War Of Independence Research Articles

Health care for the wounded combatants during the Greek Revolution of 1821

This paper presents a historical review of the health situation during the Greek War of Independence. The efforts to support and organise the Revolution of 1821 included organisation of structures, finding financial resources, collecting ammunition and mental preparation. However, there was no consideration concerning the medical, nursing and pharmaceutical care for the wounded combatants. The Greeks realised there is lack of medical equipment and staff right from the beginning of the Revolution. They had to nurse not only the casualties but also the people who suffered from an epidemic or other diseases. Many people who had studied Philosophy, Astronomy and other sciences also practised Medicine. However, their knowledge was limited to a naturalistic perception of the reality in the medical field. There were also quack doctors and charlatans offering health aid based on their experience. The health conditions were awful due to the constant, unexpected transportation of the military forces, the siege of forts and cities, the forced transportation of a large number of people from the countryside to fortified city centres, the constant battles, the lack of drinking water, food and medicines. Philhellenism, volunteerism, women’s contribution, financial support from the rich and strong will to be free helped in ameliorating the conditions.

‘Luso-orientalism’: Portuguese Asian ‘imagined communities’ in Estado Novo film propaganda

Portuguese filmography on Portuguese Asia during the Estado Novo is limited. Additionally, much of this filmography appeared late and while also espousing a Luso-tropicalist rhetoric that sought to project the bygone mythical importance of a formerly vast empire. During the dictatorship, however, the colonies in the East held symbolic value. I propose that the scarcity of films on the ‘Portuguese Orient’ stems from this symbolic value of an imagined community that is evoked more through its vagueness than through its visual representation. With the emergence of tensions between Portugal and India regarding the control of Portuguese India in 1947, and the beginning of the independence war in Angola in 1961, interest in filming Portugal’s eastern colonies arose from the need to sediment a Luso-orientalist discourse that ignored the broad range of local characteristics and the myriad differences that existed between Africa and Asia and, moreover, between various colonies within those regions.

Чарльз Джеймс Фокс и восточная политика Великобритании в период Русско-турецкой войны 1787–1791 годов

The article analyzes the role of Charles James Fox in British foreign policy during the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791. The position of Whig head towards Russian Empire from 1783 is considered. The author notes that Fox has been in close contact with representatives of Russian elite since the end of the American War for Independence. It is pointed out that the Russian-Turkish conflict of 1787-1791 led to diplomatic confrontation between Russia and England in 1791, called Ochakov crisis. The article focuses on the peacemaking role of the Whig party and its leader, Charles James Fox, in resolving the crisis. The lobbying of the Russian point of view in the British parliament is of considerable research interest. The author cites several facts indirectly substantiating the corrupt ties between the English opposition and the Russian aristocracy. As a result, the conclusion is made that Fox took a pro-Russian position during the Ochakov crisis of 1791.

A Controversial Debate: The Issue of Religious Tolerance in the Early Chilean Republic (1823-1833)

Between the years 1823-1833, after the War of Independence, Chile had an intensive debate related to the issue of religious toleration, which was conducted in various pamphlets and newspapers, with two major political groups clashing over the subject: Conservatives and Liberals. While the former thought that Chile should not even recognize these practices because it was essentially a Catholic country, the latter wanted to grant a certain recognition to the Protestant practices brought to the country by the Americans and British. Following François-Xavier Guerra, the central thesis of this article states thisdebate expresses a major conflict among two conceptions of modernity.

Living with a traumatized partner: Dyadic approach to well-being of war-affected married couples.

Personal well-being is a positive state of mind that involves the whole life experience. Croatian War of Independence has certainly been a life-changing experience for many Croatian families, especially those whose members were actively involved. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of anxiety and depression symptoms on personal and partner's well-being in couples with and without traumatic war experiences. One hundred and ninety-four participants were included in this study and divided into three groups: war veterans without posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and their wives (34 dyads), war veterans with PTSD and their wives (33 dyads), and nonveteran couples (30 dyads). All completed Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale, Personal Well-Being Index, and reported information about war-related experience and mental health diagnosis. We applied two Actor-Partner Interdependence Models with anxiety and depression as predictors and personal well-being as outcome. Our most interesting finding revealed that war veterans with PTSD and their wives demonstrate specific pattern of interaction: significant partner effect showed that husbands' higher anxiety and depression symptoms reduced wives' personal well-being. We also found significant actor effects, showing that symptoms of depression and anxiety have negative effects on personal well-being. It seems that the personal well-being of wives of war veterans with PTSD is doubly burdened by their own and their husbands' emotional state. In the clinical context, this might mean that special attention should be paid to veterans' wives, even when the husband who is suffering from PTSD is the one who primarily seeks professional help. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

