War Of Spanish Succession Research Articles

The Rise and Fall of Caribbean Piracy: A Socio-Technical Analysis of the War of Spanish Succession, Maritime Innovation, and Edward Randolf’s Policy

The Rise and Fall of Caribbean Piracy: A Socio-Technical Analysis of the War of Spanish Succession, Maritime Innovation, and Edward Randolf’s Policy

Перелом в войне за испанское наследство 1701-1714 гг.: Дунайская военная кампания 1704 года

The purpose of this article is to identify the peculiarities of Western European military affairs as illustrated by a particular campaign of the War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714). The article is of interest in light of comparing military affairs of Western Europe and Russia at the beginning of the 18th century, military art during the War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714) and the Great Northern War (1700-1721). Scientific novelty: the study presents an episode of Western European military history not yet reflected in domestic historiography, combat operations between Franco-Bavarian troops and the allied army under the command of John Marlborough on the Danube theater of war in the summer of 1704. The study is carried out with wide use of memoir, epistolary and documentary sources. During the 1704 campaign on the Danube and in Bavaria, such typical features of the military art of the 18th century were manifested as excessive dependence on supplies and logistics, positional expectant nature of hostilities, their indecision and false methodism. As a result of the study, the author came to the conclusion that the Franco-Bavarian coalition was more inclined towards the canons of the military strategy that had developed by the beginning of the 18th century. It operated within the framework of positional maneuver tactics, enthusiasm for fighting on communications, demonstrating wait-and-see and passivity. French marshals were distinguished by their adherence to the template and therefore were predictable and expected. Unlike the enemy, John Marlborough and Eugene of Savoy managed to break out of the generally accepted tactical canons. During the 1704 campaign, they showed swiftness and offensive character, imposed a decisive aggressive struggle on the enemy, the culmination of which was a resounding victory at Blenheim on August 13, 1704.

Grains of Allowance: Liberty, Toleration, and Justice in George Farquhar’s The Recruiting Officer

This article examines the representation of the justices of the peace in George Farquhar’s 1706 play The Recruiting Officer. I place this play in the context of Farquhar’s work of literary criticism, “A Discourse Upon Comedy” (1701), in which he claims “Liberty and Toleration” as guiding principles for his home-grown, anti-Aristotelian aesthetic. The political, legal, and theatrical history surrounding the 1688 English revolution and its aftermath frames my examination of the justices’ position at the intersection of local and national legal procedures. The Recruiting Officer interrogates the justice of the peace’s role in recruiting and conscription during the War of Spanish Succession. Justices of the peace in The Recruiting Officer, I argue, enable inquiry into liberty and toleration’s limits and costs in their use of discretionary power and informal mediation. The situational and empirical legal judgments of Farquhar’s justices render a pattern for moral judgments allowing for a temporary and tame personal license—“grains of allowance”—relative to cynical Restoration rakishness. Legal and quasi-legal relationships drive the plotlines of The Recruiting Officer—whether in representing recruiters empowered to enlist men, local justices’ roles in military conscription, contractual aspects of the marriage bond, or extramarital encounters, real and imagined. Farquhar uses the justices’ characters to suggest that the balances of power at home, in the community, in the government, and in the global theaters of war are all interlinked, mutually sustaining, and prone to destabilization. I maintain that the play invites critique of the law, the military, and marriage, but avoids, in its fundamental optimism and good humor, a trenchant satire on any of these institutions.

Provisions, Passports and the Problems of International Warfare in Early Eighteenth-Century Northern Italy: A Micro-Historical Study

The relationship between the rise of the modern European state and military resource mobilization has been studied either through the capacity of Europe's fiscal-military states to mobilize war-making resources internally or the continued importance of private, non-state contractors to fund, recruit and supply armies. Missing from this literature is an understanding of how military contractors acquired supplies outside of national borders as well as the sorts of diplomatic and personal connections these contractors drew upon to move war goods across multiple jurisdictions for hundreds of miles. This article adopts a micro-historical approach to the history of military resource mobilization, paying close attention to one shipment of grain purchased in central Europe by the British army during the War of Spanish Succession (1701–1714). By studying closely how British money paid French Huguenot contractors to buy the grain and transmit it across northern Italy to feed German and Spanish troops fighting in Spain, this one case shows how scholarship can move towards a transnational history of military logistics based on key urban centres rather than nations and borders.

