War Of Independence Research Articles

Community Response to the Existence of Mural Artwork in Gampong Peunayong, Banda Aceh City

Mural art is a work of fine art that is depicted on a large, flat medium, such as the wall or ceiling of a room. Murals first appeared as a means of aspiration during the Indonesian war for independence. At that time, the street walls were covered with various kinds of critical and satirical murals. This research activity was carried out in Gampong Peunayong, Banda Aceh City. This research aims to find out how traders and the local community react and respond to the existence of murals on the walls of Gampong Peunayong buildings. In terms of examining research objects and subjects, researchers use qualitative research methods, which discuss descriptively the entire data obtained during the research. As a supporting tool, researchers used Clive Bell's Form Theory to examine the shapes in the murals in Gampong Peunayong briefly. The research method used is qualitative research. This research aims to find out how the local community that lives around the murals exists and examine information about the murals depicted on the walls of Gampong Peunayoung. Based on the results of research in the form of explanations and responses from the community regarding the existence of murals in Gampong Peunayong, some people accept and are happy with the presence of murals in their environment, especially traders at the Peunayong market. However, some others did not like the visual mural that was presented. The impact of murals on the economic growth of traders at Peunayong Market is also not really felt; whether or not there are murals, traders still have customers.

The American War of Independence as Reflected in Polish Textbooks in 20th and 21st Century

Resumen La literatura académica en Polonia todavía no ha intentado mostrar las maneras en que la Guerra de Independencia americana se ha reflejado en los libros de texto de este país, y este artículo no pretende ser exhaustivo. La autora, abordando este tema, ha llevado su análisis al tema de la Revolución americana de los años 1775 a 1783. Examina así los acontecimientos retratados en los textos polacos de los siglos XX y XXI a través del prisma de las trasformaciones de la propia historiografía polaca. El tema de la Revolución americana tiene gran significación en la política educativa de este país. Los asuntos sensibles incluyen el problema de la esclavitud, además del tema de la Constitución, entendida como la pieza más importante de la legislación y logro de la Revolución. Atendiendo a los manuales de texto escolares es bastante evidente que la mirada de los estudiantes ha sido dirigida durante décadas a tres héroes: George Washington, Casimir Pulaski y Tadeusz Kosciuszko. En el artículo también se estudia la participación de representantes de países europeos en la Revolución americana y la actualización de su panteón. Palabras claves Revolución americana, manuales de texto de historia, historiografía polaca, sistema educativo.

Demystifying the First War of Independence of 1857

This research paper ‘Demystifying the First War of Independence of 1857’ is tended to rattle the jinx of not to call it a first war of independence. After the completion of more than 167 years when the most comprehensive and commendable works have been done by the generations of researchers/ historians from different regions of the subcontinent, so, it seems most opportune time to demystify the jinx of First War of Independence’. This paper is attempted to examine and analyze the uprisings in the different regions of the subcontinent simultaneously which lasted more than two years and shook the shackles of the British Empire. Contextually, when most of the regions/castes/ creeds were participating against the white race -the British, hence, it will be most plausible to call it a first war of independence.

From Ponds to Pine Plantations in 9000 Years: The Environmental Archaeology of Beck Burn, Solway Moss, Cumbria

ABSTRACT This article explores the evidence for environmental change at Beck Burn, Solway Moss, on the English/Scottish border. The analysed pollen, non-pollen palynomorphs (NPP) and microscopic charcoal particles permit several palaeoenvironmental events to be interpreted, supported by radiocarbon dating. These and previously published data suggest the presence of very early Mesolithic water-edge activity, later Mesolithic woodland management, clearance and small-scale cultivation during the early Neolithic period, followed by low-level disturbance for pastoral farming in the early Bronze Age. Woodland clearance and cereal cultivation are dated to the middle Bronze Age, with significant clearance and cultivation identified during the late Iron Age or early Roman period. The medieval period is characterised by evidence for a mixed subsistence economy, with reduced activity possibly coincident with the Wars of Scottish Independence, famines and the Black Death of the fourteenth century, as well as the Little Ice Age. Renewed activity, with evidence for both arable and pastoral farming, is dated to the late medieval to early post-medieval period. Pine plantations were then created, possibly in the eighteenth century or later. The data reveal the importance of palaeoenvironmental archaeology, in the absence of significant finds or features, in creating a link with the past.