The Typewriter Cuts

This article studies the role of the typewriter in the Algerian War of Independence (1954–1962). When a printing press was unavailable during the war, women militants used the typewriter to process articles for El Moudjahid, the designated newspaper of the anticolonial revolutionaries. Providing a media history and theory of this event, the article argues that the typewriter—both woman and machine—was an active militant who cut texts and bodies to advance the revolutionary cause. The typewriter denaturalized assumptions about the newspaper’s colonial appearance, thus bringing forth a new form for anticolonial journalism.

PERANCANGAN PALANG MERAH INDONESIA KOTA MUARA TEWEH

The Indonesian Red Cross, which is often known by the abbreviation PMI, is a national association organization located in Indonesia and engaged in the humanitarian field. The activity that was first carried out by PMI was to help victims of the Indonesian Revolutionary War of Independence and return victims of Allied and Japanese prisoners of war so that the Indonesian Red Cross has gained international recognition. The purpose of the design this time is "How to design the Muara Teweh Indonesian Red Cross (PMI) building which is able to fulfill the activities of the volunteers and their working staff by providing assistance and blood services to the people in the city of Muara Teweh which are appropriate and make rooms with adequate facilities ?”. By using the concept of "Local Wisdom" by prioritizing the function of building the PMI building and using the Symbolism Method in the design

Социально-экономическое развитие Аргентины в первой половине XIX в.

This article examines formation of socioeconomic structure of Argenti-na after the War of independence. The author focuses on the main fea-tures of a new social order: land boom, estancia expansion, ranching export, expansion of foreign capital. After the War of Independence, large land ownership, latifundists became dominant in the country. Creole merchants, while maintaining their positions in the export-import trade, began to create large estancias. The high profitability of cattle breeding, in comparison with agriculture, led to the transfor-mation of cattle breeding into the main sphere of capital application. Along with the oligarchy, foreign capital became the most important component of the emerging structure. English capital appeared in Ar-gentina as a trading capital, but began to invest in estancias and saladeros – cattle processing enterprises. Argentine industry – manufactories and craft workshops in Buenos Aires and rural industry in the interior provinces – could not compete with foreign goods. Argentina has become an economic colony: the export of cattle products in exchange for the import of manufactured goods.

Формирование исторической науки и общественной мысли Мексики в XIX в.

This article analyzes the process of formation of historical science and social thought in Mexico in the 19th century. The author focuses on the important works of some of the most famous researchers of Mexican history, which laid the foundation for Mexican historiography. The au-thor notes that the origin and formation of Mexican national historiog-raphy and social thought was associated with key political events in the country's history: War of Independence 1810-1824, creation of the first liberal constitutions, Mexican-American War 1846-1848. and territorial disputes with the United States, bourgeois reforms, the civil war of 1854–1860, the Anglo-French-Spanish intervention, the liberation war of the Mexican people of 1861–1867. These events occupied an im-portant place in the works of the first Mexican historians, who often personally took part in the process of the political formation of an in-dependent state and became the starting points around which the historical concepts of the Mexican history of the national period were formed. these events primarily attracted the attention of historians and became the starting points around which the historical concepts of the Mexican history.

Islamic art and visualities of war from the Ottoman Empire to the Turkish Republic

AbstractThis article explores how Islamic art was produced and used in Turkey within the context of modern warfare during World War I, the War of Independence, and the nascent Republic – a subject still relatively understudied in Turkish history, as well as in international cultural histories of modern warfare and histories of modern art in the Middle East. Drawing on previously overlooked visual and textual sources such as calligraphic panels, miniature paintings, war posters, and religious timetables produced during the years 1914–1924, we examine the ways in which Islamic arts were articulated with the experience of war through both individual actions and official policies, revealing how Ottoman artists tried to make sense of war and how Islamic genres and motifs were appropriated, and sometimes subverted, in the service of the nationalist cause. We show that far from exhibiting a sharp discontinuity, the transition from Ottoman–Islamic to Republican–nationalist artistic content was gradual, involving the reappropriation and repurposing of Islamic motifs and techniques in a manner that reflected the religious mindset of the elites and masses in the early twentieth century.

