War Correspondents Research Articles

Representation of Altruism in War Journalists in the Film “Civil War” (Roland Barthes Semiotic Analysis)

Civil War is a dystopian genre film produced by A24, which explores the theme of the American Civil War from the perspective of a war correspondent. The film showcases the dedication of war journalists in reporting events at the front lines as a form of altruistic value. This study aims to examine and elaborate on the representation of the altruistic values of war correspondents depicted in Civil War. The research will employ a constructivist paradigm, a qualitative approach, Roland Barthes' semiotic analysis method, and will be descriptive in nature. The study focuses on scenes that portray attitudes representing the altruism of war correspondents. The findings reveal four attitudes representing the altruistic values of war correspondents in Civil War: helping colleagues, high dedication, disregarding personal risk, and concern for mental health.

THE WAR ALBUM “CONQUERED RUSSIAN FORTRESSES”: NEW PERSPECTIVES IN THE STUDY OF THE HISTORY OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR (1914 – 1918)

The article aims to analyze the history of the fortresses depicted on the postcards from the Military Album ‘Conquered Russian Fortresses’ published by Knackstedt & Co. The fortresses depicted in the photographs were captured by the army of Kaiser Germany during the First World War (1914-1918). The study complements the information on philocartographic publications of the First World War and helps to expand knowledge about military architecture and to understand the strategic importance of fortresses in the context of the events of the First World War and international relations of that time. This article applies the method of historicism to examine the photographs and postcards depicting the conquered fortresses. These images are evidence of military events. The study of the history of these fortresses is carried out through the prism of cultural heritage, providing a deep understanding of the strategic importance of fortresses in military campaigns. In the examination of the postcards, it was important to determine their historical significance and to attribute the images to certain events and processes. For example, the photographs of the Ruzhanska fortress and other objects indicate their strategic importance during the fighting and certain cultural or propaganda aspects of the use of these materials. Photo-documentary analysis was also used. This is a detailed analysis of postcards, which are not only works of art but also historical documents that reflect real military events. In particular, the article uses this method to study photographs of fortresses that have become part of cultural heritage and military art. By analyzing the images of fortresses, the researcher determines their significance as a source of information about the state of fortifications and the processes of destruction during hostilities. The scientific novelty of this article lies in a comprehensive approach to analyzing the cultural and historical aspects of the use of photo postcards depicting Russian fortresses conquered by Kaiser Germany during the First World War. Specifically, the biographies of German photographers Robert Sennecke and Alfred Kühlewindt, who are little known in Ukrainian-language historiography, are added. This allows us not only to better understand the technical and artistic aspects of photography, but also to assess the role of war correspondents in shaping the image of war through the media. The postcards considered from the small military album in this article are a valuable source that clearly reflects the scale and intensity of the battles of the First World War. Further research could focus on finding the missing cards from the album “Conquered Russian Fortresses” and the other 35 small military albums, as well as studying archival materials. This will allow historians to complete the history of the conquest of Russian fortresses and study the impact of military albums on society and culture of the time.

ВОЕННАЯ ЖУРНАЛИСТИКА В ЭПОХУ СВО: ОТ ФИКСАЦИИ ФАКТОВ К ОБОБЩЕНИЯМ

The article attempts to identify the main trends in the development of domestic journalism during the SVO period. Although frontline action videos remain the most popular form of factual materials about the SVO today, verbal texts continue to play a fundamentally important role in the work of war correspondents. This is due to both the specific capabilities of the word in reflecting reality and the desire of journalists to generalize information about military life. As a result, one can observe the use of artistic typification and literary cyclization techniques by war correspondents, which should be regarded as a continuation of the classical traditions of Russian literature. These trends are most clearly expressed in the books of essays about the SVO by Alexander Kots “500 Days of Defeats and Victories” and Dmitry Steishin “The Sacred Military Operation”. The comparison of facts from different eras undertaken in the article allows us to identify logically explainable patterns that govern the literary understanding of military operations. At the first stage, individual details and facts are recorded, which find expression in the genre of a documentary essay and other small forms of verbal creativity. The accumulation of facts requires generalizations, which leads, on the one hand, to the use of typification tactics, and on the other hand, to the creation of an essay cycle – a panoramic chronicle of military operations. And finally, the stage of artistic generalization begins, when multiple facts of military reality are transformed into single images – constructed by the author’s imagination, but focusing typical manifestations of reality.

