Walled Garden Research Articles

HORTICULTURE IN ANTIQUITY, WITH EMPHASIS ON THE GRAECO-ROMAN ERA

The evolution of horticulture (gardening) in antiquity, as distinct from largescale agriculture and forestry, is traced from its humble origins in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, to the Graeco-Roman era. Little is known about horticulture in the Greek Bronze Age and Homeric period, but from the 5th century onwards, public rather than private gardens became popular. In Athens a market garden was planted on the agora, and public parks (containing trees without flowers or decorative shrubs) like the Academy and Lyceum, appeared on the outskirts of the cities. Orchards and vegetable gardens were usually placed outside city walls and domestic gardening in and around homes were virtually unknown. The Greeks used wild flowers rather than cultivated flowers. Graveyards were planted with trees, and sacred groves, often in idyllic settings, were associated with shrines and divinity. During the Hellenistic era, exotic gardens based on the Persian paradeisos, were introduced by the affluent. The Romans made extensive use of private and domestic horticulture. In their homes (domus) built on the Greek model, the peristyle in particular, was converted into a garden containing trees, shrubs, flowers and vegetables. Further walled gardens were often attached to the domus. In large cities where the majority of citizens lived in multi-storied apartments (cenaculae), domestic gardening was restricted to occasional climbing plants and potted flowers decorating pillars, balconies and window sills. Wealthy Romans erected villas on country estates where indoor gardens and outside horticultural projects often included large orchards, gardens and vegetables shrubs and flowers, as well as tree-lined walking lanes, shrines, statues and water features. Facilities for horse riding were common, as well as pleasure gardens on the paradeisos model.

Beyond the Walled Garden: LIS Students in an Era of Participatory Culture

Beyond the Walled Garden: LIS Students in an Era of Participatory Culture

Walled Garden Rivalry: The Creation of Mobile Network Ecosystems

Dynamic competitive forces are dramatically altering mobile markets in the U.S. and around the world. Wireless networks, having sunk considerable capital in the creation of phone systems, must not only compete among themselves for subscribers, but also need to form strategic alliances with emerging handset application platforms (HAPs) created by such firms as Research in Motion (Blackberry), Apple (iPhone), and Google (Android). Current developments illustrate two fundamental aspects of innovation. First, that innovations created by one set of investors may generate returns for complementary suppliers, either via coordinated activity (strategic platforms) or competitive rivalry (appropriation). Second, that the efficiency of such ecosystems may be enhanced by market structure innovations that either extend vertical control or delimit it. This runs counter to the prevailing popular and regulatory sentiment that “open” platforms offer categorically superior welfare outcomes than do “closed” systems – aka “walled gardens.”

The Use of Mobile Devices To Improve Alarm Systems

The Joint Commission 2007 Annual Report stated, “Inadequate communication between care providers, or between care providers and patients/families, is consistently the main root cause of sentinel events.”1 Critical components of communication regarding the health status of a patient are the alerts and notifications originating from the various patient monitors; yet according to the American Journal of Emergency Medicine, as many as 99.4% of alarms are false and less than 1% result in change to patient management.2 Looking to 2011, alarm hazards remain an ongoing challenge, listed at number two on the ECRI Institute’s Top 10 Health Technology Hazards for this year.3 This paper addresses how the use of mobile devices such as the iPhone, the Android smart phone, and the Blackberry with intuitive interfaces and messaging coupled with an integrated alarm management platform will improve clinical satisfaction and operational workflow and decrease risk at the point of care.

