Wallowa County Research Articles

Non‐native species threaten the biotic integrity of the largest remnant Pacific Northwest Bunchgrass prairie in the United States

AbstractQuestionsThe Pacific Northwest Bunchgrass ecosystem is one of the most endangered in the United States, yet community‐level patterns of non‐native plant distribution and abundance remain largely unexplored. To address this information gap, we asked the following questions: What are the distinct plant communities within Zumwalt Prairie Preserve? What are the most widespread and abundant non‐native species and how does non‐native species composition and dominance vary across plant communities? How do historic land use, biotic and environmental factors influence plant community composition, particularly in terms of non‐native species abundance and dominance?LocationZumwalt Prairie Preserve, Wallowa County, Oregon, USA.MethodsWe sampled 123 plots using point‐intercept methods within a stratified random sampling approach. We analyzed community variation using cluster analysis, indicator species analysis, and non‐metric multidimensional scaling, and related composition and non‐native plant abundance to historical land use, biotic and environmental variables using joint plots, linear regression, and non‐parametric multiplicative regression.ResultsWhile native perennial grasses were the most abundant species, non‐native species accounted for 27% of species encountered and four of the ten most abundant species were non‐native annual grasses (e.g., Ventenata dubia) or non‐native perennial grasses (e.g., Poa pratensis). Abundance patterns of non‐native perennial grasses differed markedly from those of non‐native annual grasses; non‐native perennial grasses were concentrated in old fields, while non‐native annual grasses were abundant in moisture‐limited uncultivated sites.ConclusionsDespite its protected status, non‐native plant species pose a serious threat to the biotic integrity of the Preserve, with unknown consequences to ecosystem dynamics and function. Moreover, patterns of non‐native abundance vary considerably, with different species responding individually to land‐use, environmental, and biotic gradients. An improved understanding of the relationship between non‐native species distributions and historical, environmental, and biotic factors can help in the development of ecologically appropriate, cost‐effective strategies for the conservation and restoration of this unique landscape.

The Alvin M. and Betty Josephy Library of Western History and Culture

Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce died in exile on the Colville Indian Reservation in Washington State in 1904, after being rebuffed on two trips to Wallowa County, Oregon, to convince the local citizenry to allow him to buy land. He asked to be allowed to live out his days in the “land of winding waters” that held the bones of his father and his people. Denied, he lived out his days on the Colville, befriended by University of Washington professor Edmond Meany, and famously photographed by Meany’s friend, Edward Sheriff Curtis. A few short years after that Wallowa visit, living in a tipi on the Colville Reservation, Chief Joseph—Hin-mah-too-yah-lat-kekt—“died of a broken heart.” The New York Sun announced that “the most famous Indian in America” was gone.

Growing Up African American in Wallowa County, Oregon

In this Oregon Voices piece, Pearl Alice Marsh reflects on growing up African American in eastern Oregon — recalling childhood memories she describes as “warm and delicious,” but also included “hurtful encounters with racism.” Marsh's parents moved to Wallowa County in 1939 when her father sought work cutting timber for one of the region's lumber companies. Many of her childhood remembrances told in this essay include her experience in a lumber town and the interactions between white and African American families. Marsh attributes her strength and character to her mother and father “who challenged racial barriers that might have impeded [her] way.” Her story is an important part of Oregon's contentions history with African Americans and part of a “national story of growing up African American outside the Jim Crow South.”

Growing Up African American in Wallowa County, Oregon

Growing Up African American in Wallowa County, Oregon

Purpose and Perceptions of Family Social Location Among Rural Youth

Purpose is a concept receiving increasing attention in the developmental sciences. Making sense of your place in the world and finding meaning—a process fundamental to purpose—support positive development in adolescence and beyond. Using traditional ethnographic strategies, this article examines the development of purpose among a small group of youth growing up in Wallowa County, Oregon. Specifically, we emphasize the differing ways that young people from high, average, and low purpose groups make sense of themselves and their experiences within the context of rural life. We find that how young people make sense of their family’s social location has critical implications for purpose development.

