Wall Material Research Articles

Sustained-release effect of eggshell powder microcapsules on lavender essential oil

Eggshells are rich in Ca2+ and organic compounds, which can be taken as coupling agents for sustained-release materials. Essential oils are widely applied due to their excellent volatility, but poor sustained-release stability has limited their development. The study aimed to develop a novel eggshell powder (EP) sustained-release microcapsule, providing a new approach to protect the active ingredients of Lavender essential oil (LEO), and investigated the reasons for EP to regulate protein-polysaccharide microcapsule structure. Experimental results showed when the addition ratio of EP and Whey protein (WPI) was 1: 3, the dosage of LEO was 25%, the microcapsule displayed smooth and porous spherical structure. XRD and FT-IR indicated that a dense and orderly network structure was formed via the cross-linking reaction between eggshell powder and wall materials, which induced protein and polysaccharide to form special spherical hollow sustained-release shell structure through the calcium bridge (-COO-Ca-COO-), then achieved the sustained-release effect on LEO.

Structure and physicochemical properties of rice starch modified with dodecenyl succinic anhydride and its use for microencapsulating Pediococcus acidilactici probiotic

Polysaccharides are used as wall materials to extend the shelf life of lactic acid bacteria. Ice crystal formation during freezing leads to probiotic death. We prepared a series of dodecenyl succinic anhydride (DDSA)-modified rice starches with varying degrees of substitution and compared their functional properties. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, and nuclear magnetic resonance results confirmed successful DDSA modification and the disruption of the long-range ordering of starch molecules. The structural changes modified the physicochemical properties of starch. For example, the apparent viscosity and viscoelastic characteristics of modified rice starch increased, and its freeze-thaw stability and emulsion capacity were remarkably improved after DDSA modification. Moreover, the modified starches exhibited promising performance for microencapsulating Pediococcus acidilactici. This study describes a rice starch derivative with excellent physicochemical properties that can be used to enhance the storage stability of bioactive probiotics.

Similar Pathophysiological Mechanisms Between Osteoarthritis and Vascular Disease

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent, chronic joint disorder affecting millions of people worldwide, characterized by articular cartilage degradation, subchondral bone remodeling, synovial cytokine secretion, and osteophyte formation. OA primarily affects the hips, knees, hands, and spine. Patients with OA exhibit a higher prevalence of cardiovascular comorbidities and potentially important associations between OA and cardiovascular diseases have prompted investigations into potentially similar pathophysiological associations. This review explores the coexistence of atherosclerotic peripheral vascular disease (ASPVD) in OA patients, including evidence from a contemporary study suggesting associations between OA and arterial wall thickness and blood flow changes which are characteristic of early atherosclerosis, and which stimulate reactive pathology in endothelial cells. Observations from this study demonstrate elevated arterial flow volume and increased intima-media thickness in arteries ipsilateral to OA knees, suggesting a potential link between OA and arterial wall disease. We further explore the intricate relationship between the vascular system and skeletal health, highlighting bidirectional interactions among endothelial cells, inflammatory cells, and various bone cells. Mechanical endothelial cell dysfunction is discussed, emphasizing the impact of vessel wall material changes and endothelial cell responses to alterations in fluid shear stress. Inflammatory changes in OA and ASPVD are also explored, showcasing shared pathophysiological processes involving immune cell infiltration and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, the role of hypofibrinolysis in OA and ASPVD is discussed, highlighting similarities in elevations of the hypercoagulative and hypofibrinolytic factor, plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1). The review suggests a provocative relationship among low-grade chronic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and hypofibrinolytic states in OA and ASPVD, warranting further investigation. In conclusion, this review provides an exploration of the possible associations between OA and ASPVD. While the ongoing study’s findings and other reports are observational, they suggest shared pathophysiological processes and emphasize the need for further research to elucidate additional potentially correlative linkages between these conditions. Understanding common molecular pathways may pave a way for targeted interventions that address both OA and ASPVD.

The application of dietary fibre as microcapsule wall material in food processing

In the food industry, functional ingredients derived from active substances of natural sources and microbiological resources are gaining acceptance and demand due to their beneficial health properties. However, the inherent instability of these constituents poses a challenge in utilizing their functional properties. Microencapsulation with dietary fibre as wall material technology offers a promising solution, providing convenient manipulability and effective safeguarding of encapsulated substances. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the current state of research on dietary fibre-based microcapsules in food processing. It examines their functional attributes, the preparation technology, and their applications within the food industry. Furthermore, the constraints associated with industrial production are discussed, as well as potential future developments. This article offers researchers a reference point and a theoretical basis for the selection of innovative food ingredients, the high-value utilisation of dietary fibre, and the design of conservation strategies for functional substances in food production.