Working Paper: Let One Thousand Brands Blossom in the Walled Gardens of Social Media

Social media, sites where users can generate content and interact with each other, such as Facebook, Twitter and Blogger, have placed trademark holders for “brand” new challenges and opportunities. Trademark holders seem to have unwittingly signed a Faustian pact with social media sites. On the one hand they can reap the benefits of two-way contact with users who co-create value for the brand. On the other hand, trademark holders seem to have lost all control over their brand integrity. A fortiori, because of the interconnectedness of social media good and bad brand exposure can spread like wild fire. Current trademark law as such cannot offer all solutions. But not all is lost for trademark holders. Social media are basing their business models on advertising. Social media have the characteristics of walled gardens which have the potential to better cater to the needs of all stakeholders than would be possible in the outside world. This paper asserts that if a balanced and transparent system is implemented in regard to brand integrity it would improve business predictability for trademark holders and social media, and legal certainty for trademark holders, social media and users alike.

Governance of mobile service innovation after the walled gardens

PurposeThis paper seeks to study how interorganizational governance mechanisms within mobile eco‐systems are affected by the end of the walled gardens and what this implies for developing mobile internet services.Design/methodology/approachStarting from concepts on interorganizational governance, the paper conducts an extensive case study on how the Dutch walled garden i‐mode portal evolved in an open WAP‐based portal.FindingsThe transition of walled garden to open portals dramatically changes governance mechanisms between operator and content providers. Authority‐based governance in the form of operator rules, contracts‐based governance in the form of formalized agreements, and trust‐based governance in the form of close collaboration all reduced following the end of the walled garden.Research limitations/implicationsThe author demonstrates that theoretical concepts of interorganizational governance are relevant for actors within the mobile ecosystem to understand, next to regulatory, technical and market mechanisms, if they are to provide value to the customers as well as to the eco‐system itself.Originality/valueAlthough scholars often agree that the choice between walled gardens and open models will influence service innovation, existing studies do not systematically study how governance between operators and content providers changes when the mobile eco‐system is transforming from walled gardens to open models. Although this paper focuses on the relation between operators and content providers, the power shift to hardware and platform providers implies that governance is still highly relevant. As walled gardens also emerge in other areas of ICT‐enabled services, for instance in the Smart Living domain, the insights will be valuable for studies on ICT‐enabled service industries as well.

Out of Notebooks

Out of Notebooks W. S. Di Piero (bio) In Varieties of Religious Experience, William James says that the life of religion consists of the belief “that there is an unseen order, and that our supreme good lies in harmoniously adjusting ourselves thereto.” Much poetry, however, comes out of the process of failing to so adjust, or of the torment and struggle to adjust, the dissonance and raucousness of the work of it. I believe a poet’s task is to tell the struggle, to attempt to reveal the order or our dream of it. Poetry that convincingly and freshly declares knowledge of that harmony or makes sweet music of that agreement is very rare. Thomas Traherne and Henry Vaughan do it. Such poetry may be a little superfluous, for who needs to have represented what has been so supremely experienced? To satisfy religious desire, Gerard Manley Hopkins turned language itself into a kind of gigantomachy. In a certain Australian tribe, boys about to be initiated are taken from their mothers by masked men, carried outside the village, made to lie on the ground, and then covered entirely with sticks and branches. They are “buried” in order to experience an artificial night, estranged from the familiar natural night of stars and moon. They are interred in absolute darkness, surrounded by terrifying creatures, until the arrival of their god is signaled by the sound of bull-roarers. These experiences are repeated throughout the initiation period: removal, burial, darkness and death, terror, and the arrival of the god. In a secular time, forms of poetry are like that: in and of nature, they yet are not natural, but cultural. The artificial surround, the hermeticism of form make a poet more alert to the presence of gods and their terrifying assistants; but unlike the initiate, the poet is not just the sufferer and receptor, but also the respondent, giving shape to the formless divine darkness. In the sounds of the poem coming into being, you hear and pursue the sound of bull-roarers; the rough music of the poem in its beginnings is the noise of the approaching deity. In one of his essays, Mircea Eliade says that poets try to remake the world, to see it as if neither time nor history exists, and that this attitude is much like that of the “primitive,” of the person in traditional society. We don’t [End Page 19] live in a traditional society. Most poets coming out of the European tradition, certainly those in North America, write out of the ruins or remnants or inchoate beginnings of dozens of different traditions: religious, mythological, familial, and political. I know that a poet seeks and, when fortunate, succeeds in seeing (to borrow Eliade’s phrase) in illo tempore: in the First Time, the Early Time, in or near Paradise, which means “walled garden.” But poets write of and with the body, which is pure contingency, time, and an image of history. I may desire to remake or resee the world in its First Time, as it was in the beginning, but I know in that moment of desire that I will produce a picture of impossibility, that I write out of the contingency of body, hour, event. If the “pure” or “primitive” poet seeks to remake the world, he or she does so in the shadow of Nimrod, master builder of the Tower of Babel. Paradise is where objects have a hard, bright singleness not numbed or clouded by habit, by what Baudelaire calls “the heavy darkness of communal and day-to-day existence.” The more habituated we become, while objects proliferate so riotously in our culture, the harder it is to keep the sensors alive and sharp, to preserve our Edenic sense. Maybe we are so flooded by objects of habit that we are nearly always distracted from the shining particulars of existence that strike us on every page of Homer, and so we tend to seek meanings, privileged meanings, in whatever is idiosyncratic or strange. We insist more and more on certain moments, picked from the bin of identical parts, as unique, freighted with meaning or consequence—the privilege of details noticed, notions entertained. The...