A Black Logger's Journey: Jackson Parish, Louisiana, to Wallowa County, Oregon

A Black Logger's Journey: Jackson Parish, Louisiana, to Wallowa County, Oregon

A Black Logger's Journey: Jackson Parish, Louisiana, to Wallowa County, Oregon

A Black Logger's Journey: Jackson Parish, Louisiana, to Wallowa County, Oregon

Application of geographical information systems and FARSITE in fire spread modelling

Wildfires are a perennial problem in the Northwest of USA. Wallowa Whitman National Forest fires are quite frequent as a result forest completes between 10,000 and 15,000 acres of burning in a year. According to research, it was reported that the study area experienced fires from 1970 to 2006 with total burning of 149 fires and total burnt area of 7,583 hectares per year which observed to be between June and October. In Wallowa County, over 80% of fire starts are caused from lightning and 20% are attributed to human-caused fire starts. A GIS proved to be used effectively to map forest fire risk zone with the aid of LANDSAT satellite images and high resolution Google Earth images. FARSITE was used to predict fire intensities across a landscape. Results indicated that using GIS and FARSITE, one can generate a reliable management strategy, hence, minimising both life and property loss.

Amenity Landownership, Land Use Change, and the Re-Creation of “Working Landscapes”

In recent years the “working landscape” concept has risen to prominence in popular, academic, and policy discourse surrounding conservation of both natural and cultural values in inhabited landscapes. Despite its implied reconciliation of commodity production and environmental protection, this concept remains contested terrain, masking tensions over land use practices and understandings of human–nature relations. Here we draw on a case study of landownership and land use change in remote, rural Wallowa County, Oregon to explore how working landscapes are envisioned and enacted by various actors. The arrival of landowning amenity migrants, many of whom actively endorsed a working landscape vision, resulted in subtle but significant transformations in land use practices and altered opportunities for local producers. The working landscape ideal, while replete with tensions and contradictions, nevertheless functioned as an important alternative vision to the rural gentrification characteristic of other scenic Western environs.

Maxville Heritage Interpretive Center: Telling the Story of African Americans in Wallowa, Oregon

The town of Maxville was once a logging town in Wallowa County, Oregon. Many African American families came from the South and Midwest to work in the Bowman-Hicks logging industry in Maxville in the 1920s. When the logging operation collapsed in the 1930s, the town was dismantled and the town disappeared. In 2008, Gwendolyn Trice—the daughter of an African American Maxville logger, Lucky Trice—founded the Maxville Heritage Interpretive Center (MHIC) in Wallowa, Oregon, to recover the history of the logging community in Maxville. Today the MHIC is highly active in community life. The center hosts the Annual Maxville Gathering, maintains partnerships with regional universities, is developing a musical play about Maxville with Marv Ross, and continues to invigorate the tourism industry in Wallowa County.

The politics of marginality in Wallowa County, Oregon: Contesting the production of landscapes of consumption

The state of Oregon’s (USA) land use planning framework has long been characterized by tensions between state and local authority, between traditionally-defined “urban” and “rural” concerns, and between the competing interests of various landowners. An examination of Wallowa County, Oregon’s implementation of House Bill 3326, a 2001 law giving counties the power to define certain agricultural lands as “marginal,” and therefore exempt from restrictions on subdivision and development, illustrates the ways in which these tensions become magnified as rural communities attempt to govern private land use in the context of rural restructuring. Implementation of HB3326 highlighted the tensions between landowners interested in capitalizing on development opportunities afforded by HB3326, neighboring producers concerned about interference from future amenity migrants, and existing amenity migrants with interests in protecting their rural idyll. Contestations over nonfarm development took place in the context of a strong agricultural community identity, concerns about the effects of economic restructuring on producers, and local resistance to the rural gentrification process. The process of defining marginality came to encompass not only technical issues of land productivity, but also broader community contestations over the continuation of traditional land uses and the legitimacy of various actors to govern private land.