De antiguo a clásico: Calderón y la génesis del campo teatral (1715–1926) by Sergio Adillo Rufo

Reviewed by: De antiguo a clásico: Calderón y la génesis del campo teatral (1715–1926) by Sergio Adillo Rufo Susan Paun de García De antiguo a clásico: Calderón y la génesis del campo teatral (1715–1926). By Sergio Adillo Rufo. Kassel: Reichenberger. 2021. viii+176 pp. €48. ISBN 978–3–967280–06–7. One of the brightest stars of the Spanish Golden Age dramatic constellation, Pedro Calderón de la Barca (1600–1681) is said to have written around 120 plays, a modest number compared to the 600–800 attributed to Lope de Vega (1562–1635). Yet, at the beginning of the eighteenth century Calderón's plays accounted for [End Page 267] 25 per cent of all performances in Spain. In the present, he may be a canonical figure but only a handful of his comedias are regularly staged: La vida es sueño, El alcalde de Zalamea, La dama duende. Contextualizing and charting the changing fortunes of Calderón was the subject of Sergio Adillo Rufo's Ph.D. thesis, which he has mined for the publication of no fewer than three books. In the publication under consideration here, Adillo analyses the presence (or absence) of the dramatist on commercial stages in Spain between 1715 and 1926 in relation to how the theatrical profession was progressively articulating itself around Calderón as a field of cultural production. Adillo surveys the nature and evolution of the Calderonian canon and the factors that influenced its configuration. He applies the theories of Pierre Bourdieu to examine how productions of Calderón's plays evolved from being entertainment to symbols of identity, gradually departing from the commercial repertoire to form part of the elite canon. Considering important factors of influence (prevailing cultural trends and tastes as well as reforms and regulations of governmental and cultural institutions, including performance spaces), he seeks to answer an overarching question: why were certain texts performed at certain times? Structured chronologically, the book is divided into two main sections (each comprising three chapters) that discuss performances of Calderón plays within the commercial, political, cultural, and historical currents of the periods in question. In the first section—covering the years between the end of the Spanish War of Succession (1715) and the bicentenary of Calderón's death (1881)—Adillo traces the prehistory of the field of theatre, using performances of Calderón as a case study. The second section surveys the years between 1881 and 1927, a date that gave name to the Generación del 1927, a group of writers who rose to prominence in the late 1920s, many of whom produced important commemorative editions of the poetry of Luis de Góngora to mark the tercentenary of his death. Chapter 1 focuses on late baroque productions, contrasting what survived from the previous century and what was new in the first half of the eighteenth century, or to be precise, until 1765, when autos sacramentales were prohibited. Chapter 2 reviews the effects on the repertoire of successive (attempted) reforms of theatre from 1765 until the beginning of the nineteenth century. In Chapter 3 Adillo turns to the period from the War of Independence until the liberalization of commercial theatre in the third quarter of the nineteenth century, noting that with the beginnings of a 'teatro nacional' and the incipient field of theatre (seen as art, not an industry subject to the market rules of supply and demand), Calderón was becoming a figure around whom national identity could be articulated. Chapter 4 concentrates exclusively on the celebrations of the bicentenary of Calderón's death and the importance they had in officially consolidating his canonical status. Chapter 5, covering the reign of Alfonso XII and the first years of the regency of María Cristina, reviews how famous actors (Rafael Calvo, Antonio Vico, and María Guerrero) kept 'classic' Spanish theatre on the stage at the end of the century as a cornerstone of the relationship they established with the dominant class that constituted their audience. Adillo observes that Calderón was by this time [End Page 268] an emblem of national identity and sign...