Axiological Potential of Military Journalist’s Emotional Intelligence in Media Discourse

The relevance of the research is caused by the global cognitive war launched against Russia in the modern world, which is connected with the military actions in Ukraine. The article presents the linguocultural characteristic of the emotional intelligence of a military journalist covering a special military operation. We emphasize the conditionality of emotional intelligence by value priorities of a war correspondent. This study aims to identify axiological constants of the military journalist’s emotional intelligence represented in media discourse. The method we applied involved linguocultural analysis as well as axiological approach and cognitive analysis ‒ decoding the key semantic constructs of the text as a refl ection of the author’s linguistic personality’s intention to interpret reality, taking into account the national picture of the world. The empirical foundation in the study was media discourse of the online publications Argumenty i Fakty, Komsomolskaya Pravda and Pravda.ru. The fi ndings of the study are based on more than 250 publications between the years 2022 and 2024 by such journalists as Dmitry Grigor’ev, Aleksander Kots, Dmitry Steshin, Daria Aslamova, Yulia Andrienko. The emotional intelligence of a journalist is viewed as the ability to identify one’s own and others’ emotions within the context of comprehending and interpreting them, managing and applying them in professional activities, considering the national interests of the country, adhering to traditional values. The results obtained show that in the dominant information fl ow we can reveal the following values determining the axiological vector of a military journalist’s emotional intelligence: responsibility for one’s actions, mutual assistance, selfl essness and courage, patriotism and unity with the traditions of the people, love for life and other people (optimism), faith in victory and just retribution. Such values as honesty and sincerity, empathy and sensitivity, and mercy to the enemy are as well represented, although not so often. No fundamental gender differences in the axiology of media discourse of women and men war correspondents were revealed. However, in women’s content artistic and journalistic techniques are more vividly presented. The prevalence of traditional values in media discourse determines its popularity among consumers as bearers of historical memory. The prospects of the research include the development of algorithms or technologies for creating a media text with the resources of the national picture of the world.

КОРРЕСПОНДЕНТ ГАЗЕТЫ «КРАСНАЯ ЗВЕЗДА» ЛЕВ РОМАНОВИЧ ИШ В СЕВАСТОПОЛЕ В ПЕРИОД ГЕРОИЧЕСКОЙ ОБОРОНЫ ГОРОДА 1941–1942 гг.

The article considers the work of Lev Romanovich Ish, a correspondent of the newspaper Krasnaya Zvezda in the Primorsky Army in the Sevastopol defensive area during the heroic defense of Sevastopol 1941–1942. The article is based on the analysis of archival documents of the Central Archive of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, most of which are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The memoirs of D. I. Ortenberg, the editor-in-chief of the newspaper Krasnaya Zvezda during the heroic defense of Sevastopol 1941–1942, the memoirs of war correspondents and materials published in the newspaper Krasnaya Zvezda in 1941–1942 were also used.

Professional Awareness and its Relation to Achievement Drive Among the War Correspondents

Life is a series of inputs, procedures, and outputs that shape an individual’s personality. The role of work is not limited to providing a material and moral resource only. An individual with the drive to achieve can overcome the challenges he will face, perform the tasks required of him, and struggle for success (Bani Younis, 2009, p. 3). Once the reporter joins the work, he sets goals to achieve. Some try to increase their knowledge and develop their skills, there are those who seek to achieve distinction and mastery, there are those who only want to work, and there are those who have no motivation or achievements (Harackiewicz, & et al, 1998, p. 638). Some correspondents make mistakes as a result of weak professional awareness and the absence of a language for communicating with others, for reasons including habituation to following the familiar and submitting to the experienced, which leads to poor task accomplishment, weak ambition, and failure to achieve oneself until the correspondent becomes unable to confront situations and overcome obstacles (Sweller, 2014, p: 19). Man is naturally a social being who tends to share ideas, achievements, and experiences with others. This is the way successful people in life are distinguished by professional awareness and openness to others (Hammoud, 2014, p. 45). The achievement motive is qualitative knowledge, not quantitative. The correspondent who reaches the appreciation of his superiors must achieve himself and feel satisfied (Bani Mufrej, 2009, p. 4).