Massacred for Gold: The Chinese in Hells Canyon by R. Gregory Nokes

 OHQ vol. 111, no. 4 Those questions aside, Gray Whaley has produced a compelling and thought-provoking study that raises important questions about the complexity of the colonial process in the Pacific Northwest and about the worldview and actions of the historical actors — both Native American and Euro-American — who shaped and were shaped by this process.As the author makes clear, the long-term consequences of Euro-American colonization remain with us today. As such, he makes the case for a sober assessment of this complex history in order to reach a better understanding of both past and present: “The fact that Euro-Americans attempted genocide as a central component of settler colonialism makes it a crucial topic for historical analysis, one that should not be denied, buried in guilt and shame, or left to racist, archaic histories like [Francis Fuller] Victor’s to explain” (p. 226). Melinda Marie Jetté Franklin Pierce University, New Hampshire Massacred for Gold: The Chinese in Hells Canyon by R. Gregory Nokes Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, 2009. Notes, bibliography, index. 208 pages. $18.95 paper. In the summer of 1887, the bodies of three Chinese miners were discovered in the Snake River, drifting with the current from the mouth of Hells Canyon. Shot and mutilated, they were the first indication of the most deadly attack on Chinese in the history of the American West. The event received scant mention at the time in the press, and the local judicial system was less than zealous in pursuing and convicting those responsible. Across time, the massacre faded into rumor and legend, a circumstance largely favored by the inhabitants of Wallowa County. In Massacred for Gold, R. Gregory Nokes unveils the story of over thirty Chinese massacred at their placer mining camp on Deep Creek, a tributary of the Snake River in northeast Oregon, and the theft of their gold. The author’s attention was first drawn to the little-known tragedy when the County Clerk of Wallowa County discovered in an unused courthouse safe a cache of long-lost legal documents related to the massacre. The author sets the stage for the story with the arrival of the Chinese miners in Hells Canyon and contemporary accounts of the discovery of the tragedy.What little is known of the victims,the Chinese miners at Deep Creek, is paired with what is known of the murderers, a strange mix of Wallowa County rustlers and “adventurous” school boys (p. 24). In part 1, “The Dead,” Nokes provides a brief overview of Chinese immigration from southern China’s Guangdong Province and their subsequent labors and entrepreneurial activities in the West. The remainder of part 1 moves among placing the Deep Creek murders within the context of similar acts of violence against Chinese in the Far West in the late nineteenth century, the author’s firsthand visit to the remote scene of the attack, and the reaction of the Chinese government to the massacre. Part 2, “The ‘Innocents’” traces the eventual investigation and indictment of the killers. It is a tangled legal web. The lawmen of Wallowa County first pursued the leaders of the attack on the Chinese at Deep Creek for their horse rustling activities, not for the murders. The plot involves jailbreaks at gunpoint, hurried departures to other states, new identities, and changing testimony from witnesses who claim not to have taken part in the shootings. Throughout is the question of the gold. How much was taken from the camp at Deep Creek? Which of the gang made away with the modest wealth of the murdered miners? In the first two parts of Massacred for Gold, the author pulls together previously known accounts of the massacre and carefully sorts a  Reviews century of local lore and legend from the facts. In part 3,“P.S.Keeping Secrets,”Nokes recounts his efforts across ten years of researching the book to build relationships with county officials and historians with the hope of discovering further information on the massacre. Even a century after the tragic event at Deep Creek, he discovers a reticence in this close-knit community . Only three generations separate his pursuit of the story from the murders, and...