Shaftesbury, Third Earl of [Anthony Ashley Cooper

Shaftesbury, Third Earl of [Anthony Ashley Cooper

‘The place for such business’: The business of war in the city of Genoa, 1701-1714

Scholars long have examined the early modern European business of war – the recruitment, supply, and payment of combatants by non-native contractors. With such attention on who conducted this commerce, however, scholars have ignored where the business of war took place. As Peter Wilson and Marianne Klerk recently have argued in this journal, war business was often conducted in politically autonomous cities. This article takes their findings further by showing how naval contractors and army victuallers conducted the business of war in substantially different spatial settings in one fiscal-military hub, Genoa, during one conflict, the War of Spanish Succession.

Music at the British Court, 1685-1715

This chapter examines the part played by sacred music in the royal court in England during the reigns of Charles II (1660-1685), James II (1685-1688), William III and Mary II (1689-1702), and Anne (1702-1714). In this period, religious music, in the Chapel Royal and elsewhere, was subject to the deeply divided politics of the period. Charles II and James II favoured Catholicism (James was a Catholic), and music at their courts reflected both their religious inclinations and also the foreign influences that came with them. After the Revolution of 1688, which saw the ejection of James II and the accession of his nephew and daughter, William and Mary of Orange, the court and nation returned to Protestantism. The sacred music of their reign, and that of Anne, showed that foreign, Catholic influences in the Chapel Royal were gone. The wars with France in the 1690s and also in the War of Spanish Succession (1701-13) provided an opportunity for sacred music to take on a martial flavour which endorsed the idea of a monarchy sanctioned by God, evident in military victories.

METAMORPHOSIS OF PUERTA TIERRA FROM CADIZ (SPAIN) IN THE 18TH CENTURY AS A PARADIGM OF MODERN FORTIFICATION

Abstract. The city of Cadiz, located in a peninsula, was initially defended by its only land access through a wall of land extended from coast to coast across the isthmus; this access was erected at the beginning of the 16th century. After being devastated by an Anglo-Dutch attack in 1596 (where they had access by this flank), Felipe II decided to rebuild the city and this defensive element. Furthermore, after the Spanish War of Succession, Puerta Tierra [Land Gate] experienced a considerable metamorphosis that would complete its integration in the first quarter of the 18th century, becoming now a complete defensive system that would protect one of the most important squares of the Kingdom of Spain. In this sense, this work can be considered one of the most representative examples of the application of military treatises based on the ideas developed by the French marshal Vauban and applied by the Spanish engineer Ignacio Sala. This research focuses on the defensive elements whose works, which were developed between approximately 1730 and 1760, involved large earthworks and an intensive use of the oyster stones, resulting in the final configuration of the work. The analysis developed below is based on the plans prepared by the Spanish engineers involved in this construction.

Their Most Valuable and Most Vulnerable Asset

Abstract From 1698, colonial officers and investors from France forged a conglomerate of companies for transforming Saint-Domingue into a sugar colony, thus augmenting incomes of tax farmers and of the crown. Capital was also captured from enemy colonies and generated through trade with Spanish possessions. The most important capital were slaves, both as laborers and mortgageable property—crucial during the War of Spanish Succession, which brought price volatility and speculation in land and sugar. In order to secure the colony’s development, authorities restricted rights of owners over their slaves, preventing their sale or abuse. Only around 1715 was such protection of slaves suppressed.