Illustrated history of landscape design

Introduction. Prehistory-6th Century. Cosmological Landscapes. Ancient Gardens. Landscape and Architecture. Genius Loci. 6th-15th Centures. Western Europe: Walled Minds, Walled Gardens. Moorish Spain: An Indelible Influence. China: Nature's Splendor in a Garden. Japan: In the Spirit of Nature. 15th Century. Japan: Muromachi Era. China: Ming Dynasty. Central Asia: Timurid Garden Cities. Italy: Curious Minds, Broadened Vistas. 16th Century. Italy: The Rebirth of Rome. Renaissance Gardens in France and England. The Early Botanic Garden: An Encyclopedia of Plants. Early Mughal Gardens: Persian Art Forms Travel East. Japan: The Momoyama Era. 17th Century. Japan: Edo Period. The Mughal Empire: Sacred Symmetries. Persian Gardens of Paradise. Italian Baroque Styles. The flowering of the Dutch Landscape. English Gardens: A Restrained Mix of European Styles. French Classical Gardens: The Control of Nature. 18th Century. England: The Development of the Landscape Garden. The Landscape Garden in France. China: Qianlong's Imprint. Early American Gardens: Homeland Traditions. 19th Century. England: The Victorians and Their Plants. France: Republics and Empires. Landscape Architecture in America. 20th Century. The Glided Age: Extremes of Wealth and Poverty. The New Aesthetic of Modernism. Environmental Art: Nature as Medium. Artistic Trends in Landscape Design. Environmental and Ecological Design. Postmodern Landscapes. 21st Century. A Sustainable Earth: Ten Ideas. Endnotes. Bibliography. Index.