Trauma Exposure across the News Cycle and the Case for Biotypes of PTSD in War Journalists

This study examines the pervasive nature of trauma exposure in journalism and its impact across all stages of the news reporting cycle. Drawing from a comprehensive literature review, we highlight the significant gap in research on the neuroscience of journalism and journalist PTSD, despite the high prevalence of PTSD among war correspondents and photojournalists. We present a conceptual framework illustrating how primary and secondary trauma exposures occur during news gathering, reporting, and consumption phases. The study also reviews empirical findings on PTSD's effects on brain structure and function, identifying symptom subclusters and their associated brain regions. This knowledge informs the development of biotypes for more personalized and effective treatment strategies for journalists with PTSD while also emphasizing an urgent need for comprehensive support systems for journalists. This interdisciplinary approach uniting research in journalism, neuroscience, psychology, and organizational management, also advances the understanding of trauma in journalism and its broader implications for news consumption and societal trust in media institutions. Interventions that can support journalists’ mental well-being can also enhance the quality of news reporting and contribute to a more resilient and informed society.

ГАЗЕТА «КРАСНЫЙ ФЛОТ» В ГЕРОИЧЕСКОЙ ОБОРОНЕ СЕВАСТОПОЛЯ (1941–1942 ГГ.)

The article considers the coverage in the newspaper ‘Krasny flot’ of the heroic defense of Sevastopol 1941–1942 and the work of the newspaper’s correspondents in Sevastopol during the defense of the city. The article is based on the analysis of archival documents of the Russian State Archive of the Navy, the Central Archive of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, the Central Naval Archive – a branch of the Central Archive of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation (the Archive of the Navy, Gatchina town), a part of these documents is being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The memoirs of the war correspondents themselves, who directly participated in the heroic defense of Sevastopol in 1941–1942, and materials published in the newspaper «Krasny flot» in 1941–1942, were also used.

An Integrated Framework of Critical Metaphor Analysis and Multi-level View with an Application to Metaphors for the Vietnam War

Since Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980) was introduced, methods of studying conceptual metaphor have kept improving to respond to methodological criticisms. Critical Metaphor Analysis (CMA) proposed by Charteris-Black (2004) has been considered as a “thought-provoking contribution” to metaphor analysis (Deignan, 2005) when approaching metaphor from various perspectives: critical discourse analysis, corpus analysis, pragmatics and cognitive linguistics. CMA is originally applied to one conceptual level in metaphor – domain. However, this paper argues that CMA can be exploited at four conceptual levels in Multi-level View of conceptual metaphor (Kövecses, 2017b) - image schema, domain, frame, and mental space. The combined framework of Critical Metaphor Analysis – CMA (Charteris-Black, 2004) and Multi-level View of conceptual metaphor – MLV (Kövecses, 2017b) can gain deeper insights into ideologies motivating metaphorical concepts for the Vietnam war as well as elucidate the conceptual structure of metaphor via the four levels. Hence, this combination fills the gap of lacking a framework with optimal balance of semantic, pragmatic, cognitive and critical dimensions. It also features the intriguing relationship between ideologies and conceptual structure, i.e., ideologies are embedded in all the four conceptual levels and systematically develop with increasing specificity from image schema to domain, frame and mental space. The focus of this paper is on our argument for an integrated framework of conceptual metaphor and the newspaper articles written by American war correspondents during the Vietnam war are used for illustration of how the integrated framework can help us better understand the conceptual metaphors in the articles.

Cross-national civilian reporting of the everydayness of war: Emerging citizen journalism practices in Palestine and Kashmir

This article explores how Palestinian and Kashmiri civilians engage with the everyday reality of war. The focus is on understanding how citizens temporarily adopt the roles of war correspondents, contributing to the broader conflict narrative. Employing an inductive approach, the study integrates ethnography, phenomenology, and reflexive thematic analysis (RTA) to gain insights into how citizen journalists shape war narratives. Analysing the interview data through RTA reveals six key themes: “Emerging citizen journalism practices,” “Community Consciousness,” “Challenges in media perception,” “Self-expression and Social cohesion,” Responding to Authoritarian Falsehoods”, “Teen journalism”, and “Self-protection and safety”. The findings suggest that the citizen journalism practices in Palestine and Kashmir strategically report the war narratives, representing a progressive journalism practice. The results underline that citizen journalism practices in these regions purposefully present war narratives and represent a form of constructive journalism, which responds to authoritarian regimes’ extensive control over mainstream media and facilitates reconciliation and peace. Such citizen journalism practices act as an equipoise to data imbalances in information architecture for the consumers. The research underscores how conflict citizen journalism embodies activist and collaborative models with robust potential for replication in other conflict-ridden areas.