Letters

_LETTERS To theEditor: Compliments toR. Gregory Nokes forhis article in the Fall 2006 Quarterly entitled "A Most Daring Outrage." His depiction of the 1887Chinese massacre inHell's Canyon of the SnakeRiver provides a new levelofunderstand ingofOregon's most horrendous, unpunished mass murder. Iwould emphasize, as did Mr. Nokes, thatthe jury is stillout on preciselywho orwhy thiscold-blooded killing tookplace. At this point in time, we may never know. As towhere ittook place, some local histo rians don't believe ithappened at or near the mouth ofDeep Creek, asMr. Nokes describes. Harley Horner wrote ". . . ithappened about halfway between Dug and Big Deep Creek." Gerald J. Tucker, inThe StoryofHelYs Canyon, also places itatRobinson Gulch, over one-half mile downriver fromDeep Creek. If themas sacre took place where thehorse thieves could swim theirherd across Snake River to Idaho, the eventwould more likelyhave happened at Robinson Gulch,where landscape featuresfavor a crossing,unlike atDeep Creek,where theriver is swiftand the Idaho shorehas rimrock cliffs. As to personalities, Nokes speculated, "Vaughan (who provided State's evidence) was somuch considered a respectablemember of thecommunity thattwoweeks before the mas sacre he was deputized to serve a subpoena on [Bruce] Evans_" It ismore believable that only another horse thiefcould know where to findEvans and his den of cutthroats.Vaughan, who received a gunshot wound in the leg, was the only outlaw injured during the Chinese slaying.However, if making good moonshine provided community respectability, then Vaughan regained some in later life. In the photo of threemen standing on Main Street in Wallowa, Mr. Nokes wrongly identified Frank Vaughan. The man he cap tioned as Frankwas actually his cousin Harry N. Vaughan. Nokes also wrote "... U.S. senator James H. Slater of Josephappealed to Washington, D.C. forhelp." Senator Slaterwas fromAuburn and La Grande ? not from Joseph.On the same page Nokes attributed a quote toGeorge Craig in 1967.Craig, who was buried in 1936, was not around then. Regardless of these errors, it ismuch ap preciated that Mr. Nokes' exhaustive research has pulled togethersomany little known details of this gruesome crime. I'm looking forward to reading his forthcomingbook. Jon M. Skovlin Cove, Oregon To theEditor: IappreciateMr. Skovlin'skind and thought ful letter regardingmy article. As he notes, therehas been a great deal of confusion and misinformation concerning the facts of the massacre, largely because the crime was never thoroughly investigated and was apparently covered up.With respect to the location of the massacre, however, recent research accurately locates it at Deep Creek, which now carries the place designation of Chinese Massacre Cove. The most persuasive evidence forme was found in depositions given by several of the accused murderers toCounty JudgePeter O'Sullivan onApril 16,1888.These depositions contain several references to Deep Creek/ Deadline Creek as the site of themassacre. (Deep Creek, at the time,was also known as Deadline Creek.) In his history of Wallowa County, J. Harley Horner made a specific reference toDeadline Creek/Deep Creek as themassacre site. Iwas unable to find the specific quotation Mr. Skovlin attributed toHorner, but I did find thisquotation on page 1211:"The place where the Chinamen were camped, or near it,was a main old crossing about halfway between Dug Letters 155 and Big Deep Creek." The "near it" suggests thatHorner wasn't necessarily saying itwas the specific location of themassacre. Also, I couldn't find any reference inHorner's history toRobinson Gulch as themassacre site. It is probably worth noting that all of these loca tions are very near one another. A1973 U.S. Forest Service registerofhistoric places put themassacre siteon "thenorth side of Deep Creek and its junction with Snake River," and a Forest Service sign atDeep Creek identified it as themassacre site. This same document said theChinese used an old Na tiveAmerican rock dwelling while camped there.There is such a dwelling atDeep Creek. However, it isquite possible that some of the Chinese were killed elsewhere. A purported deathbed confession by one of the alleged killers,RobertMcMillan said thirteenChinese miners were killed at a second camp,which was not identified. With regard toFrankVaughan's reputation, I certainlywas not trying to defend him or his involvement in the massacre. Vaughan did come froma respected family,and...

