Warm Period Of Year Research Articles

Characteristics of runoff events in the Upper Váh River catchment in the warm period of year

Characteristics of runoff events in the Upper Váh River catchment in the warm period of year

Hydrochemical state of the Uglovoy Bight (Amur Bay) in different seasons

Hydrological and chemical surveys were conducted in the Uglovoy Bight in October, 2019, February, May and June, 2020 (in total 120 stations) and chemical analyses of water from 13 small rivers running into the bight were done on October 21-22, 2020. Extremely high concentration of nutrients was detected in the Peschanka, Saperka and Gryaznukha Rivers that was obviously caused by waste waters discharge. These rivers were the main source of the bight eutrophication. Within the bight, the highest anomalies of chemical parameters, as low oxygen content, low pH, high concentrations of nutrients (N, P, Si), high turbidity, and high CO2 partial pressure were observed close to these rivers mouths, in particular under the ice in winter, when wind mixing was absent. The hypoxia disappeared in the warm period of year because of wind mixing. High concentrations of total nitrogen (10.0-40.0 μmol/L), total phosphorus (1.5-2.0 gmol/L), dissolved organic carbon (3-5 mgC/L), and chlorophyll a (0.5-2.0 μg/L) in all seasons were the results of active production-destruction processes, obviously with prevalence of organic matter destruction, since the water in the bight was undersaturated with oxygen and supersaturated with carbon dioxide — the bight accumulates and mineralizes organic matter from terrestrial and riverine discharge. Underwater photographs did not detect Zostera meadows at the bottom, which were observed in the northwestern Uglovoy bight in the past. Comparison of historical data on episodic studies in the bight with results of the surveys indicates degradation of its ecosystem, with such signs as disappearance of seagrass, hypoxia in winter, and CO2 flux into the atmosphere. Reduce in water exchange between the bight and the Amur Bay caused by construction of the underwater pipeline in 1982 and the bridge in 2012 is suggested as a reason of the degradation.

Review of modern technologies of manure processing in cattle farming

Utilization of organic waste is one of the most important ecological problems for enterprises in livestock industry. Analysis of advantages and disadvantages of modern technologies of animal waste processing in cattle farming was conducted. After prolonged exposure of manure, it retains a wide range of humidity of 85–97% and complex structures of the manure storage are not needed. However, when using this technology, there is a loss of nutrients and low reliability of manure decontamination, as well as need long periods of its processing (up to 12 months).It is safer to use manure for fertilizers after composting. The advantages of this technology include: less loss of nutrients compared with prolonged exposure of manure, low financial costs and increase in the number of beneficial microorganisms in the soil. The disadvantages of composting are: dependence on weather conditions, long production cycle, sometimes receipt of product of unstable quality, additional charges on realization of aeration and stirring of raw material. Vermicomposting has the following advantages: absence of smells when utilizing manure and losses of nutrients. Disadvantages of this technology, it is used for small volumes of manure and mainly in warm period of year. When pelleting, fresh manure is converted into dry, which can be used as a fertilizer, feed additives or energy fuel. However, this technology is energy-intensive, requires quite expensive equipment for its realization and also using pellets as a fertilizer is less useful compared to humus. For processing of manure anaerobic digestion is also used. The advantages of this technology include: production of quality fertilizer and receipt of biogas. The disadvantage of this method is large initial costs. It is revealed that processing of manure the method of prolonged exposure is less effective. It is more safely to use such technologies as composting, pelletizing and anaerobic digestion. Along with positive parties of technologies of utilization of animal waste (increase soil fertility and improving the ecological status of separate components of environment) there are considerable disadvantages, namely long duration and seasonality of processing, loss of nutrients due to evaporation, highly labour-intensiveness, creating centers of pollution of natural objects, low economic efficiency, which require further improvement.