Political Impact of the Six-point Movement on the Independent war of Bangladesh

Political Impact of the Six-point Movement on the Independent war of Bangladesh

Dr. Dilip Mahalanabis (1934-2022): Trailblazer in Diarrheal Disease Management.

Dilip Mahalanabis, an esteemed Indian pediatrician, revolutionized global health through his pioneering work in combatting diarrheal diseases, particularly during the Bangladesh War of Independence in 1971. His development of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) provided a simple, cost-effective solution that significantly reduced mortality rates among cholera patients. Mahalanabis'dedication to equitable healthcare, evidenced by his leadership roles in organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO), underscores his legacy as a champion for vulnerable populations. ORT's widespread adoption has democratized treatment, empowering communities and drastically reducing mortality rates associated with diarrheal diseases.

Back and Forth

Stirling and its control of the Forth river crossings is often considered to be the most strategic location in Scotland. Current historiography suggests a restricted set of crossing points over the River Forth with a focus on the Fords of Frew as the only viable crossing point to the west of Stirling. This paper contrasts the historiography of the river crossings at the Forth and its tributaries (The Teith, The Allan Water and the Goodie Water) with the reality as recorded from a variety of sources: maps, historical accounts, military engagements between the Wars of Independence and the 1745 Rising, and site visits by the author. Attention is focussed on the publication of William Watson’s 1916 Rhind Lecture to this Society published in 1926 as The History of the Celtic Place-Names of Scotland. This volume misnames, confuses and aggrandises fording points at Frew (the Fords of Frew) which has been followed by subsequent scholars. In turn this led to a limited understanding of how the various rivers were crossed. This study reveals a variety of possible options rather than the assumed limited and restricted crossing points. The two main crossing points are identified (Drip and Abbey fords) and their origins and histories summarised.

Studies On Spiritual Values Affecting The National Struggle

The Turkish War of Independence, in a critical phase of Turkish history, was fought between the oppressors and the oppressed, under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the savior of the Turkish nation, who wanted to be oppressed and enslaved, to many oppressed nations with their own unique aspects, who would later follow the path of freedom and independence. , is the war of freedom and independence, which presented a third alternative example and showed the way to rebel against the oppressors. As a matter of fact, the most valuable work of the national struggle waged by the Turkish nation with the spirit of unity and solidarity throughout history is undoubtedly the Republic of Turkey. Until now, numerous studies have been conducted on the Turkish War of Independence and the guiding leader of this War, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. These studies can be classified in different ways. For example, in some cases, emotional elements predominate, while in others, there are issues that drag the event completely or partially into the same direction. While some of them can be considered insufficient in terms of resources, others have to be overcome with new studies due to the various sources and information that have emerged over the years. In this study, the problems that arose during the War of Independence and the situation of the Turkish people in their struggle for independence are discussed.

FOUNDATION OF THE EAST INDEPENDENCE COURT, ACTION AND ADJUDICATORY PROCEDURES

The Independence Courts, which carried out trials within the framework of ensuring the authority of the Turkish Grand National Assembly during the years of the War of Independence, continued their activities to ensure the establishment of the Turkish Revolution after the adoption of the Republican regime. As a matter of fact, in an environment where disagreements about developments such as the abolition of the Sultanate, the proclamation of the Republic and the abolition of the Caliphate deepened, the Sheikh Said Rebellion, which led to the establishment of the Eastern Independence Court, broke out. Fethi (Okyar) Bey, who was criticized for being passive in taking measures against the rebellion, resigned and İsmet (İnönü) Pasha was appointed to form the new government. On March 4, 1925, when the new government was formed, the Law on Recognition of Sukuk, which gave extraordinary powers to the government, was passed by the Parliament. After the approval of the Takrir-i Sükûn Law, the government's proposal to establish two separate Independence Courts, one in Ankara and the other in the rebellion zone, was also accepted. On March 7, 1925, the election of the president, prosecutor and member was held for both Independence Courts by the Turkish Grand National Assembly. As a result of the election, Hacim Muhiddin (Çarıklı) became the President of the Eastern Independence Court, Ahmed Süreyya Örgeevren became the Prosecutor, Ali Saib (Ursavaş) Bey, Avni (Doğan) Bey and Lütfi Müfid (Özdeş) Bey set off to Diyarbakır on 12 April 1925 and started their work. The court, according to the Law of Takrir-i Sükûn, was going to make judgments about reaction, rebellion, movements and publications that wanted to disrupt the peace and security of the country. The Eastern Independence Court, which continued its duty by traveling around the region, especially in Diyarbakır, Elazığ, Malatya and Urfa, had the authority to implement its decisions. The task of the Eastern Independence Court, which continued its activities for around two years with six-month extensions, was terminated with the Assembly Decision dated March 7, 1927.

Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben: Aide-de-camp to Frederick the Great in Washington’s Army

Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben played a key role in the professionalization of George Washington’s Continental Army, managing to pass on to the Americans his experience gained in the Seven Years’ War and the War of the Austrian Succession. At the same time, there are no studies dedicated to Steuben in American studies in Russia. It seems that this gap needs to be filled, especially since some episodes of Steuben’s biography are connected with Russia. In addition, the article sets the task of critically verifying Steuben’s self-representations – a task that somehow confronts all his biographers. The source base of the study is mainly represented by epistolary materials from the era of the War of Independence. The materials of the Congress, the press, and Steuben's own surviving works himself were also used. All these sources document the American stage of Steuben’s career well, but leave aside the Russian and German stages. The Prussian military documentation of the eighteenth century allows one to judge the poorly-studied aspects of his biography. The study of the sources leads to the conclusion that Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben was part of that peculiar culture of the eighteenth century, which made that century an era of brilliant adventurers. He had the talent, imagination, and charm that allowed him to recreate his own past and convince Americans of the truthfulness of his stories. Yet, at the same time, he represented a piece of the Prussian military machine created by Frederick the Great, which allowed him to make a career in the American army. At the same time, it should be noted that his contacts with the American civil authorities were not always as successful.

How the British have misunderstood Ireland and Northern Ireland

This article probes the mainstream UK structure of feeling—to use the classic term invented by Raymond Williams—on the Irish question. It argues that there was, and is a historic inability in a largely peaceful stable society to face up to the life and death issues, more recently those connected with political violence, posed by Ireland. The material covered ranges from the Irish famine of 1846 to 1850, to the war of independence 1919 to 1921 and the modern Ulster Troubles. It notices how often the need to preserve a comfortable often, but not always, liberal self-image involves a significant neglect of Irish realities. The article arises from a British Academy Lecture delivered on 31 May 2023.

The Effect of Military Expenditure on Economic Prosperity in Croatia

The objective of this study was to empirically evaluate the impact of military spending on the economic well-being of the Croatian economy. The objective of the study was as well to find out if military expenditure could bolster the economic growth. Croatia has been among the European nations with significant military expenditures over the past three decades. However, these expenses have substantially decreased due to successful peace initiatives and the country's accession to the European Union. Reflecting on Croatia's history, notably during the Croatian War of Independence, the government significantly augmented its military expenditures. The sample period of the study was for 40 years from 1981 to 2020. An applied econometrics methodology called the 2-Stage Least Squares with Instrumental Variables was utilised in the study. In the first stage, instrumental variables were used to instrument for the endogenous regressors. In the second stage, the predicted values obtained from the first stage were used as explanatory variables in the main regression equation. The study found that the effect of military expenditure on the economic prosperity of Croatia was positive and highly statistically significant. The study addressed an empirical gap in the literature by integrating distinctive characteristics into the model concerning the long-term relationship between Croatia's military expenditure and economic growth. These factors enhanced empirical accuracy and instilled confidence in the broader and diverse literature concerning military expenditure and economic growth. The implication of this study is that investing in the military provides an enabling environment for economic growth to increase.

Behind–the–scenes: Aspects of a film reception. The case of The Independence of Romania (Aristide Demetriade, Grigore Brezeanu, 1912) and The Rest is Silence (Nae Caranfil, 2007)