Psychiatric services in Jaipur: Past and present

Byline: Shiv. Gautam Era of Asylums (1856-1944) To view the changing perspective of Psychiatry in Rajasthan, we must begin with the story of establishment of lunatic asylums in Rajputana states. It was after the treaty of alliance signed between the native states of Rajputana and the East India Company (1803-1818) that each native state created/established an asylum for detention and care of the lunatics. Initially the lunatics were seen in dispensaries and detained in jails tied with chains. An asylum outside the jail was first established in 1881 in Jaipur state. Ajmer had an asylum inside jail in 1865 (Hendley 1900). Forty unfortunate lunatics were incarcerated inside 'cells' in this asylum, which was situated near Ghatgate (Jaipur). In year 1894, another enclosure in a walled garden near Central Telegraph Office, Jaipur in the southern part of the city was used as asylum by Jaipur state. Here the lunatics were left to enjoy the Open Court Yard and a 'Baradaree', no cots were provided but the atmosphere was more humane and sympathetic towards the unfortunate lunatics who were confined in this asylum. Food and protection were provided by the jail department till 1922, when this asylum was shifted to a Dharamshala situated near Chandpole Gate opposite the present Janana Hospital. Here the lunatics were again put in cells. The medical supervision was provided by the part-time doctors from the jail department. Administration, watch and ward of asylum remained under the jail department till year 1943 (Annual Administrative Reports of Jaipur State, 1894-1943). In 1943, Jaipur state enacted Jaipur Lunacy Act for detention and treatment of lunatics; the criminal procedure code 1926. Jaipur State was amended for the detention and care of the criminal lunatics 1943 (C.P.U. 1943). From the year 1944, the Mental Hospital Jaipur (Lunatic Asylum) started running as an independent hospital under Medical Department of Jaipur State. Till 1922, the control of lunatic asylum was placed under the Rajputana Agency, but after 1922 the administration of lunatic asylum was transferred to Jaipur Durbar. The annual returns from these asylums show a high mortality of lunatics admitted there in, on account of diarrhea, dysentery and fever. Under orders from Jaipur Durbar, the lunatics could be released from asylums for the care of relatives and friends if assured for kind sympathetic care and protection from doing harm to others. All lunatics were admitted under court orders. The discipline of psychiatry is rather a new specialty of medical science. Though understanding of human mind has existed from times immemorial in different philosophical and religious schools, in the middle ages, due to lack of knowledge, superstitions like evil spirits dominated the explanation for various mental disorders. It is only in the late 19[sup] th century that psychoanalytic explanations came in and the last four decades have seen tremendous scientific advancements in understanding of human behavior through biopsychosocial research. The treatment of mental disorders has also been revolutionized in the last four decades and as a result to this the specialty is now a very fast growing subject. As a result of research in mental health, now intricate complexities of the human mind have been understood in terms of neuroelectrical and neurochemical changes occurring in the brain. Specific change occurring with different mood states has been identified and an intervention to bring desired changes in human behavior is now possible. Mental illnesses once thought incurable are now treatable. Mental illness is now considered like any other illness and there is no reason that it should be concealed, and like patients with physical disorder the mentally ill after treatment can be rehabilitated and made useful citizens. Psychiatric Center, Jaipur Psychiatric Centre, Jaipur is the premier institute of the state for treatment and care of mentally ill. …

ELearning in the Cloud

Elearning has grown rapidly in importance for institutions and has been largely facilitated through the “walled garden” of the virtual learning environment. Meanwhile many students are creating their own personal learning environments by combining the various Web 2.0 services they find most useful. Cloud computing offers new opportunities for institutions to provide dynamic and up-to-date Internet-based, e-learning applications while ensuring high levels of service, and compliance with institutional policies and legislation. The cloud is rapidly evolving in its architecture, the services offered and the logistics of deployment. It brings with it risks but also possibilities for learners and for educational institutions to reduce costs and enhance services. It is likely to severely disrupt the business model developed by existing vendors of VLEs who provide an integrated suite of e-learning tools, installed and maintained by the institution’s IT services department.

Virtual World Interoperability: Let Use Cases Drive Design

Virtual worlds are slowly creeping into our daily lives. While some early 
 adopters have been using them for entertainment, research and training 
 over the last 20 years, virtual trade shows and online conferencing with 
 user avatars are putting them front and center on the desktops of workers 
 around the world. However, while a "walled garden" virtual world may be 
 useful in and of itself (just like a cell phone being able to call other 
 cell phone customers using the same carrier), the real usability 
 explosion will come when the different virtual worlds start talking to 
 each other (just like cell phones being able to call any phone number in 
 the world, no matter who the destination carrier or operator is).
 
 This article will examine the history of virtual world interoperability 
 as evidenced through early systems like DIS and HLA, current systems such 
 as Second Life / OpenSim teleport and OLIVE simulation interoperability, 
 and will examine some common use cases for the future, interconnected 
 metaverse. Based on this learning, a comprehensive approach to 
 standards-based virtual world interoperability is described, and the 
 article ends with a call for action.
 