GROUND OF RATIONAL TECHNOLOGY OF UTILIZATION OF WARMTH OF THE SYSTEM OF CONDITIONING FOR THE HOT WATERSUPPLY

Rational technology of effective application of thermal accumulator in the system of conditioning andhot water-supply of building in a warm period of year is analytically analyzed and grounded. Analyzed thepossibility of applying such an unconventional method as daily accumulation of thermal energy of the building'sair-conditioning system during the warm period with its subsequent use in the hot water system. Two technologiesfor heat recovery of the air conditioning system for hot water supply of a building using a heat accumulator wereinvestigated: with a constant volume of heat accumulator and variable condensing temperature of the refrigerantof the air conditioning system depending on the outside air temperature and heat recovery technology with avariable volume of heat accumulator and constant temperature condensation temperature of the refrigerantsystem conditioning. The research results showed the most efficient technology for utilization of heat from an airconditioning system with a variable volume of a heat accumulator, which is 35% more cost effective than atechnology with a constant heat accumulator cost of reference fuel. The possibility of real application of thesetechnologies, both in individual houses and apartments, was also grounded. Using the developed automatedmethod, it was certain that application of thermal accumulator in the complex system of conditioning and hotwater-supply in a warm period would allow assured to provide by hot water of users due to the system ofconditioning and will economize from 74% to 82 % conditional fuel as compared to a chart with a caldron andconditioner without a thermal accumulator.

Climatic changes of thermal condition in the Kara sea at last 40 years

The paper discusses air (Ta) and sea surface temperature (SST) year-to-year variability due to warming of the Kara Sea, using the data from regular observations at the meteorological stations Roshydromet (GMS) in 1978–2017, NOAA optimum interpolation and reanalysis data. We use the methods of cluster, correlation analysis and Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOF). We investigate possible cause and effect relationships of these changes with the variations of the wind field components, climatic indices and the sea ice concentration field. The cluster analysis of the three main EOF components has allowed us to identify four areas on the basis of the nature of changes of the water temperature anomalies field. The climatic changes in these areas, in the coastal and island zones of the Kara Sea have manifested themselves in the steady increase of the annual air temperature at GMS from 0,47–0,77 °C/10 years on the southwest coast to 1,33–1,49 °C/10 years in the north of the sea. This is equivalent to warming from 1,9 to 6,0 °C in the last 40 years. For the open sea the value of the Ta trend is about 1,22 °C/10 years, which corresponds to an increase in the average Ta by 4,9 °C in the last 40 years. This value is approximately 3 times greater than that for all the Northern hemisphere for the same period.Annualy, the maximal trend was observed in November and April mainly and exceeded 2–3 °C/10 years at some of the stations. We identify anomalously warm (2016 and 2012) and anomalously cold (1978, 1979, 1992 and 1998) years: the warmest year was 2012, the coldest — 1979. Positive SST trends were observed over all the sea area during the warm period of year (to 1 °C/10 years). SST increased to 2,4 °C, which is approximately 1,5 times greater than the corresponding SST values for the Northern hemisphere. The maximum SST trend (0,4 °C/10 years) was observed in the northwest and southwest parts of the sea. From June to August the trends of SST exceed the annual ones 1,5–2 times. Interannual SST and Ta variations are characterized by close correlation links. Until approximately 1998–2004 the warming was rather insignificant, and after that the growth rate of Ta and SST increased many fold. Apparently it indicates changes in the mode and the large-scale atmospheric circulation in the early 2000s. We also observed a trend of strengthening of the southern wind during the cold period of the year and the northern one — in the warm period (0,5–0,6 m/s in 40 years). It is shown that there is a close correlation between the Ta increase and the changes in the meridional component of the wind speed during the cold period of the year for all the sea areas. For the warm period it is statistically insignificant both for Ta and SST. For the cold season we observed a contribution of the large-scale mode of atmospheric circulation into the variability of V component of the wind speed. The conribution was expressed through the indeces NAO, SCAND, Pol/EUR, AZOR, ISL and the differences of ISLSIB. For the warm season this contribution is expressed through the NAO, SCAND and AO only. For the warm period we showed statistically significant correlation between the increase in SST, Ta and the processes parametrized by the AMO, EA/WR and AZOR indeces. For the cold period the indeces are AMO, Pol/Eur, SIB and ISL SIB. The interannual variations of the sea ice concentration field are characterized by close correlation with Ta changes both in the annual cycle and during the periods of ice cover formation and evolution (R = –0,7... –0,9). For these periods we showed statistically significant relationships between the first EOF mode fluctuations and two climatic indeces — AMO (R = 0,5) and Pol/Eur (R = 0,4). The relationships between the temporary variability of the sea ice concentration and the wind field characteristics are weaker and statistically significant only for the meridional component of the wind speed (R = –0,4).

ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ ТЕПЛОВОГО БАЛАНСА ОДНОПУТНОГО ТОННЕЛЯ И ПРИЛЕГАЮЩЕЙ СТАНЦИИ ДЛЯ РАСЧЕТА АДИАБАТНОГО ОХЛАЖДЕНИЯ ВОЗДУХА

Heat balance for single-track tunnel of underground and adjoining station in warm period of year in terms of Moscow Underground is determined. The calculation of unsteady heat flow is carried out, using software realization of heat transfer calculation by finite elements method, for heat losses determination into the soil at various depth of the tunnel. The phase difference between fluctuations of ambient air temperature and heat flow temperature is determined that should be considered for determination of calculated heat balance and air exchange. In warm period excessive heat in the tunnel cannot be fully removed by ventilation equipment, therefore it is proposed reducing of part of the excessive heat by adiabatic air humidification. In order to efficiency improvement of that method of air cooling, water discharge can be distributed along the tunnel proportionally of heat distribution. With that purpose the numeric experiment with air blowing of car starting-breaking resistors in single-truck tunnel has been carried out. Heat distribution along the tunnel has been found.

The Accounting of heat losses and infiltration during the work with a microclimate of rooms in broiler production

The condition of the air environment in modern agricultural buildings is provided by means of the microclimate air conditioning systems (MACS). However traditional MACS and their equipment are quite expensive, power-intensive and difficult in operation. Therefore relevant is a problem of development and use of simpler, reliable, energy-efficient systems and devices of conditioning of a microclimate for creation and maintenance of the required technological parameters of the air environment providing decrease in energy consumption and increase in efficiency in poultry farming has important social value. Air conditioning system of a microclimate of the agricultural building has to represent complex application active (air conditioning systems) and passive (external protections) engineering means. Need of recirculation of air is caused by considerable overexpenditures of warmth during the cold period of year and cold during the warm period of year. It is connected with the fact that norms of air exchange for the warm and cold periods of year differ several times, at the same time the total value of air supply remains to a constant. Infiltration is an unorganized air intake to room through leakage of buildings protections under the influence of thermal and wind pressure and, possibly, due to the work of mechanical ventilation. Accounting losses of heat in poultryfarming rooms and dispensing of ventilation volume, the major factor is the air infiltration through construction and enclosing structures that significantly affects the gas consumption for space heating and on the final cost of production.

PHYTOPLANKTON OF ŠASKO LAKE AND THE FIRST RECORD OF INVASIVE TOXIN-PRODUCING CYANOBACTERIUM CYLINDROSPERMOPSIS RACIBORSKII (WOLOSZYNSKA) SEENAYYA ET SUBBA RAJU, 1972 IN MONTENEGRO

Shallow lakes are specific aquatic systems sensitive to eutrophication, due to the constant exchange of nutrients between sediments and water column and less capacity to buffer external nutrient loading. The aim of this work was to analyze phytoplankton community in Šasko Lake after the gap of almost 40 years. A total of 88 phytoplankton taxa belonging to seven divisions were identified in Šasko Lake during the warm period of year (spring and summer) in 2016. Phytoplankton composition and abundance didn’t show spatial heterogeneity, due to the small surface of the lake and wind action, but seasonal differences were observed. Spring period characterized numerical dominance of B and E functional groups of phytoplankton (codons), while summer period characterized higher species diversity and abundance in comparison to spring and dominance of B, P, Sn and H1 codons. Results showed significant increase in phytoplankton abundance (for about two orders of magnitude) as well as the increased percentage share of cyanobacteria in comparison to former investigations. Besides, for the first time, invasive, potentially toxic cyanobacteria Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Woloszynska) Seenaya & Subba-Raju was recorded in Montenegro.