The foreign reader and viewer can find nothing better -or faster, given the exigencies of modern life- than the film as an introduction to the character, history, identity of a nation. With the awards garnered by directors like Cristian Mungiu and Nae Caranfil, new interest has been focused on Romania’s film, community, and history. That is why, an investigation regarding the Romanian early cinema would be necessary in the field of improving education from abroad. The purpose of this paper is to analyze a number of aspects, such as the importance of incorporating a course on cinema in foreign language teaching, one of the major goals being the opportunity to educate the students in the field of movies and thus offering them distinct cultural perspectives. However, this article does not plea for the need of a pedagogy of media studies in higher education, given the complexity of the topic. It rather aims to focus on the history of two Romanian movies: The Independence of Romania (1912) and The Rest is Silence (2007) and highlight the reasons why an urban icon of the city of Tampere is called “Plevna”. This paper sets out to analyze the two mentioned Romanian films who proved to be interesting for Finnish students since they depict an episode of our common history, the 1877 War of Independence (The Russo-Turkish War). At the same time, the paper aims to familiarize them with the allure of the event when Romanian and Finnish soldiers fought shoulder to shoulder on the same front, at Plevna. The Romanian film, The Independence of Romania shot in 1911-1912, was the first feature film to be kept almost entirely in the Romanian National Film Archive; the other one, The Rest Is Silence directed by Nae Caranfil (and representing Romania’s first entry into the 2009 Oscars) and inspired by The Independence of Romania wanted to show the real story of our first full-length filmmaking. Therefore, this latter film contains like a palimpsest an older mute movie, discovered in Romanian Movie Archive. The current article draws upon the insights provided by the Finnish students after watching the two films and summarizes their conclusions. In other words, these lines provide a behind-the-scenes glimpse of what they learned and discovered. The films were met with positive reviews, and we tried to follow the students’ spontaneous reactions and emotions. An important part of our work was to put in perspective the two inspiring patriotic marches which are commemorating the departure of the Romanian and Finnish soldiers at Plevna in the Balkan’s theater of War: Drum bun! (farewell song composed by Ştefan Nosievich to the lyrics of Romanian patriot Vasile Alecsandri) and Kauan on Kärsitty / Long have suffered, a well-known patriotic song of the Finnish Guard (Suomen kaarti). This article tangentially discusses the role of perception in educational activity, which is presented under two correlated aspects, namely: the activity carried out in this sense by the teacher and by the students and the role of cinema in creating cultural memory from a general perspective, in a way that transforms the manner we think of film and its social importance. This article starts from a very particular point of view, as we discovered by pure chance the name of Plevna building in Tampere, and goes to a more general aspect, which is the battle of Plevna, one of the most important episodes from Romania’s modern history.

Time Never Regained: Film, Memory and History in Mila Turajlić’s Labudović Reels

Abstract The article reviews the documentary film diptych The Labudović Reels by film-maker Mila Turajlić. Based on her archival work at the Filmske Novosti production company, Turajlić discovers the legacy of hitherto unknown cinematographer Stevan Labudović. Both films are hybrid documentaries that combine archive footage with interview-style documentary, and both focus on two intertwined thematic cycles – Labudović’s coverage of the Algerian war of independence (1959–1961) and the first summit of the Non-Aligned Movement (1960–1961). Conceptually, Turajlić’s films engage thought-provoking matrixes, among them Pierre Nora’s lieux de memoire and, more especially, Walter Benjamin’s reflections on historical progress. This review finds that the implementation of the latter blurs the boundary between the critique of the idea of progress and historical relativism, which leads to the confusing presence of mutually exclusive voices in Turajlić’s film, one calling for the reappropriation of the past, and another calling that same past into question.

Just who wanted dominion home rule?: ‘moderates’ and the Irish War of Independence

AbstractThis article discusses political ‘moderates’, those individuals who reacted to the turmoil of the War of Independence by coalescing around a vision of a dominion of Ireland within the British Empire, with appropriate safeguards for minorities. It will consider how reformist gentry, parliamentary and former unionist elements came together to bring about their preferred settlement. Through statistical examination of the membership of the Irish Dominion League, the leading moderate movement, it will establish the political backgrounds, religion and social class of supporters, and demonstrate the various means by which moderates worked as intermediaries between British forces and the rebels. Southern unionists made efforts to avoid working with moderates and to retain a distinct political identity, and, ultimately, divisions within the movement, and the changing structure of Irish politics, inhibited the creation of an effective moderate party.