1821-2021: Contributions of physicians and researchers of Greek descent in the advancement of clinical and experimental cardiology and cardiac surgery.

While the role of Greeks in the development of early western medicine is well-known and appreciated, the contributions of modern Greek medical practitioners are less known and often overlooked. On the occasion of the 200-year anniversary of the Greek War of Independence, this review article sheds light onto the achievements of modern scientists of Greek descent in the development of cardiology, cardiac surgery, and cardiovascular research, through a short history of the development of these fields and of the related institutions in Greece. In the last decades, the Greek cardiology and Cardiac Surgery communities have been active inside and outside Greece and have a remarkable presence internationally, particularly in the United States. This article highlights the ways in which Greek cardiology and cardiovascular research has been enriched by absorbing knowledge produced in international medical centers, academic institutes and pharmaceutical industries in which generations of Greek doctors and researchers trained prior to their return to the homeland; it also highlights the achievements of medical practitioners and researchers of Greek descent who excelled abroad, producing ground-breaking work that has left a permanent imprint on global medicine.

Barisan Tani Indonesia (BTI) pada Masa Revolusi Indonesia, 1945-1950

This article discusses the process of forming Barisan Tani Indonesia (BTI) in 1945, the work programs they offered to improve the welfare of the peasants, and the dynamics that occurred within the organization throughout the Indonesian Revolution (1945-1949). In particular, this article highlights the emergence of ideas and discourses that are used as a basis for determining their work programs. This article uses historical methods to explore various sources such as newspapers and magazines published in the period in context and previous studies on the BTI. This article argues that agricultural modernization was one of the most dominant work agendas raised and offered by BTI. Discourse regarding agricultural modernization appears in various publications they produce. They consider agricultural modernization to be an important key to improving the welfare of Indonesian peasants, as has happened in Europe and America. However, throughout the first five years of BTI's existence, especially during the Indonesian Revolution, many work programs were not implemented due to the war situation. Following the end of the War of Independence in 1949, the BTI could reorganize its organization and carry out its work program, marked by the Third BTI Congress in 1950.

The Turkish War of Independence in Examples from the Arabic and Hebrew Press of Palestine, 1919-1922

Bu çalışma, Filistin’de 1919 ile 1922 arasında yayımlanan Arapça ve İbranice beş gazetenin Türk Millî Mücadelesi’ne dair yorumlarını inceleyerek şu soruyu ele almaktadır: Filistin’de bu dönemde yayımlanan bazı önemli Arapça ve İbranice gazeteler Millî Mücadele’ye nasıl yaklaşıyorlardı ve benimsedikleri farklı tutumların ardında hangi nedenler yatmaktaydı? İncelemenin ortaya
 koyduğu üzere, Arapça gazetelerden el-Karmil ile Mirʾatü’ş-Şarḳ Kuvâyı Milliye’ye yakın ilgi göstererek hararetli bir destek veriyorlardı. Bu tutumlarının başlıca nedeni, aynı dönemde kurulup resmîleşme sürecinde olan İngiliz Mandası’na ve onun gerçekleştirmeyi taahhüt ettiği Balfour Deklarasyonu’na karşı duydukları endişeydi. Siyonizm’e onlar gibi muhalif olan Filisṭîn ise Birinci Dünya Savaşı ve sonrasında Şerif Hüseyin ve oğullarıyla hareket eden Hüseynî ailesine yakınlığı nedeniyle Millî Mücadele’ye karşı menfi olmasa bile çok daha mesafeli bir tutum benimsemişti. Diğer yandan
 İbranice gazeteler Do’ar ha-Yom ve Haaretz İngiliz Mandası’nın Anadolu’daki savaş sonuçlanmadan yürürlüğe girmeyeceği hesabıyla sabırsızlanıyor, iki tarafın karşılıklı tavizlerde bulunmalarını ve Avrupa ülkelerinin barış için aracılık yapmasını salık veriyorlardı.