Smugglers, Pirates, and Patriots: Free Trade in the Age of Revolution by Tyson Reeder

Reviewed by: Smugglers, Pirates, and Patriots: Free Trade in the Age of Revolution by Tyson Reeder Kirsten Schultz Tyson Reeder, Smugglers, Pirates, and Patriots: Free Trade in the Age of Revolution (Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsylvania Press, 2019). Pp. 368; 15 illus. $45.00 cloth. As the first decade of the nineteenth century came to a close, United States' and Portuguese imperial commercial policies collided for reasons that defied the longer history of mercantilist regulation. In 1807, the United States government issued the Embargo Act, forbidding U.S. ships from sailing to international ports. [End Page 728] Infamous and ultimately short-lived, the embargo was intended as a response to French and British acts of economic warfare during the Napoleonic Wars that included seizures of U.S. ships. Less than a year later, with Napoleon's troops crossing Spain to occupy Lisbon, the Portuguese royal family set sail for Brazil. The move thwarted a Napoleonic usurpation of the throne and allowed the Portuguese Prince Regent to ride out the war in Portugal between French occupiers and Anglo-Portuguese forces at a presumably safer distance. Among the relocated sovereign's first acts was the opening of Brazil's ports to all friendly nations. As the barriers to Brazilian markets fell away, embargoed North Americans, including many who previously had practiced and preached free trade, were left to observe from afar as British traders rushed in to set up shop in Salvador and Rio de Janeiro. As Tyson Reeder argues in this ambitious and extensively-researched book, this moment of political-economic divergence—when an old mercantilist power opened ports and a new free-trading power shut them—was one of several turning points in the commercial relations between British America and the Luso-Atlantic in the Age of Revolution. Tracing the contingencies and entanglements of British, U.S., Portuguese, and Brazilian trade policies and political projects across more than a century, and across multiple local, national and imperial archives, Reeder is particularly interested in the ways in which U.S. diplomatic and commercial practices took inspiration from, and later set aside, republican and free trade ideologies. "Rather than advance tidy national narratives," he concludes, "the revolutionary age exposed the difficulty of reconciling liberal ideologies with national expediencies" (134). Reeder begins with a survey of the long history of Anglo-Portuguese relations within an Atlantic commerce that "developed as a composite of legal strictures and illicit trade practices" (2). At the turn of the eighteenth century, an older Anglo-Portuguese alliance was affirmed in a series of treaties that both provided for the Kingdom of Portugal's defense during the War of Spanish Succession (1701–1714) and enhanced commercial exchange. The Methuen Treaty of 1703 stipulated that English woolens entered Portugal free of duty, while Portuguese wines entered England with tariffs lower than their French competition. In the decades that followed, Anglo-Portuguese trade continued to turn on privileges as British and Portuguese traders navigated the influx of massive amounts of gold from newly-discovered mines in Brazil, the transatlantic slave trade that supplied labor to the mining region, and London-based finance. Those who governed from London and Lisbon, in turn, implemented mercantilist principles to maximize metropolitan accumulations of wealth but also allowed inter-imperial commerce when it served similar ends. While the seventeenth-century Navigation Acts had fortified English entrepôts, they permitted commerce between British North America and Portuguese territories, including the direct importation of Madeira wine and Portuguese salt and the export of breadstuffs from the middle colonies via England. As Reeder explains, Portuguese traders paid for provisions with Brazilian gold and Spanish-American silver. In some cases, payments of smuggled, or untaxed, gold went directly to British Americans' English creditors (13). In this way, British American trade to Portugal and the Portuguese Atlantic islands sustained the colonial consumption of English manufactures. In the first half of the eighteenth century the asiento (Spanish American slave trade contract) also gave British traders a foothold in Rio de la Plata from which they smuggled goods into Brazil. Portuguese royal officials continuously expressed alarm about these arrangements. In the middle of the eighteenth century the Portuguese crown, guided [End Page 729] by...

