Wars Of 1990s Research Articles

REVIEW PAPER- “THE COCA COLA COMPANY: MARKETING STRATEGIES”

This project is focused on studying the various marketing strategies of Coca-Cola and the scenario of Indian soft drink industry in the 1990’s. Coca-Cola Co., the global soft drink industry leader controlled Indian soft drink industry till 1977. Because of this Coca-Cola backed and withdrew from the country. In the mean time, India’s two target soft drink producers have gotten rich. Who were controlling 80% of the Indian soft drink industry. The marketing strategies which were made by Coca-Cola company to win the Cola war in 1990s had been very successful as Coca-Cola company had a total market share of 48.3% in 1998. So, the Indian soft drink industry saw a dramatic change in the decade of 1990s. All the companies were trying to win the battle by making good marketing strategies.

Non-Traditional Issues among ASEAN Nations: Securitization and Policy Making in Issues of Non-Traditional Security (NTS)

Issues dealing with security are perhaps the most profound issues since the end of the Cold War in 1990s. The idea that the security of the state is no longer can only be challenged by war but also by other factors and issues that can still threaten the wellbeing of the citizen and state. The realism paradigm in international politics deems issues on securities in a traditional way that wars and arm conflicts are the only threat to the state. This viewpoint falls under the notion of traditional security. The other notion that dictates the security of the state can be more than just arm conflicts and wars, fall under the idea and paradigm of idealism. This paper will tend to highlight a few issues that concern the paradigm of Non-Traditional Security (NTS). In the end, the objective of this concept paper is to see the awareness of ASEAN members on the issues of NTS and how do they respond to such matters. A total of 10 informants from different backgrounds but experts in the field of NTS will involve in the study. From the findings, we hope that there is a full picture of NTS during the pandemic COVID-19 can be presented. Thus, from this study, the blueprint for NTS can be suggested to help people more understand NTS. Keywords: Non-Traditional Security Issues, Securitization, Awareness, ASEAN

Slav ırkına ihanet edenleri ortadan kaldırmaya çağıran bir Sırp destanı: Petar Petrovic Njegos'un "The Mountain Wreath" adlı eseri

The world history witnessed a really dramatic
 civil war in 1990s in the Balkans. Peoples that lived together for hundreds of
 years experienced the most violent results of nationalist ideology with the
 demise of Yugoslavia.  Serbs are one of
 the nations that involved in this civil war an in this period, their conflicts
 with especially Bosnian Muslims and Croats provided that the term “Serbian
 nationalism” is heard a lot in the world. Similarly with many other nations in
 history, the emergence and development of the idea of nationalism for Serbs
 started in 19th century. Serbs, who lived under the rule of empires, especially
 the Ottoman Empire, carried out the first rebellion against the Ottomans in
 1804 and in this period, Serbian intellectuals were also attempting to create a
 national consciousness at the same time. These attempts to create a national
 language and literature would help this consciousness to improve and they would
 show their effect in that time and in the following century, as well. Even in
 the fall of Yugoslavia, the effect of this national mythology developed as a
 result of these efforts is seen clearly. One of the most important of these
 works written in 19th century is the poetic drama of Petar Petrovic Njegos.
 When the subject-matter of the work is analyzed, it is seen that the most
 common myth of Serbian nationalism, the Kosovo Battle, and the enmity against
 the ones told to have betrayed the Slavic race by converting to Islam are
 strongly emphasized. The work with this feature forms the basis of Serbian religious-nationalist
 literature and it would show its influence continuously in future times in the
 following works within this literary tradition. 