John Vought and the Preservation Paradox

The War for Independence was both an intercontinental war and a civil war between Patriot rebels and Loyalists. Some colonists, “disaffected” with the war, sought to remain neutral. Especially in the middle colonies of New York, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey, the tripartite division of the population meant Patriot rebels were often an embattled minority. About two-thirds of New Jersey’s population did not support the rebellion. This raises a preservation paradox. Today, almost all preserved sites are Patriot rebel sites, which promotes a popular, simplistic narrative. The dominant story of the American Revolution overlooks both the fact that Patriot rebels were often in the minority and that most Loyalists were people of integrity, no less than their opponents. The complexity of the revolutionary experience is swept from memory. The story of America’s first civil war can best be told where Loyalists are interpreted as protagonists and as actual people not misguided cyphers. Yet today in all of New Jersey, only two homes, Marlpit Hall in Monmouth County and the Vought House in Hunterdon, are interpreted as Loyalist sites. Tracing the experiences of the Vought family broadens our perspective and complicates our understanding of this crucial time and place. As we approach the 250th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence, we are challenged to present a fuller, more nuanced account of those who were disaffected, remained loyal, or took up arms, often alongside British and Hessians troops as uniformed New Jersey Volunteers. A more balanced account may also increase appreciation of the hardships faced by Patriot rebels and New Jersey’s distinctive place at the crossroads of continental war and the epicenter of civil conflict.

New Jersey in Flux: Governor William Livingston in 1777

In 1777, New Jersey was the central theater of the American War for Independence. Throughout that year, Governor William Livingston found himself combating loyalists and low morale while also trying to establish an effective governing structure for the state. Livingston would use his considerable administrative and oratorical skills to provide effective leadership during this crucial period of the conflict.

Investigating the Battles of Connecticut Farms and Springfield

This article explores ongoing efforts to investigate the Battles of Connecticut Farms and Springfield—the last major military confrontations in New Jersey during the Revolutionary War—in advance of the 250th anniversary of the American War for Independence.

Hopes Ablaze: Reimagining the Revolutionary Alternative in the Ambazonian War of Independence

Abstract This essay examines the prefigurative politics that birthed and has sustained the Ambazonian revolutionary movement and its war of independence in Cameroon. It uses Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) to question the extent to which foundational value based Ambazonian discourses have lived up to the objectives of the movement’s founding. An analysis of speeches, official documents, and video content from Ambazonian leaders reveals that (1) the Ambazonian objective to secede from the state of Cameroon was initially discursively premised on prefigurative ideals, (2) the surge of radical discourses and the imprisonment of pioneer leaders of the movement prompted a deviation from the movement’s foundational goals, and (3) there is a need to reimagine the revolutionary alternative in the promised liberation of English-speaking Cameroonians.

Multiscale analysis of Benjamin Franklin’s innovations in American paper money

Benjamin Franklin was a preeminent proponent of the new colonial and Continental paper monetary system in 18th-century America. He established a network of printers, designing and printing money notes at the same time. Franklin recognized the necessity of paper money in breaking American dependence on the British trading system, and he helped print Continental money to finance the American War of Independence. We use a unique combination of nondistractive, microdestructive, and advanced atomic-level imaging methods, including Raman, Infrared, electron energy loss spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, and aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy, to analyze pre-Federal American paper money from the Rare Books and Special Collections of the Hesburgh Library at the University of Notre Dame. We investigate and compare the chemical compositions of the paper fibers, the inks, and fillers made of special crystals in the bills printed by Franklin's printing network, other colonial printers, and counterfeit money. Our results reveal previously unknown ways that Franklin developed to safeguard printed money notes against counterfeiting. Franklin used natural graphite pigments to print money and developed durable "money paper" with colored fibers and translucent muscovite fillers, along with his own unique designs of "nature-printed" patterns and paper watermarks. These features and inventions made pre-Federal American paper currency an archetype for developing paper money for centuries to come. Our multiscale analysis also provides essential information for the preservation of historical paper money.