Zay Anna Herbáriuma és a XVIII. századi magyar gyógyszerészi szaknyelv

By the end of the 17th century, the Ottoman Empire power had been expelled out of Hungary. At the same time, the death of the King of Spain, forecast the end of the “Western” Habsburg Empire. Emerging economic nations England and the Netherlands wanted to create a new balance of power in which the Principality of Transylvania was also concerned. The Spanish War of Succession ended with the peace of Utrecht, which created a modern style of diplomacy. Ferenc Rákóczi II realized the chance of Hungary’s independence in a rearranging Europe, thus he started his war of independence. One of the spectacular social rise families of the era was the Vay family. Adam Vay wanted to be out of the war of independence. However, when the imperial troops burned down Gács Castle, he joined Rákóczi. Rising to the rank of general, Vay went to exile with his family in Poland after the peace of Szatmár (present-day Satu Mare, Romania). In exile, not only deprivation but also disease threatened them. Typical for the manorial courts of the era, scholar and lay healers worked together. His well-read wife, Anna Zay, began writing herbarium following this tradition. She tried most of the recipes he collected among the personnel of her house. Her work was circulated as a manuscript copy, which preserved the 16th – 17th-century Hungarian medical language. For the people of this era, above the battlefield injuries, the most feared disease was the plague. For Zay, prayer strengthened her endurance, helped her bearing much suffering and sorrow and provided hope to be freed from her exile. God speaks to man through the word, but prayers speak to God.

Convoy of Scottish Trade by the English Royal Navy on the Eve of the Union of 1707

AbstractThe English Royal Navy's relationship with Scotland during the years preceding the Union of 1707 is usually cast as problematic in scholarly discussion, with the navy viewed as the enforcer of an embargo on Scottish trade with France. This study examines the Scottish use of Royal Naval convoy in the first years of the War of Spanish Succession through to 1707, focusing on the North Sea region. It adds nuance to security issues surrounding the parliamentary union by arguing that convoys to Scotland were more frequent than generally acknowledged, an improvement on the situation in the 1690s, and that when combined with the small Scottish navy, provided coverage that largely met Scottish needs. As a result, in a period of otherwise fierce debate, naval protection for Scotland was relatively uncontroversial. Convoy was therefore an unusual, if belated, success for regal union, and that success meant that Scots were more deeply enmeshed in the English system of maritime security than has been often been credited.

Las bases políticas de la Guerra de Sucesión en Andalucía: el Alcalde Mayor Rodrigo Caballero Illanes (1701-1740)

Rodrigo Caballero Illanes presents himself, in the words of Henry Kamen, as one of the builders of Bourbon supremacy in Spain. is period in the city of Cadiz was fundamental in the evolution of Rodrigo Caballero’s professional career coinciding with the War of Spanish Succession. Caballero managed to buy a perpetual regiduría in the city council of Cádiz, and later, the mayor’s o ce of the city. During the war Rodrigo Caballero raised a regiment of veterans of 570 soldiers being rewarded by Felipe V with the rank of infantry colonel. Likewise, the investigation of an attempted kidnapping of the royal family by a group of imperial collaborators led Philip V, in gratitude, to appoint him Mayor of the Crime of the Audience of Seville, and intermediary for the release of his natural son Rodrigo Caballero, the one- armed captured by the Portuguese army.

Alienígenas, regnícolas y naturales. Monarquía y élites en una catedral catalana del siglo XVIII

Siguiendo la evolución histórica de los estatutos de extranjería de la catedral de Gerona desde el momento en que se instauraron en ella hasta el instante de su anulación, este trabajo analiza la finalidad de los mismos, su perenne vinculación con familias hegemónicas de la Ciudad, las tácticas de ocupación de los espacios municipales más relevantes por parte de las mismas y la estrecha relación de tales estatutos con la conciencia territorial de estos grupos.

Ordeno y mando: los gobernadores militares de frontera en la Extremadura de la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII

La victoria borbónica en la Guerra de Sucesión Española (1701-1714) agudizó el proceso de centralización institucional. Esta política se tradujo en la militarización de la administración territorial y, por ende, de las plazas fronterizas del Reino. Para la consecución de este propósito, la monarquía situó al frente de los diferentes gobiernos a oficiales del Ejército y, en este contexto, las tierras extremeñas estuvieron sujetas a este proceso desde el inicio del siglo XVIII a causa de su proximidad con la Raya portuguesa.