U.S. War Correspondents Tweeting Ukraine: A Case Study in Transnational Meta-Journalistic Discourse

ABSTRACT This paper investigates how war correspondents working for U.S.-based news organizations Tweeted about the early stages of the 2022 war in Ukraine, focusing particularly on instances when these war reporters contributed to a distinctly transnational version of what Matt Carlson has termed “metajournalistic discourse” (2016). Defining this concept as the “public expressions evaluating news texts, the practices that produce them, or the conditions of their reception” (Carlson [2016]. “Metajournalistic Discourse and the Meanings of Journalism: Definitional Control, Boundary Work, and Legitimation.” Communication Theory 26 (4): 349–368 , 353), we argue that from February to May of 2022, U.S. war correspondents constructed a discourse that situated their own labor within the boundaries of what counts as the most acceptable form of war journalism, representing their reportage as the most independent and transparent form of war reporting. Conversely, they situated the work of Russian and Ukrainian journalists outside this boundary. The paper ultimately argues that journalism scholars should think more transnationally about the discourses that discuss journalistic labor.

Resilience and tolerance to uncertainty among military journalists in new information and communication conditions

RELEVANCE. In the conditions of constant, constantly changing wars, hostilities and armed conflicts, the role of military journalists, or war correspondents, who broadcast to the whole world from the battlefield, transmit timely and high-quality information from battlefields. These are professionals who are subject to many demands in terms of psychological qualities, resilience and tolerance for uncertainty. A person who does not possess such qualities cannot perform this extremely dangerous and traumatic work. In addition, military journalists are under pressure in modern information and communications conditions, which makes their already difficult work more difficult. At the same time, at the moment there is very little research on the topic of what specific qualities and abilities war correspondents should have to successfully carry out their professional activities. The purpose of the study is to study the factors of resilience and tolerance of uncertainty among military journalists.MATERIALS AND METHODS. An empirical study was conducted on the resilience and tolerance of uncertainty of 54 war correspondents and 50 journalists who are not involved in covering military events. We studied used the methods of “Vitality Test” by D.A. Leontyev and E.I. Rasskazova and “Uncertainty Tolerance Scale” by T.V. Kornilova.RESULT AND DISCUSSION. Statistically significant differences in indicators of resilience and tolerance to uncertainty were identified between groups of war correspondents and journalists, and significant relationships between indicators of resilience and tolerance to uncertainty in groups of war correspondents and journalists were identified and described.CONCLUSION. The conducted research makes it possible to form a picture of what personal characteristics war correspondents have and to highlight those traits that help them cope with dangerous and stressful working conditions

Invectives as a Means of Creating an Image of the Enemy in the Information War (Based on the Materials of Telegram Channels of War Correspondents)

Invectives as a Means of Creating an Image of the Enemy in the Information War (Based on the Materials of Telegram Channels of War Correspondents)

Regulation of the international legal status of journalists during the war

The article highlights the problems of the legal status of journalists and their protection during the war on the basis of international legal acts. Attention is focused on the norms of the Geneva Convention of 1949 and its Additional Protocols, which regulate the status of journalists during armed conflicts. Attention is focused on the fact that it is necessary to distinguish two categories of journalists: war correspondents and independent journalists, which are considered separately, and war correspondents are protected by the armed forces, and independent journalists do not have such special protection. It is noted that international humanitarian law considers journalists working in areas of armed conflict as civilians subject to the protection by Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols. Deficiencies in the protection of journalists in the context of considering them as ordinary civilians are pointed out. The possibility of creating a single special international legal act is being considered, which will determine the legal status of journalists during their stay in combat zones, taking into account their important mission of conveying true information to society and the functions they perform at the same time. Attention is focused on the need to identify journalists, provide assistance and protection by states, ensure free movement of journalists and respect the confidentiality of their sources. The importance of investigating cases of violence or deaths of journalists was emphasized.