 The author has a unique depth of perspective on virtual worlds 
 interoperability, having worked with a variety of technologies ranging 
 from military simulation all the way to massively multiplayer online 
 games, having worked for a leading virtual world platform provider 
 since 2001, and having shipped public virtual world interoperability 
 solutions since 2005.

Invoking and Avoiding the First Amendment: How Internet Service Providers Leverage Their Status as Both Content Creators and Neutral Conduits

Much of the policy debate and scholarly literature on network neutrality has addressed whether the Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”) has statutory authority to require Internet Service Providers (“ISPs”) to operate in a nondiscriminatory manner. Such analysis largely focuses on questions about jurisdiction, the scope of lawful regulation, and the balance of power between stakeholders, generally adverse to government oversight, and government agencies, apparently willing to overcome the same inclination. The public policy debate primarily considers micro-level issues, without much consideration of broader concerns such as First Amendment values.While professing to support marketplace resource allocation and a regulation-free Internet, the FCC has selectively imposed compulsory duties on ISPs who qualify for classification as largely unregulated information service providers. Such regulation can tilt the competitive playing field, possibly favoring some First Amendment speakers to the detriment of others. Yet the FCC has summarily dismissed any concerns that the Commission’s regulatory regime inhibits First Amendment protected expression.For their part, ISPs have evidenced inconsistency in how seriously they value and exercise their First Amendment speaker rights. Such reticence stems, in part, from the fact that ISPs combine the provision of conduits, using telecommunications transmission capacity, with content. While not operating as regulated common carriers, the traditional classification of conduit-only providers, ISPs can avoid tort and copyright liability when they refrain from operating as speakers and editors of content. In other instances, the same enterprise becomes an aggressive advocate for First Amendment speaker rights when selecting content, packaging it into a easily accessible and user friendly “walled garden,” and employing increasingly sophisticated information processing techniques to filter, prioritize and inspect digital packets. Technological and marketplace convergence creates the ability and incentive for ISPs to operate as publishers, editors, content aggregators, and non-neutral conduit providers. No single First Amendment media model (print, broadcast, cable television and telephone), or legislative definition of service (telecommunications, telecommunications service and information service) cover every ISP activity. Despite the lack of single applicable model and the fact that ISPs provide different services, the FCC continues to apply a single, least regulated classification. The inclination to classify everything that an ISPs does into one category promotes administrative convenience, but ignores the complex nature of ISP services and the potential for to harm individuals, groups and First Amendment values absent government oversight. For example, the information service classification enables ISPs to engage in price and quality of service discrimination that network neutrality advocates worry will distort a free marketplace of ideas.This paper will examine the different First Amendment rights and responsibilities borne by ISPs when they claim to operate solely as conduits and when they combine conduit and content. The paper will show that ISPs face conflicting motivations with light FCC regulation favoring diversification into content management services, like that provided by editors and cable television operators, but with legislatively conferred exemptions from liability available when ISPs avoid managing content. The paper concludes that current media models provide inconsistent and incomplete direction on how to consider ISPs’ joint provision of conduit and content. The paper provides insights on how a hybrid model can address media convergence, and promote First Amendment values while imposing reasonable nondiscrimination responsibilities on ISPs.

A good policy

In this article, Simon Heron of Network Box considers the requirement to change security policy to treat outbound connections in the same way as inbound. It assesses the threat to company security from inside the network, including malware, tunnelling applications, and man-in-the-middle attacks. The use of signatures, walled garden and raw IP format blocking are considered, along with the option of blocking outbound ports except those to secure proxies such as DNS, SMTP email and so on, forcing all web access through a web proxy for control and policy enforcement. A long time ago, I installed my first firewall and took the unusual approach at the time of blocking all incoming ports below 1024 and only opening up those incoming connections that the company needed. Back then, it was far more common to allow all incoming connections and to block only certain specified ports (such as telnet, rsh etc.). It seems incredible now that that was a realistic approach to perimeter security.