Effect of maltodextrin and Persian gum as wall materials and tannic acid as copigment on some properties of encapsulated sour cherry anthocyanin microcapsules

Due to the instability of anthocyanins, their application as natural colorants is limited. To improve their stability, anthocyanins extracted from sour cherry were copigmented with tannic acid at varying molar ratios. The optimal anthocyanin:copigment molar ratio was determined to be 1:0.25. Subsequently, both non-copigmented and copigmented anthocyanins (using the optimal tannic acid molarity) were spray-dried with either maltodextrin alone (T1 and T2) or a combination of maltodextrin and Persian gum (T3 and T4). The anthocyanin retention in T2 and T4 was approximately 53 % and 38 %, respectively, which were higher than in the non-copigmented samples. All powders demonstrated high encapsulation efficiency (>90.37 %). Stability tests on the anthocyanins conducted over 28 days indicated that light exposure had no effect on the reduction of anthocyanin content when maltodextrin was used. Thus, the copigmentation of anthocyanins with tannic acid, combined with encapsulation in maltodextrin, presents a promising method for producing a stable natural colorant.

Curcumin‐loaded nanoparticles developed from sodium caseinate and OSA starch and the in vitro semi‐dynamic elderly digestion behaviour of fortified yogurt

SummaryCurcumin is a bioactive substance, while poor stability and low bioavailability limit its effective utilisation. Curcumin‐loaded nanoparticles were prepared using the wall materials containing OSA starch alone (HI), sodium caseinate alone (SC), and a mixture of OSA starch and sodium caseinate (HS). Compared to HI and SC, HS had obvious network structure and smaller particle size, with the loading capacity higher than 20%. The storage stability at 4 °C were higher in HS and SC, FTIR and XRD results showed that all nanoparticles encapsulated curcumin through hydrogen bonding. When nanoparticles were added to yogurt, HI showed slower curcumin release during in vitro semi‐dynamic elderly digestion, whereas SC and HS can better accelerate the digestion rate of proteins in yogurt, leading to a decrease in the apparent viscosity of digestive emptying products. This study provided a reference for curcumin delivery wall materials and pushed forward development of functional foods for elderly.

Tuning Rigid Polyurethane Foam with Eco-friendly Cellulose Nanocrystals from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches as Energy-Efficient Material Composites for Buildings

The development of novel materials based on renewable materials with beneficial properties that assist with energy efficiency and conservation has been encouraged by increasing consciousness of environmental issues. This research intends to use sustainable cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) obtained from oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) as reinforcement to enhance the properties of rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF). RPUF reinforcement with varied CNC concentrations (0.25–1 wt%) was examined by foaming behavior, surface morphology, mechanical properties, thermal insulation properties, dimensional stability, efficiency energy study, and CO2 reduction through their thermal conductivity values. The results achieved an optimal improvement of mechanical properties of the RPUF composite by around 23.53% compared to RPUF control, at the addition of 0.5 wt% of CNC concentration while maintaining the density of 37–39 kg/m3. Further, incorporating CNC improved thermal insulating performance by 9.95%, as reflected by decreased thermal conductivity from 0.0292 W/mK to 0.0269 W/mK and decreased cell size by 28.12%. Finally, based on the energy and cost efficiency studies, RPUF-CNC composites offer up to 0.78 kWh/m2 and 0.031 kWh/m2 compared to conventional wall materials made of concrete and wood, respectively. Furthermore, it contributed to reduced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 110 and 7.2 kg CO2/year compared to concrete and wood, respectively. This work demonstrates the promising use of eco-friendly building insulation materials to mitigate the energy and environmental crisis.