СОВРЕМЕННЫЙ ТРЕНД ЭРОЗИОННО-АККУМУЛЯТИВНЫХ ПРОЦЕССОВ В МАЛОМ РАСПАХАННОМ ВОДОСБОРЕ, РЕСПУБЛИКА ТАТАРСТАН, "Геоморфология"

Анализ аккумуляции наносов в днищах долин первого порядка позволяет дать достаточно надежную количественную оценку общей интенсивности и временн й изменчивости эрозионных процессов на сельскохозяйственных землях, подходящих практически вплотную к этим долинам. С использованием радиоактивного цезия-137 в качестве хрономаркера, а также усовершенствованных эрозионных моделей USLE и Государственного гидрологического института, изучение аккумулированных наносов в днище малой долины “Темева речка” (площадь водосбора - 1.13 км2), расположенной в северо-западной части Республики Татарстан (бассейн р. Мёша), показало заметное снижение темпов смыва почв с пахотной части водосбора за последние десятилетия. Так, если за период 1963-1986 гг. темпы аккумуляции в днище малой долины смытого со склонов водосбора почвенного материала составляли 0.92-1.81 см/год, то за период 1987-2015 гг. - 0.17-0.50 см/год, т.е. сократились как минимум в 3-5 раз. Причиной отмеченного уменьшения темпов смыва почв и аккумуляции наносов явилось сокращение объемов поверхностного стока со склонов в период снеготаяния, вызванное повышением температуры воздуха в весеннее время года, уменьшением глубины промерзания почв и снижением частоты выпадения экстремальных ливней со слоем 40-50 мм. Влияние хозяйственной деятельности на уменьшение темпов эрозионно-аккумулятивных процессов было, по всей видимости, несущественным, хотя некоторое изменение севооборотов с увеличением доли многолетних трав, очевидно, повлияло на снижение темпов смыва в теплое время года. Данная эрозионная тенденция и климатические причины, ее обусловившие, имели региональный характер и ранее выявлены в ряде регионов южной половины Европейской территории России.

OBSERVING SURFACE CIRCULATION OF THE WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN BASIN WITH SATELLITE IMAGERY

Abstract. In this article, the benefits of using satellite imagery of different types (namely thermal infrared, visible-range, and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images) for observing surface circulation of marine basins are being discussed. As a region of interest, we use the Western Mediterranean Basin. At first, the areas with sharpest thermal and chlorophyll-a gradients within the region of interest were defined on a seasonal base using the data provided by Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS). After that, mesoscale eddies were detected using different sea surface temperature (SST) products and, finally, submesoscale vortices were observed with Envisat Advanced SAR imagery. Thus found locations of eddies were compared with locations of the sharpest fronts discovered in the first part of the study, which showed that the biggest, mostly anticyclonic, eddies tended to correspond to locations of main surface currents; smaller cyclonic eddies were mostly attributed to thermal fronts, while submesoscale eddies were distributed quite homogeneous. The observations performed in that way revealed quite prominent basin-, meso- and submesoscale eddy activity in the region of interest. Additionally, significant seasonal variability in the type of surface water stirring was noted. Thus, the maximum of both meso- and submesoscale eddy activity seems to happen during the warm season, while during winter, presumably due to low Richardson numbers typical for the upper water layer, the turbulent features are still undeveloped and of the smaller spatial scale than during the warm period of year.

Climatology of atmospheric circulation patterns of Arabian dust in western Iran.