Collaborative Salmon Recovery Planning:Examining Decision Making and Implementationin Northeastern Oregon

Collaborative and consensus-based approaches to natural resource management planning have become increasingly applied and analyzed in the United States (e.g., Barham 2001; Innes et al. 1994; Selin and Schuett 2000; Susskind and Cruikshank 1987; Wondelleck 2000). However, there has been insufficient attention on implementation (Imperial 1999, 452) and whether these efforts affect both decision-making processes and ecological goals. This article begins to address this gap by examining the implementation of a collaborative salmon recovery plan developed in northeastern Oregon's Wallowa County. Based on data gathered during seventeen months of sociological, anthropological and archival research, the article argues that the plan has not shaped resource management decision making due to preexisting institutional, socioeconomic, and ideological pressures. Nonetheless, the collaborative effort has had other important second-order effects, including the forging of a new alliance between the Nez Perce Tribe and residents of Wallowa County around land and natural resource issues that may, over time, change the local political and management landscapes.

Collaborative Salmon Recovery Planning:Examining Decision Making and Implementationin Northeastern Oregon

Collaborative and consensus-based approaches to natural resource management planning have become increasingly applied and analyzed in the United States (e.g., Barham 2001; Innes et al. 1994; Selin and Schuett 2000; Susskind and Cruikshank 1987; Wondelleck 2000). However, there has been insufficient attention on implementation (Imperial 1999, 452) and whether these efforts affect both decision-making processes and ecological goals. This article begins to address this gap by examining the implementation of a collaborative salmon recovery plan developed in northeastern Oregon's Wallowa County. Based on data gathered during seventeen months of sociological, anthropological and archival research, the article argues that the plan has not shaped resource management decision making due to preexisting institutional, socioeconomic, and ideological pressures. Nonetheless, the collaborative effort has had other important second-order effects, including the forging of a new alliance between the Nez Perce Tribe and residents of Wallowa County around land and natural resource issues that may, over time, change the local political and management landscapes.

Ferns New to the Wallowa Mountains, Oregon

New records for seven fern species from the Wallowa Mountains of northeastern Or- egon are detailed. Two of these, Botrychium campestre and B. paradoxum, are additions to the flora of Oregon, and Cryptogramma stelleri is finally confirmed as a member of the Oregon flora, following an unverified 1932 report. Forty-seven pteridophyte species are now known to grow in the Wallowa Mountains, more than half of the fern diversity of Oregon. Situated in the northeastern corner of Oregon, in a physiographic province that includes the Ochoco Mountains and Blue Mountains, the Wallowa Moun- tains support a flora that combines both Cascade Range and Rocky Mountain influences. The combination of geographic location, a deep elevation range, and a mix of limestone, granitic, and volcanic bedrock types combine to sup- port a relatively diverse pteridophyte flora. Mason (1980) reported 35 species of ferns and fern allies from the Wallowas. Since 1980, W. H. and F. S. Wagner have recorded four additional species of Botrychium from the Wallowas, B. crenulatum, B. ascendens, B. lineare, and B. pedunculosum. The last three species were described by Wagner and Wagner (1986, 1994), with type local- ities from the Wallowas. A recently described species of Cryptogramma, C. cascadensis E.R. Alverson (Alverson, 1989), is also well documented from her- barium collections as occurring in the Wallowas. Thus, to date, 40 species of pteridophytes have been reported from the Wallowas. The purpose of this note is to report the existence of populations of seven fern species not previously reported, or reported but not confirmed, from the Wallowa Mountains. These additions bring the total number of pteridophytes known from the Wallowa Mountains to 47 species, or 53% of the approxi- mately 88 pteridophyte species known to occur in Oregon. Of these, Botry- chium campestre and B. paradoxum are additions to the flora of Oregon (Flora of North America Editorial Committee, 1993). Cryptogramma stelleri is finally confirmed as a member of the Oregon flora, as no voucher was ever found to verify the earlier report from the Wallowa Mountains (Frye, 1932). All of our sites are in the Eagle Cap Ranger District of the Wallowa-Whitman National Forest, in Wallowa County, Oregon. Botrychium campestre W.H. Wagner & Farrar (prairie moonwort) is an east- ern grassland species noted for its peculiar, spherical root gemmae. It is re- markably disjunct in the Wallowa Mountains. The nearest recorded population is 900 km to the northeast, in Alberta. A small population of this plant was found in July 1993 by the authors with Herb and Florence Wagner at the type locality for Botrychium ascendens, in the canyon of Hurricane Creek at 1570 m. The site is a mesic meadow on calcareous colluvium, with scattered Picea