Advancing protein hydrolysis and phytosterol encapsulation: Emerging trends and innovations in protein-based microencapsulation techniques – A comprehensive review

Phytosterols represent a diverse and complex category of lipophilic bioactive compounds, exhibiting excellent pro-healthy properties. However, their consumption in daily diets is insufficient, and their application in food production is hindered by challenges such as low water solubility, high reactivity, and rapid degradation. The adoption of different protein or their structural modification as hydrolysates as wall material into microencapsulation techniques can be associated with improved solubility, enhanced bioaccessibility, increased bioavailability, and an extension of shelf life.This contribution provides an overview of advancements in modifying functional properties through various protein isolation methods and structural changes resulting from enzymatic hydrolysis. Additionally, the paper considers the state of the art in the utilization of various techniques and the composition of wall material in the encapsulation of phytosterols and other common lipophilic phytochemicals incorporated into delivery systems.Protein isolates obtained through novel methods of extraction may be characterized by an enhancement of their functional properties, which is crucial for the microencapsulation process. It entails not only recognizing their role as protective barriers for core materials against environmental conditions but also acknowledging their potential health-promoting attributes. These attributes encompass antioxidant properties and enhanced functional characteristics compared to native proteins. Moreover, the exploration of protein hydrolysates as versatile wall materials holds significant promise. These hydrolysates offer exceptional protective features for core materials, extending beyond mere environmental shielding. The envisioned impact extends beyond conventional delivery systems, offering transformative potential for the future of drug delivery and nutraceutical formulations.

Improved viability of probiotics by co-encapsulation of wheat germ oil under storage and gastrointestinal conditions: Effects of drying methods and wall composition

To improve the viability of probiotics during food storage and gastrointestinal digestion, this study developed solid microcapsules co-loaded with probiotics and wheat germ oil using W1/O/W2 emulsion pre-encapsulation, followed by spray drying (SD), freeze drying (FD) and spray freeze drying (SFD), respectively. The effects of drying methods and wall materials on the microstructure, physicochemical properties, storage stability, and gastrointestinal tolerability were highlighted. Firstly, all samples showed high encapsulation efficiency for probiotics (86%–99.2%) and wheat germ oil (72%–85%), low moisture content (2.8%–5.3%) and hygroscopicity (6.3%–11.6%), and wall materials exhibited structural stability during the drying process. The results of viable cell counts indicated that SFD caused more damage to bacterial cells than the other two drying methods, as evidenced by the total death of encapsulated probiotics within 90 days. In contrast, SD and FD encapsulated probiotics remained at 8.8–9.9 log CFU/g after 150 days of storage at 4 °C and 25 °C. Furthermore, the viability of probiotics in the co-encapsulated and pectin-added microcapsules was significantly enhanced in storage stability and simulated gastrointestinal digestion tests. Based on the above results, it was suggested that the co-encapsulation strategy of combining the W1/O/W2 structure and SD or FD to prepare microencapsulated powders can obtain probiotic products with high activity and high stability. Meanwhile, composite wall material (whey protein isolate and pectin) could enhance probiotics' protective effect and colonic targeted release behavior. In conclusion, the current research provides a valuable reference for the application of probiotics and functional oils in the food industry.

Competitive position of sand-lime bricks in the domestic market, threats and opportunities for manufacturers

The problem of assessing the prospects of silicate bricks in the domestic market of small wall materials is discussed. The solution to this problem is based on the results of the analysis of the market situation, consumer preferences and competitiveness of silicate bricks. It is shown that in the period from 2014 to 2021 due to the stronger competitive position of autoclaved aerated concrete blocks and face ceramic bricks, the capacity of the market of silicate bricks decreased, its production volume and share in the structure of consumption of small-piece wall materials. The results of marketing research conducted on the basis of online questionnaires of respondents are presented, according to which the majority of respondents consider face ceramic bricks to be the material that best meets their requirements in terms of quality and appearance. The calculations showed that despite the fact that ceramic bricks have almost equal positions in terms of technical parameters and worse positions in terms of aesthetics, the most competitive material is, nevertheless, silicate bricks, which have a relatively low price. A number of threats for silicate brick producers include a decrease in demand for products, a high degree of wear and tear of technological equipment, dependence on foreign supplies of pigments, spare parts and components for equipment, insufficient level of professional competence of the personnel, etc. It is expected that in the future a number of manufacturers of sand-lime bricks will have to face the following challenges. It is assumed that in the future the ordinary silicate bricks will apparently “leave” the construction market, in connection with which manufacturers will have to focus on improving the quality and aesthetic parameters of facial silicate bricks while maintaining an attractive price for consumers.

Sulforaphane nanoparticles coated with zein-propylene glycol alginate attenuate N-diethylnitrosamine-induced liver injury in mice.