The reaction of London newspapers to the proclamation of the Monroe doctrine

The presented article analyzes the reaction of the British press to the proclamation of the Monroe Doctrine by the American president in 1823. The reaction of leading London periodicals such as The Examiner, The Monthly Magazine, The London Magazine and The Morning Post is considered. The author describes in detail the diversity of opinions: from support for Republican ideals and their contrast with the monarchical aspects of the policy of the Holy Alliance to expressing concerns about the negative impact of the doctrine on Britain's trade and economic interests in Latin America. The author concludes that the London newspapers have a balanced, albeit emotional assessment of the influence of the Monroe Doctrine on international relations and the specific interests of Great Britain. The article focuses on the period of the 1820s and the British reaction to American foreign policy activity, neglecting to consider the British position in the context of the War of Independence of the Spanish colonies of 1808-1819. In the study of newspaper materials by domestic and foreign scientists, general philosophical (deduction and induction, systematic approach, synergetic approach, etc.), general scientific (observation, comparative method, etc.) and private scientific methods specific to a particular field of knowledge. The Monroe Doctrine provides a rare example of a 200-year-old speech that remains the subject of regular references when discussing the current international political agenda to this day. The article examines the reaction to the Monroe Doctrine, which is one of the fundamental documents of American public policy, which became one of the first steps for the formation of American strategic culture in its current state. The relevance of the article is based on the need for a comprehensive study of the reports of the leading London press to identify their impact on international relations and the specific interests of the United Kingdom. Despite the fact that the Monroe Doctrine has been around for two hundred years, it does not lose its relevance in relation to Latin American states with the United States, and, more importantly, in relation to the United States, with other actors in world politics.

"Merdeka"! and the dynamics of extreme violence; The first year of the Indonesian Revolution through the eyes of three Dutch journalists

In the first year after World War II, there was a power vacuum in Indonesia. The Indonesians had declared their independence. The Allies had assigned the administration of the former Dutch colony to the British. The Dutch thought they could continue their colonial ambitions. It was a year of utter chaos and extreme violence. While most Dutch journalists remained in Jakarta, three went to the war zones: two of them as reporters and the other as a soldier. The analysis of three texts on the first year of the Indonesian War of Independence by Dutch eyewitnesses shows the importance of subjecting them to closer scrutiny. In the massive focus on the violence in the Indonesian freedom struggle, literary texts of this kind are too often not taken into consideration, even though they are crucial to gaining an insight into the thinking about this war at that time. Because of their hybrid nature, this type of text is pre-eminent in revealing the tension between clashing conceptions, realities, and truths.

Paisaje Agrario: Producción Agrícola Familiar en la Campaña Dange-Quitexe 2019-2022

Family farming in Angola has pre-colonial historical roots. It faced challenges during the colonial period and the war of independence, but after 1975, the government promoted it as essential for economic development. Despite the obstacles, the province of Uíge plays a crucial role in food security and rural development, receiving investment for strengthening and sustainable growth. The aim of the research was to analyse the influence of agricultural practices on food availability in the region and to represent the temporal evolution of land use and land cover in the agricultural production of families in the municipality of Dange-Quitexe. The methodology used was a temporal land use study, involving the collection of data on traditional agricultural practices, analysing soil conditions, defining sustainability goals and implementing management practices such as crop rotation, intercropping, water management and soil conservation techniques. The results of this study offered a deeper understanding of family farming over the two agricultural seasons, and provided valuable information to guide future actions and initiatives in the area of agriculture and regional development, land use revealed significant improvements in productivity and resilience, the implementation of sustainable practices, such as crop rotation, intercropping and water management, resulted in healthier harvests and more stable yields over time, in addition, it presented the level of production for food security in the municipality of Dange-Quitexe-Uíge in the 2019-2022 agricultural seasons.

History and memory beyond classroom in Croatia

This article examines attitudes of the Croatian final grade high school students towards the burdensome legacy of the Second World War and Croatian war for independence (1991–1995). Following the theoretical framework of memory studies, and implementing the concept of postmemory, we have developed a structural model connecting ideology and legacy of the wars. In addition, we have further modelled postmemory and its reliance on democratic values, namely political attitudes, trust in state institutions and political knowledge. Individualised predictors offered more nuanced analysis away from the binary understanding of pro-collaborationist and anti-fascist divide, in line with wider European trends and political culture(s).

‘The fumes of treason darkened the skies of our homeland’: rebellion and suppression in the Turkish War of Independence

This article examines various rebellions against the nationalist government in Anatolia during the Turkish War of Independence (TWI) (1919–1922), which began as an insurrection against the Ottoman government and the occupation forces of the Entente. As the nationalists began to extend their authority, they met with resistance from different groups in different parts of the country. While some groups sought independent ethno-states, some consisted of war-weary Turks who simply refused to share the burden of a new conflict; others were supported by the Ottoman government in Istanbul and sought to restore the authority of the Sultan and weaken the nationalists. Most rebellions, especially those supported by the Ottoman government, involved former or current soldiers and government officials. Both sides fought in the name of what they considered to be legitimate governments and had access to heavy weapons. The rebellions often met with violent repression and the use of irregular forces, resulting in significant loss of life and damage to property and leaving a lasting impact on the collective memory of Turkish society.