Arthropod Diet of Pileated Woodpeckers in Northeastern Oregon

We examined 330 samples of scat collected from 23 individual pileated woodpeckers (Dryocopus pileatus) from August 1989 to August 1990. Based on arthropod mandibles found in the scats, the diet was 68% carpenter ants (Camponotus spp.), 29% thatching ants (Formica spp.) and other ants, 0.4% beetles (Coleoptera), and 2% other. Diet changed seasonally with none or few (0-11%) of the thatching and other ants found from November to February, but these ants comprised most of the diet from June until September. Carpenter ants were found in the diet in all months. Scats collected from the roost cavity of one bird contained 170 mandibles of western spruce budworm (Choristoneura occidentalis) and 259 mandibles of an unknown Isoptera. Knowing the diet of any species is important in understanding its foraging ecology. Diet of the pileated woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus) has been described in the eastern United States and includes insects (primarily ants and wood-boring beetle larvae) all year and some fruits and nuts in the fall (Conway 1957; Hoyt 1957). Bent (1939) reported stomach contents of three birds to contain ants, beetle larvae, and fruits and seeds. Beckwith and Bull (1985) found that this species feeds primarily on ants in northeastern Oregon. Our objective was to determine the arthropod diet of D. pileatus over time in northeastern Oregon. STUDY AREA AND METHODS The study was conducted in the Blue Mountains in northeastern Oregon in Baker, Umatilla, Union, and Wallowa Counties. We collected scats from birds in six study areas within 200 km of either La Grande or Wallowa, Oregon. The study areas were in mixed conifer forests; scattered grasslands comprised 4-14% of these areas. The forests were predominantly mature, uneven-aged stands of grand fir (Abies grandis), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), western larch (Larix occidentalis), and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta). Two of the study areas had been high-graded 40 years ago, three had partial overstory removals about 20 years ago, and one had been extensively logged (clearcut and shelterwood) within the last 15 years. We captured 23 adult D. pileatus in summer (mid-June to mid-August) 1989 and attached 11 g 2-stage transmitters to them. Each bird was followed 1-3 times each week for 1-3 hours until March 1990 when we retrapped the birds and removed the transmitters. During the time each bird was followed, we collected scats when possible. To locate fresh scats, we searched each foraging site or resting site after the bird flew away. We found scats in June 1989, in each month from August 1989 to March 1990, and in August 1990. The scats found 1 August 1990 were collected from the roost cavity of a pileated woodpecker. These probably had been defecated in July because the bird had been roosting in this cavity for several weeks, so we included this sample in July. Scats were difficult to collect in June and July because the birds were often feeding in the tops of trees, and scats were virtually impossible to find on the ground. The characteristic large size of the scat is unique to this woodpecker, and we used the technique of scat analysis described by Beckwith and Bull (1985). This technique primarily identifies arthropod parts because plant material may not be detected. We assumed that the mandibles and other arthropod remains in the scat represented the entire diet. We collected 330 samples: 313 were subsampled, 11 were used in a regression analysis, and 6 (32 individual scats) were collected from a roost. Each of 313 scat samples was dried for 12 hours at 300C and weighed to the nearest 0.001 g on an analytic balance. A subsample was taken for examination