Sulforaphane-loaded nanoparticles (NP-SF) were prepared in this study to improve their biological effects. Based on propylene glycol alginate and zein as wall materials and anthocyanin and CaCl2 as crosslinking agents, the NPs were encapsulated by the crosslinking method and freeze-dried. With the increasing contents of anthocyanin and Ca2+, the encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity of NP-SF were both increased. In vitro simulated digestion experiments showed controlled release of SF from the NPs. The pharmacokinetics confirmed that NP-SF exerted a slower release effect in rats, with improved SF bioavailability and protective effects on liver injury induced by N-diethylnitrosamine in mice. NP-SF reduced serum indicators of liver injury, increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes and GSH levels, and reduced malondialdehyde levels in the liver. In addition, SF activated the Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathway and upregulated the expression of the Nrf2 downstream genes NQO1 and heme oxidase 1. High doses of NP-SF, in particular, had a higher therapeutic effect. In conclusion, encapsulation enhanced the biological activity of SF and promoted physiological function.

Optical microscopy of ceramic materials based on fly ash from thermal power plants

The data on the annual release of ash and slag waste as a result of the operation of thermal power plants (TPP) in Siberia and the Far East of the Russian Federation are presented. The main reasons for the insignificant use of ash in the construction industry (about 5-8% of the total waste output) and the problems hindering its use for the production of ceramic wall materials are considered. A brief description of the composition and properties of the raw materials used in this work for the manufacture of ceramic wall materials is given. The compositions of the developed fly ash-based charges and the method of manufacturing ceramic samples with a matrix structure are given. The results of the study of the structure of ceramic materials by optical microscopy are presented. It is established that during the firing process, a matrix (dispersion medium) is formed from the fusible shell of aggregated complexes, and granules from fly ash are transformed into cores (dispersed phase) of a ceramic matrix composite. It was revealed that the kernels have an oval shape due to the deformation of the granules during pressing. Clusters are formed in the nuclei, consisting of a large number of small crystalline grains connected by an amorphous substance and edged with thin chains of pores. It is shown that the developed pore space inside the cores is mainly represented by frost-proof and reserve pores, which ensures high frost resistance of ceramic samples based on fly ash.

투광효과 도자기의 특징요소에 관한 연구 - 이인화 작품을 중심으로

Translucency refers to the property of transmitting light. With the development of decorative effects in ceramics, more artists are utilizing translucency as an expressive tool in their works, and the factors influencing translucent ceramics are continually evolving.This study aims to analyze and organize the characteristic elements of translucent ceramics through case studies of works that demonstrate the desired properties. Various decorative effects greatly contribute to the advancement of translucent ceramics.Ceramic artist Lee In-hwa first started working with translucent ceramics after observing the semi-transparent appearance of thin ceramics. Since graduating with a master's degree in 2011, her translucent works have developed rapidly over the past 13 years. Therefore, this study selected Lee In-hwa's translucent works to analyze the characteristics of translucent ceramics, categorizing them into three elements: wall thickness, material composition, and translucent glaze.The research results present the characteristics, strengths, and weaknesses of these three factors. This study examines the conceptual principles of translucency, the development process, and the current status of translucent ceramics, highlighting the characteristic elements through the evolution of Lee In-hwa's translucent ceramic works. From the perspective of the development of translucent ceramics, it provides more possibilities for future expression and advancement of translucent ceramic works.

Morphological Assessment of Thymol Essential Oil using Different Solvents and Stirring Time

Essential oils (EOs) have been used in numerous industries for ages including pharmaceutical, textile and food. Microencapsulation formulation and techniques are important to enhance the EOs characteristics and stability which could directly influence the yield and quality of EOs. This research paper evaluated the effect of using different solvents and stirring time on thymol EO microcapsules. Ethanol and methanol were used as solvents to encapsulate the core and wall material using a simple coacervation method. The microcapsules were collected at various time intervals which were 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 minutes. It has been noted that the stirring time influenced the size of microcapsules. Using Thymol oil, ethyl cellulose, methanol and polyvinyl alcohol (TM) produces the most microcapsules at 120 minutes of stirring time. The biggest microcapsule diameter was recorded at 90 min stirring time using formulation of thymol oil, ethyl cellulose, ethanol, and polyvinyl alcohol (TE). The encapsulation efficiency (EE) of both samples are 64.55% and 72.16%, respectively.