Editorial: A Special Issue from the Open Grid Forum

Editorial: A Special Issue from the Open Grid Forum

How new billing processes reshape the mobile industry

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore how technological and strategic developments enable new billing processes for mobile content services.Design/methodology/approachInterviews with practitioners are used as input for designing different archetypical role division models for billing and process models. The potential of these process models to reshape the mobile industry is evaluated on three criteria: convenience for the end‐user; potential resource barriers; and the fit with strategic interests of the actors involved.FindingsBoth technological advances and the introduction of new roles and strategies in the mobile domain enable the emergence of alternative billing methods. While network operator‐centric models remain relevant in the short term, in the longer term they will co‐exist with other models in which the customer transaction is owned by the content aggregator, the content provider, the ISP or the payment provider.Research limitations/implicationsThe research demonstrates the relevance of analysis at the process level in assessing the feasibility of new role division models at the value creation level.Practical implicationsThe emergence of alternative billing providers is expected to change the power balance in the value network and assist in opening up the “walled garden”.Originality/valueThe analysis extends beyond existing discussions on billing in the mobile industry, which typically focus on the value network level, as the process level and the related resources are included. Moreover, the empirical data from the interviews with practitioners at various organizations provide new insights into the feasibility of these models in practice.

The Reconfiguration of Mobile Service Provision: Towards Platform Business Models

This paper introduces and analyses four potential business models for emerging mobile service platforms. For each model, a real-life case is described and briefly analyzed. It is found that platform strategies - focused on the control of core assets on the one hand, and on complementarity and open interfaces on the other hand -, permeate the models introduced by the stakeholders vying for dominance in this market. In particular, these strategies and models differ strongly according to the specific set-up and control of crucial, 'gatekeeping' roles. Current dominant stakeholders in the mobile market, i.e. mobile network operators, are confronted with limitations when trying to attract users and service developers to their platform due to a walled garden approach, and are seeking ways to attract larger constituencies. Emergent platform business models championed by other types of actors focus on exposing capabilities and on offering service enablers in a more open manner, while migrating control over some, or all, of the gatekeeping roles away from the operator. Building on some of the strengths of these models, a potential evolution of the current telco-centric model towards a more balanced platform model is outlined.

Surrey: Walled Garden

Surrey: Walled Garden Get access David Gewanter David Gewanter gewanter@fakemail.com Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Literary Imagination, Volume 11, Issue 3, 2009, Page 327, https://doi.org/10.1093/litimag/imp044 Published: 04 August 2009

Challenges for the next 25 years

Challenges for the next 25 years

Walled Gardens versus the Wild West

Change, rapid and unpredictable, has come to videogames. Now a battlefield of competing business models, the videogame industry is undergoing a shift to digitization that will profoundly affect how the interactive entertainment business works. Games and interactive media stand at the forefront of a content revolution that will redefine how games are developed and marketed. To understand this complex and rapidly moving transformation, we need a frame of reference, a salient example: console gaming. Console games - the largest, flashiest, and highest-profile segment of the game industry - provide a frame of reference for understanding this complex and rapidly moving transformation. The business model behind console gaming consists of a large marketplace controlled by only a few gatekeepers. Known in the media world as a walled garden, this type of system lets a service provider create monopolistic controls over its company's content.

Com 2.0: A path towards web communicating applications

Providing key architecture and components that allow users to produce their own communicating Web applications as easily as producing Web content for digital assets today would open new perspectives for communication actors and would increase potential connections by an order of magnitude. The end of the walled garden model in the telecommunication world leads to an ecosystem where the user interoperates more directly with the communication service providers to define services based, for example, on presence, address book, or instant messaging. Com 2.0 is to the communication world what Web 2.0 has been to the Web: a second perceived generation of communication services. Com 2.0 uses the Web as a platform for communication and thus enables a true convergence of communication, information, and entertainment in a way that turns the user into a communication service provider.