«Como si absolutamente no hubiese intervenido tal guerra»: Economía familiar y negociación femenina durante la Guerra de Sucesión española.

Este artículo aborda, a través de un estudio de caso, el papel jugado por figuras femeninas en la recuperación del patrimonio familiar tras su pérdida debido a un conflicto bélico. La familia Silva, de origen portugués, mantuvo el consulado español en Livorno durante más de un siglo. A inicios del siglo XVIII perdió su feudo como consecuencia de la Guerra de Sucesión española (1701-1713). En efecto, Andrés de Silva, cónsul español en Livorno, obtuvo el título de marqués de la Banditela con feudo en el Estado de los Reales Presidios en Toscana. Tras la ocupación de estos territorios por las tropas austrascistas en 1707, la familia puso en marcha sus contactos y agentes para poder recuperar la jurisdicción sobre estas propiedades con lo que se orquestaba la articulación de un amplio espacio. En este artículo se analiza, por tanto, no solamente la promoción social de esta familia, sino también los efectos producidos por este conflicto bélico sucesorio y las estrategias para la recuperación del patrimonio familiar. Se pretenderá calibrar el impacto del viaje de Maria de Grunembergh (viuda del cónsul) por España e Italia con el objetivo de preservar los intereses familiares.

El factor humano en la defensa de Gijón frente al austracismo. 1700-1712

Se trata de analizar la respuesta del Ayuntamiento de una importante villa marinera del Cantábrico ante las urgencias de la Guerra de Sucesión, destacando las distintas actitudes de sus elites combinando los ámbitos defensivo, económico y social a través de un estudio exhaustivo de las fuentes primarias. Así se llega a observar distintos comportamientos, propuestas y respuestas oficiales en la relación con el gobierno del Principado y la Corona, según los temores o tranquilidad de la población, en el contexto de lo que fue una molesta carga, tanto en levas como económica, a la que hubo de resignarse.

Perpetual peace and shareholder sovereignty: the political thought of José de Carvajal y Lancaster

ABSTRACTThis article contributes to the recent historiography on Enlightenment plans for European peace by shedding light on the political and intellectual work of the neglected Spanish minister and intellectual José Carvajal y Lancaster. The article begins by outlining the intellectual context surrounding the War of Spanish Succession, and proceeds to analyse the ways that Carvajal deployed, both in his texts and in power, Enlightenment ideals to reform the Spanish Empire and achieve perpetual peace in Europe. The ideas of his first work, his Testamento Político, revealed the ways that the logic of joint-stock companies could catalyse the reform of the Spanish Empire. His measures in government, in turn, illustrated how international cooperation could be mutually beneficial, but turned on his fraught relationship with the future Marquis of Pombal. Finally, his text Mis Pensamientos, written in 1753, envisaged a formal commercial and political coalition between the Spanish and the British Empires. Carvajal’s vision for European peace was at once utopian and clear-eyed, and the ideas behind his plan persist as demanding questions for our age.

Paper trail: slavery and governance in the Spanish Empire

ABSTRACTThis article explores the role of the Spanish legal ecology in maintaining social cohesion, bolstering the popular legitimacy of the imperial project, and setting the boundaries of economic development. Drawing the connections between Hapsburg and Bourbon governance through two (inconclusive) legal cases, the first lasting throughout the Spanish War of Succession (1700–1713), and the second occurring during the Seven Years’ War (1756–1763). The ambiguity of missing appeals and references to previous legal actions corresponds to the reality for Africans and their descendants in the Spanish Indies for whom there was rarely a clear endpoint in their dealings with the courts. The first case follows two sisters, Maria Josefa Copete and Lorenza Elena, as they defend their freedom against their half-brother. In the second case Nicolás Quintana, an African slave, fights to avoid being sent to the gold mines and separated from his family.