Enhancement of oxidative stability of camelina oil via Alyssum homolocarpum seed gum/sodium alginate–based microcapsules loaded with Echinacea purpurea (L.) extract

Alyssum homolocarpum seed gum (AHSG) and sodium alginate (SA) were utilized as wall materials for the microencapsulation of Echinacea purpurea extract via spray drying. Furthermore, effect of microcapsules on the oxidative stability of camelina oil was assessed over a 30-day storage period. The results showed that with an increase in AHSG concentration, the particle size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential of emulsions decreased, while their viscosity, and stability increased. Microcapsules prepared with AHSG alone exhibited the highest encapsulation efficiency (90.70 %), loading efficiency (40.70 %), and water solubility (88.47 %), but the lowest moisture content (1.45 %), water activity (0.31), wettability (198 s), and hygroscopicity (13.50 g/100 g). Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed a spherical and smooth surface for AHSG alone-based microcapsules. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated that certain chemical interactions occurred between the E. purpurea extract and wall materials. By incorporating AHSG/SA-based microcapsules containing E. purpurea extract into camelina oil, the peroxide value (increasing from 1.79 to 5.12 meq∙O2/kg) and anisidine value (increasing from 1.63 to 7.09) were maintained during the 30-day storage period. In conclusion, the microcapsules prepared with AHSG alone showed significant potential for encapsulating E. purpurea extract and subsequently enhancing oxidative stability of camelina oil, comparable to TBHQ.

The influence of the climate, the materials of the walls, and the gas effects of double and triple-glazed windows in terms of energy evaluation and economic expenses

The computation of heating and cooling loads for office buildings is influenced by the significant population and diverse occupations of the users throughout various time durations. The first step in this investigation involves using specialized software to simulate a model office structure. To improve the thermal insulation of the building's outside covering and the arrangement of the windows, modifications are performed by considering the appropriate assumptions. Furthermore, this study examined samples of double- and triple-glazed windows using argon, xenon, krypton, air, and vacuum as insulating materials. In addition, the thermal efficiency of this construction was evaluated using common wall materials such as Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC), Educational Credential Assessment (ECA), and Cellular Lightweight Concrete (CLC) blocks. This research conducted a comparison and analysis of four different climates, including Canada, Saudi Arabia, Greece, Sweden, and Iran, with the climate of the study location. The aim of this study is to enhance thermal loads and energy efficiency in a simulated construction. The research demonstrates that arranging windows correctly, implementing efficient wall insulation, and ensuring appropriate climatic conditions may result in a reduction in cooling and heating loads by around 4–8 %. Finally, the economic study demonstrates that the time it takes to recoup the investment for different configurations ranges from 2.4 to 9.3 years. In summary, this research provides significant insights on how to decrease energy consumption in buildings and highlights different approaches that architects and engineers could use to build energy-efficient and sustainable structures.

Evaluating trends in damage to attractive targeted sugar baits (ATSBs) deployed during the second year of a two-year Phase III trial in Western Zambia

BackgroundAttractive Targeted Sugar Baits (ATSBs) are a proposed new vector control tool for malaria that contain sugar and an ingestion toxicant, and are designed to attract and kill sugar-feeding mosquitoes. During a two-arm cluster randomized Phase III trial conducted in Zambia to test the efficacy of ATSB stations on malaria incidence, ATSB stations deployed on eligible household structures within intervention clusters were routinely monitored to ensure their good physical condition and high coverage. This study investigates trends in prevalence and rate of damage to ATSB stations during year 2 of the two-year trial.MethodsThe analysis was conducted using monitoring data collected in year 2, which included types of damage observed, location, and date of removal and/or replacement of ATSB stations. The study evaluated temporal trends in the prevalence of overall damage and different damage types among 68,299 ATSB stations deployed. A profile of all ATSB stations installed on each structure was constructed, and spatial analyses conducted on overall damage and different damage types observed on 18,890 structures. Mixed effects regression analyses were conducted to investigate drivers of damage to ATSB stations on these structures.ResultsPrevalence of overall damage and different damage types was temporally and spatially heterogeneous. Among damaged ATSB stations observed during monitoring, tears and mold had the highest prevalences on average, with tears maintaining above 50.0% prevalence through most of the monitoring period, while mold prevalence increased steadily during the first few months, peaking in February. Overall, 45.6% of structures had at least one damaged ATSB station, however this varied spatially across the trial site. Both structure characteristics and environmental factors significantly impacted the odds and rate of damage to ATSB stations on structures, including: ATSB stations’ level of protection from rainfall and sunshine; roof and wall material of the structure; night-time temperature; rainfall; enhanced vegetation index, and land cover.ConclusionDamage to ATSB stations in this setting was common and was temporally and spatially heterogeneous. This has implications on operational feasibility, sustainability, and cost of future deployment. Further research is required to understand the mechanisms of damage, and to minimize prevalence and rate of damage to ATSB stations.