Being in vicinity of vast deserts, the west and southwest of Iran are characterized by high levels of dust events, which have adverse consequences on human health, ecosystems, and environment. Using ground based dataset of dust events in western Iran and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, the atmospheric circulation patterns of dust events in the Arabian region and west of Iran are identified. The atmospheric circulation patterns which lead to dust events in the Arabian region and western Iran were classified into two main categories: the Shamal dust events that occurs in warm period of year and the frontal dust events as cold period pattern. In frontal dust events, the western trough or blocking pattern at mid-level leads to frontogenesis, instability, and air uplift at lower levels of troposphere in the southwest of Asia. Non-frontal is other pattern of dust event in the cold period and dust generation are due to the regional circulation systems at the lower level of troposphere. In Shamal wind pattern, the Saudi Arabian anticyclone, Turkmenistan anticyclone, and Zagros thermal low play the key roles in formation of this pattern. Summer and transitional patterns are two sub-categories of summer Shamal wind pattern. In summer trough pattern, the mid-tropospheric trough leads to intensify the surface thermal systems in the Middle East and causes instability and rising of wind speed in the region. In synthetic pattern of Shamal wind and summer trough, dust is created by the impact of a trough in mid-levels of troposphere as well as existing the mentioned regional systems which are contributed in formation of summer Shamal wind pattern.

СТАТИСТИЧЕСКИЕ СВЯЗИ СЕЗОННЫХ ОСАДКОВ ВОСТОЧНОГО КАЗАХСТАНА С ВЫСОТНЫМИ БАРИЧЕСКИМИ ПОЛЯМИ И ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКАМИ ЦИРКУЛЯЦИИ АТМОСФЕРЫ

During the warm period of year the physics – statistical forecasting models of this size allows to develop identification of synchronous and asynchronous correlative communications of seasonal rainfall with various characteristics of circulation of the atmosphere.The main goal of the study is to evaluate and compare the synchronous and asynchronous statistical relationships of mean seasonal precipitation in Eastern Kazakhstan with the baric fields at the grid nodes of the Northern Hemisphere and the circulation characteristics. Such characteristics were taken: the index of the North Atlantic Oscillation and the number of days with circulation types according to M.Kh. Baidal, which can be used in physical and statistical forecast models. Physical and statistical forecast models of different weather characteristics areoften created on the basis of linear multiple regression equations that contain a certain set of predictors.The physical aspect of selecting predictors for the multiple regression equation in precipitation predictionproblems is quite diverse. Such relationships are often established by calculating the correlationcoefficients between the predicted value and the predictors included in the regression equation thathave a significant correlation relationship. In the study, the correlation of averaged over the territory ofseasonal precipitation in the east of Kazakhstan with different circulation characteristics was evaluated.The average averaged seasonal precipitation amounts averaged over the territory of East Kazakhstan accordingto the classes «less than the norm», «norm» and «above the norm» were done, the frequency ofeach class was determined and a catalog of years with an excess of seasonal precipitation exceeding 1.2Sx was compiled.

The Drought and Excessive Moisture Indices in a Historical Perspective in the Principal Grain-Producing Regions of the Former Soviet Union

Abstract The paper deals with catalogs (two listing by years) of droughts and conditions of excessive moisture in May–July in the basic cereals-producing area of the former Soviet Union (FSU) for 1891–1995. To calculate catalogs, data on precipitation averaged over the area of administrative regions and temperature at meteorological stations were used. The problem of the inhomogeneity of precipitation series at stations in the warm period of year is discussed, related to the introduction of corrections for moistening rain gauge bucket. The suggested catalogs of droughts and excessive moisture (index DM) explicitly include the area of distribution of certain precipitation and temperature combinations. This is their principle difference from other authors’ catalogs. The paper studies the relationship between the index DM in the European (EP) and Asian (AP) parts of the territory under consideration with other drought indices and with the anomalies of cereals yield. Linear trends of the DM index series are p...