The Whartons' War: The Civil War Correspondence of General Gabriel C. Wharton & Anne Radford Wharton 1863–1865 ed. by William C. Davis and Sue Heth Bell (review)

The Whartons' War: The Civil War Correspondence of General Gabriel C. Wharton & Anne Radford Wharton 1863–1865 ed. by William C. Davis and Sue Heth Bell (review)

Foreign military journalists in Manchuria in 1904-1905: features of daily activities

The author examines some aspects of the daily activities of foreign war correspondents who accompanied the Manchurian army in the Russian-Japanese War of 1904-1905. The article is based on texts published by journalists, materials from foreign periodicals, documentation from military and foreign ministries. Attention is paid both to the everyday peculiarities of the professional conditions of accredited journalists in Manchuria, and to the characteristics of the social environment, which had a significant impact on the process of collecting information in the theater of military operations. The issues of interaction of foreign correspondents with representatives of the Russian army, the local Chinese population and other reporters are touched upon, which is closely related to their possession of relevant foreign language competencies. The dynamics of the number of foreign military personnel in the theater of war and its connection with the course of hostilities are analyzed. The use of the historical and comparative method made it possible to identify common and special features in the situation of foreign reporters and other guests of Manchuria. The differences revealed in the characteristics of daily activities between foreign war correspondents and representatives of the Russian press, as a rule, were associated with a language barrier for foreigners and greater distrust of them on the part of censorship authorities. In comparison with military attaches, correspondents noted the complete independence of the journalistic corps in solving everyday issues in Manchuria. In the course of the study, several stages were identified in the dynamics of the number of foreign reporters in the theater of war. The correlation of the pace of correspondents' accreditations with events at the front has been revealed and demonstrated. It has been established that the 1904 campaign, especially its summer and autumn events, received the most attention from foreign journalists. For the first time, a range of issues is outlined for the study of which the legacy of foreign war correspondents may have the greatest scientific and cognitive value.

“Real News Arrives From Abroad”: Transnational Eyewitnessing in Leonora Raines’ War Correspondence for the New York Evening Sun (1914–1918)

This article synthesizes results from historical newspaper analysis and archival research with standpoint epistemology to explore the dynamics of transnational eyewitnessing illustrated by Leonora Raines, a Paris-based American journalist who reported the Great War (1914-1918) for the metropolitan New York Sun. Few World War I military-press histories have explored how female reporters engaged in transnational journalism, harnessing their role as an “outsider within” to produce cross-border stories for audiences dependent on foreign news. Analysis of Raines’ 126 articles, her scrapbook, and records from U.S. and German archives reveal her interactions with foreign sources, military censors, and propaganda across France, the Western Front, and Germany.

ЭКЗИСТЕНЦИАЛЬНОЕ МИЛОСЕРДИЕ КАК ЦЕННОСТНО-СМЫСЛОВАЯ РЕГУЛЯЦИЯ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ ВОЕННЫХ КОРРЕСПОНДЕНТОВ

In order to study such a phenomenon as existential mercy in the context of value-semantic regulation regarding the activities of war correspondents, the work analyzes the work of researchers in the field of psychology and sociology on the problem of existential mercy as value-semantic regulation. It is shown that developed value orientations within the framework of existential mercy help people maintain emotional balance, prevent burnout, be aware of their emotions and fears, find the strength to continue working and maintain professional integrity. A high level of existential mercy contributes to the strengthening of professional activity and adaptation to stressful situations of war correspondents. Existential mercy contributes to the formation of emotional and psychological stability, which is an important factor for maintaining the physical, psychological and mental health of war correspondents.

Alexander Bozhinov's Creative Works as War Correspondent and Contributor to Otechestvo Magazine

World War I (1914-1918) is the third war fought from the beginning of the XXth century in which Bulgarian people participate in order to achieve their national unification. The Ministry of War of the Tsardom of Bulgaria takes good care of a better coverage of the military operations by using the advances in technique and technology at the time. As the war photographers are not always able to reach the front line and cover the key moments in the operations of the Bulgarian army, war painters are also mobilized. Among them is the father of the Bulgarian caricature Alexander Bozhinov who is also sent to the front. The present article represents his war works published in Otechestvo magazine during World War I.

War Correspondent, Journalism and Gothic Elements in Louisa May Alcott"s Hospital Sketches

War Correspondent, Journalism and Gothic Elements in Louisa May Alcott"s Hospital Sketches