The Relations of Vietnam with the Middle East-North Africa Region: From a Divided State to an Important Member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations

During the Cold War, three countries were partitioned into two states: Germany, Korea, and Vietnam. The last was a result of its war of independence against the French following World War II and continued until 1954. Following a victorious war against the United States-backed government in the south, the communist government in the north reunited the country between 1975 and 1976. In 1988, facing economic troubles, Vietnam instituted Doi Moi market reforms while relaxing its ideological worldview and expanded its diplomatic and economic relations. In 1995, Vietnam joined the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), which it had regarded as a pro-Western organization during the Cold War. Meanwhile, first North Vietnam and later a reunified Vietnam went from a country whose relations were exclusive with states in the communist bloc and a few other non-aligned countries to one that today has ties with almost every country in the world. Academic studies on Vietnam’s foreign relations largely focus on those with Russia, China, the US, its ASEAN partners, and other countries in Asia. However, since the end of the Cold War, countries of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region are an import source of Vietnam’s crude oil and natural gas and an expanding market for its exports, while MENA states, in this era of globalization, have sought to increase diplomatic and economic ties throughout Asia.

Religio-Political Dynamism in the 20th Century Colonial India and Subsequent Muslim Response: A Case Study of the Punjab Province

Religio-Political Dymanism is a term that was coined in the 20th century political milieu especially in the perspective of famous Khilafat Movement in the backdrop of the World War I (1914-1919). The entire ‘Muslim India’ stood with their Turkish Brethren at that time of turmoil and upheaval in order to provide them helping hand against the ominous British Imperial designs to disintegrate centuries old Ottoman Empire. This movement that could later be called a mother of all other movements like Tehrik-i- Hijrat (Migration Movement) of 1919-1920, Tehrik-i-Tark-i-Mawalat of 1919-1920 (Non-cooperation Movement) and Tehrik-i-Nafarmani of 1929-1930 (Civil Disobedience Movement). It was for the first time in Indian History that Ulama (Muslim religious scholars as they were called by the community) and Masha’ikh (commonly called as pirs:spiritual guides) arrived into political arena and later this nexus or liaison was established on more profound and stable grounds. This early immature unison failed to prove its worth as the issue of Khilafat was extra-terestrial and was called as an ‘international problem’ by some seasoned politicians like Iqbal and Jinnah. They were of the view that changes and challenges on international scenario were under rapid changes and could not solely be controlled by Indian Muslims who were already in the bonds of slavery and the roots of International Imperialism were very deep which could not easily be deracinated. However; this religio political dymanism proved its effectivity during the decisive phase of freedom movement when the religio-political relationship between religious ranks and All India Muslim League used ‘religion’ as effective tool to attract and convince ‘Muslim India’ under the banner of two-nation theory. ‘Muslim Response’ as another effective term applied in Indian political milieu is actually the counter-strategy of Muslim political intelligentsia to mainly cope with the propaganda of Indian National Congress, the represenatative of Hindu Majority in the garb of so-called ‘nationalism’. Although a faction of Ulama supported the nationalist’s agenda of Congress. So they were called as ‘nationalist Ulama’ who opposed All India Muslim League demand for a separate homeland. Another faction of Muslims called Unionists were the landlords of Punjab, ‘the landed aristocracy’ who were previliged by the British Colonizers in order to subdue the Indian subjects of rural areas. During the War of Independence, this artificially created class appeased their colonial ‘benefactors’. These land artiatocrats like Sir Fazl-e-Hussain, Sir Sikander Hayat Khan, Sir Chhotu Ram, etc established their own political party in 1923. They worked for their own vested interests and nothing to do with the common folk. They were so powerful in Punjab that Jinnah had to sign a pact with them to seek help for the Muslim unity, called Jinnah-Sikandar Pact in 1937, as AIML had badly failed in 1937 General Elections. In order to curb their power, it was quite advisable to adopt another strategy so ‘religio-political nexus’ of Ulama-League which was later transformed into ‘religio-political dymanism’ by the dint of political circumstances filled this gap. The research paper in hand explains the political process and circumstancial pressure that brought AIML and Ulama closer and also highlights the fact that a considerable faction of Ulama, the Ulama-i-Ahl-i-Sunnat worked voluntarily, unconditionally and were sincere with cause of Islam and Pakistan and this fact was proved after the partition of India that they did not demand any reward from the newly established administrative set up.