Maximizing strength and durability in wood concrete (arbolite) via innovative additive control and consumption

AbstractA new approach for assessing the effectiveness and determining the consumption of additives to regulate the structural and mechanical characteristics of wood concrete is proposed, which allows rapid assessment in a short time and reduces the consumption of materials. The period is reduced from 28 to 1 day, and the sample sizes are reduced from 150 × 150 × 150 to 20 × 20 × 20 mm compared to those of the standard method. The results obtained are comparable using both methods within an error of up to 7%. The thermal conductivity of wood concrete with the addition of potassium sulfate was 20.8% less than that with the addition of calcium chloride. This reduction will reduce wall thickness, material consumption, and cost by 20.8%. In this regard, potassium sulfate, which does not form crystalline hydrates and makes it possible to obtain a material with lower thermal conductivity than other additives, all other things being equal, has a new advantage for wood concrete. In addition, potassium sulfate reduces the risk of corrosion of cement stone because one of the main causes of corrosion is crystalline hydrates. Reducing the risk of corrosion will increase the durability of the material.

Fabrication of chitosan-encapsulated microcapsules containing wood wax oil for antibacterial self-healing wood coatings

Wood multifunctional smart coating is a new functional coating that combines smart material technology with traditional wood. In this study, wood wax oil based on thistle oil and flaxseed oil was used as the core material, and chitosan was used as the wall material to prepare self-repairing antibacterial microcapsules. The optimal preparation conditions were found to be an oil-water ratio (OWR) of 2:1, a core-to-wall ratio of 3:1, using OP-10 as the emulsifier at a concentration of 10.0 %, and a crosslinker concentration of 0.18 g/mL. The encapsulation efficiency of microcapsules was 73.7 % by spray drying, and the thermal stability was improved. The chitosan microcapsules exhibit the characteristics of water sensitivity and acid selective response, with rapid release at pH 7.0. Blending microcapsules at concentrations of 2.0 %, 5.0 %, and 8.0 % with UV topcoat and applying them to walnut plywood resulted in a multifunctional wood coating. Artificially simulated daily scratch damage was effectively repaired within 7 d. Furthermore, the 10.0 % microcapsules demonstrated antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Escherichia coli (E. coli), with an antibacterial E. coli and S. aureus rate of up to 75.82 % and 42.96 %. The IC50 of the wood coatings against E. coli was 5.667, while against S. aureus it was 15.45. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the microcapsules against both E. coli and S. aureus was 10.0 %. The coating film containing 2.0 % microcapsules demonstrated superior overall performance. This research established a foundation for the development of self-healing antibacterial coatings for wood and addressed the gap in dual-functional self-healing antibacterial paint films for wood.

The Effect of Combinations of Wall Materials on Encapsulation of Phenolic Contents from Extract of <i>Clitoria ternatea</i>

In our research, we demonstrate an innovative process for preserving polyphenolic compounds in a selected plant extract through a modified encapsulation technique. This can enhance preservation strategies and unlock potential industrial applications. The polyphenolic contents of butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea) were extracted using the reflux extraction method using distilled water as a solvent. The flower-to-solvent ratio was 1:20 w/v. The total phenolic contents of C. ternatea extract were evaluated. To keep the stability of the phenolic contents in C. ternatea extract, the encapsulates of extract were performed using different combinations of wall material. In preparation for encapsulation, sodium alginate was used as the main wall material, which cooperated with other wall materials including gum arabic, maltodextrin, and casein sodium salt. The encapsulation which was performed using 3.0% w/v of sodium alginate mixed with 1.0% w/v of gum arabic, and C. ternatea extract in 5.0% w/v of CaCl2 solution provided a smooth surface and spherical shape of the particles. However, the optimized condition of encapsulation of C. ternatea extract using the combinations of wall materials which reveal thermal stability and degradation of polyphenolics was performed using 3.0% w/v of sodium alginate mixed with 1.0% w/v of casein sodium salt, and C. ternatea extract in 5.0% w/v of CaCl2 solution. This condition exhibited the highest thermal stability at 205°C and offered the lowest polyphenol contents degradation at 2.76±0.52 gallic acid equivalents/100 mg dried bead. The average particle sizes of encapsulates using the three conditions of 3.0% w/v of sodium alginate mixed with 1.0% w/v of casein sodium salt, gum arabic, and maltodextrin were 1247, 977, and 1210 µm in diameter, respectively. This method would be an alternative way to prevent polyphenolic compound degradation and boost shelf life at high temperatures in many potential applications.