MODERNIST ARCHITECTURE, CONFLICT, HERITAGE AND RESILIENCE: THE CASE OF THE HISTORICAL MUSEUM OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

Bosnia and Herzegovina is one of the successor states of former Yugoslavia, with a history of dramatic conflicts and ruptures. These have left a unique heritage of interchanging prosperity and destruction, in which the built environment and architecture provide a rich evidence of the many complex identity narratives. The public function and architecture of the Historical Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina, once purposely built to commemorate the national liberation in World War 2, encapsulates the current situation in the country, which is navigating through a complicated period of reconstruction and transformation after the war in 1990s. Once considered as the embodiment of a purist Modernist architecture, now a damaged structure with negligible institutional patronage, the Museum shelters the fractured artefacts of life during the three and a half year siege of Sarajevo. This paper introduces research into symbiotic elements of architecture and public function of the Museum. The impact of conflict on its survival, resilience and continuity of use is explored through its potentially mediatory role, and modelling for similar cases of reuse of 20th century architectural heritage.

Anti-vaccinationists and their arguments in the Balkan countries that share the same language

The objective has been an analysis of anti-vaccination situation in the language-related Balkan countries. Mass and organized opposition to vaccination in this part of the world is a relatively recent phenomenon. It has been an offshoot of the respective ideas from the West, associated with New Ageism, postmodernism, and similar worldviews, but particularly beefed up by MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) vaccine fear in the late 1990s. The four key local leaders from four countries have been selected to represent the whole diversity of the Balkan anti-vaccination scene. Each of them exerts his/her influence throughout the region. The result is that vaccination coverage has substantially decreased in many areas. Outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases that have to follow sooner or later would eventually, at least temporarily, bring a blow to the credibility of anti-vaccinationists. We already witnessed such a trend in Bosnia and Herzegovina where vaccines were not readily available during the Bosnian wars in 1990s. As a result, major epidemics of measles, mumps, and rubella recently took place all over the country. A dynamic balance between the influence of anti-vaccination movement and the incidence of diseases, characterized by an inverse relationship (the more damaging impact of vaccine opponents on public health, the more cases of diseases, and vice versa) has been a pattern that health services have to deal with.

The crossed swords of memory: the image of communist Yugoslavia in the textbooks of its successor states

ABSTRACTA comparative analysis of textbooks in Yugoslavia’s successor states reveals conflicting narratives of Yugoslav communism. Two basic interpretative frameworks are: communism’s state-forming function, renewing or granting statehood; and, ‘Yugoslavism’ seen as an ideology ‘hostile’ to national aspirations. This created a ‘memory mutation,’ a shift of focus from the socio-political system to the national question, reducing the memory of communism to a memory of Yugoslavia, so the central function of the discourse on communism became to create the interpretative framework for the wars of 1990s.

English

Since the fall of the Berlin wall or the end of the cold war in 1980s, many African leaders appear to be championing the cause of democratic transition in their states whereas in the real sense of it they directly or indirectly engage in systems that are quite antithetical or in contradistinction to the project in question. The paper, therefore, appraises the Obasanjo’s eight years administration arguing that his regime was more of patrimonialistic than democratization he widely claimed to have adopted. Key words: Patrimonialism, clientelism, prebendalism, dictatorship, rent-seeking.

Editorial: "COMMERCIAL AIRLINES: SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST"

Most industries suffer from adverse events but none has experienced the type of shocks endured by the air transport sector over the past two decades. It began with the deregulation of the industry in the 1980s when governments around the world privatized previously state-owned airlines companies. This led to the emergence of low cost airlines and fierce competition. With the first Gulf War in 1990s, oil prices started to increase adding operational costs and slashing profits. Then, there were fears about Y2K at the beginning of the new millennium, which caused concerns that did not materialize. The terrorists attack on New York on September 11, 2001 was perhaps the most devastating shock. Passengers deserted airlines for almost a year. Between these major crises, natural disasters such as the SARS pandemic in Asia, the Tsunami and hurricanes (Katrina, Rita, Wilma) turned many regions of the world into virtual no-fly zones. The effects on the sector and more specifically commercial companies throughout the world have been devastating. A lot of airlines have gone out of business while some went into full scale restructuring. Even huge injection of public funds could not rescue the weakest airlines and eventually Bankruptcy Courts stepped in to sort out arguments between creditors, suppliers and employees. The outcome of restructuring efforts have been mixed and is raising questions about the basis of airlines economics and business, their management and restructuring strategies. 1. The Global Landscape of the Crisis in the Air Transport Industry