease.

Effect of inspiratory muscle warm-up on submaximal rowing performance.

Performing inspiratory muscle warm-up might increase exercise performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of inspiratory muscle warm-up to submaximal rowing performance and to find if there is an effect on lactic acid accumulation and breathing parameters. Ten competitive male rowers aged between 19 and 27 years (age, 23.1 ± 3.8 years; height, 188.1 ± 6.3 cm; body mass, 85.6 ± 6.6 kg) were tested 3 times. During the first visit, maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) assessment and the incremental rowing test were performed to measure maximal oxygen consumption and maximal aerobic power (Pamax). A submaximal intensity (90% Pamax) rowing test was performed twice with the standard rowing warm-up as test 1 and with the standard rowing warm-up and specific inspiratory muscle warm-up as test 2. During the 2 experimental tests, distance, duration, heart rate, breathing frequency, ventilation, peak oxygen consumption, and blood lactate concentration were measured. The only value that showed a significant difference between the test 1 and test 2 was breathing frequency (52.2 ± 6.8 vs. 53.1 ± 6.8, respectively). Heart rate and ventilation showed a tendency to decrease and increase, respectively, after the inspiratory muscle warm-up (p < 0.1). Despite some changes in respiratory parameters, the use of 40% MIP intensity warm-up is not suggested if the mean intensity of the competition is at submaximal level (at approximately 90% maximal oxygen consumption). In conclusion, the warm-up protocol of the respiratory muscles used in this study does not have a significant influence on submaximal endurance performance in highly trained male rowers.