Studies on the idiosomal and leg chaetotaxy of the Cheyletidae (acari) with descriptions of a new genus and four new species

Abstract Camincheyletus glaucomys, n. gen., n. sp., Acaropsellina sumwersi, n. sp., and Eucheyletia oregonensis, n. sp., are described from specimens collected from the nest of northern flying squirrels in Wallowa County, Oregon. Cheletopkyes indiacus, n. sp. is described from specimens collected from a carpenter bee in Kerala, India. A key to the species is provided for Acaropsellina summers, Cheletopkyes Oudemans, and Eucheyletia Baker. A redescription of Laeliocheyletia teretis Summers and Price is presented. A comparison of the leg setae of all available stages indicates changes during development.

Contrasting Compositions of the Youngest Columbia River Basalt Flows in Union and Wallowa Counties, Northeastern Oregon

Note: This paper is dedicated to Aaron and Elizabeth Waters on the occasion of Dr. Waters' retirement. Several new chemical analyses of flows confined to a structural downwarp in northeastern Oregon indicate the first reported occurrence of Late-Yakima–type basalt in the region and the close stratigraphic association of Yakima–type and Late-Yakima–type flows, as well as andesite. The andesite is the most silicic flow rock yet found on the Columbia Plateau.

Revision of Penstemon Section Habroanthus (Scrophulariaceae). II: Series Speciosi

Penstemon series Speciosi consists of six geographically replacing species centered around (although not common within) the Great Basin. Descriptions, specimen-citations, maps and a key document the taxonomy involved and may be used to distinguish the species. Of the six species, only Penstemon speciosus is highly variable, it consisting of a polymorphic assemblage of races. Character-combinations in this species are mapped and discussed. No new taxa, nor changes in rank are proposed. KEY TO SPECIES WITHIN SERIES SPECIOSI A. Leaves broad, 2-4 cm wide; anther sacs pubescent, 3-4 mm long across the connective (from tip to tip) ; stems glabrous; plants robust, 2-5 dm high; staminode bearded; corolla eglandular; Blue Mountains of Wallowa County, Oregon, and adjacent southern Washington. ........ -........-. 1. P. pennellianus AA. Leaves narrow, 0.5-2.0 mm wide. B. Anther sacs glabrous; Pacific Coast States and Great Basin, south and west of the Snake River. C. Anther sacs 4-6 mm long across the connective (from tip to tip); seeds 2.5-3.5 mm long; west of 1140 longitude (approx. the Utah-Nevada border) . ......... 2. P. speciosus CC. Anther sacs 3-4 mm long across the connective; seeds 2.03.0 mm long; east of 1140 longitude. D. Stems and leaves glabrous; plants robust, 4-7 dm high; staminode bearded; corolla eglandular; seeds 2.0-2.5 mm long; southern Utah, in Garfield, Kane, and Washington counties 3. P. laevis DD. Stems and leaves pubescent; plants compact, 1-2 dm high; staminode glabrous; corolla eglandular; seeds 2.23.0 mm long; central Utah, in Sevier County.- -.-.-.--.-.-......------.-....-.-.----.- 4. P. wardii BB. Anther sac pubescent; Idaho, Montana and Wyoming, north and east of the Snake River. E. Stems and basal leaves pubescent; staminode glabrous; sepals long-caudate; Lemhi County, Idaho, and adjacent Ravalli and Beaverhead counties, Montana......... . 5. P . lem hiensis EE. Stems and leaves glabrous; staminode bearded; sepals mucronate; Yellowstone National Park, west to southcentral Idaho, wholly southeast of the range of P. lemhiensis 6. P. cyaneus 1. Penstemon pennellianus Keck (Fig. 1). Penstemon pennellianus Keck, in Amer. Midl. Nat. 23: 614-615. 1940. Type: Sprague [& Gilkey s.n.] (Dudley Herb. No. 239436; photo, PH!) from Joseph Creek Canyon below Flora and 40 mi. n. of Enterprise, Oregon,