Wall Street Journal Research Articles

Tyrant: Shakespeare on Politics by Stephen Greenblatt

Reviewed by: Tyrant: Shakespeare on Politics by Stephen Greenblatt Denis Donoghue (bio) Stephen Greenblatt, Tyrant: Shakespeare on Politics (W. W. Norton, 2018), 212 pp. I should let Professor Greenblatt describe the origin of this strange book in his own words: Not so very long ago, though it feels like a century has passed, I sat in a verdant garden in Sardinia and expressed my growing apprehensions about the possible outcome of an upcoming election. My historian friend Bernhard Jussen asked me what I was doing about it. “What can I do?” I asked. “You can write something,” he said. And so I did. Bernhard Jussen may have had something different in mind, not a book but several op-ed pieces for the Wall Street Journal, the Washington Post, or the New York Times, which might have a prompt impact on the 60 million citizens who, lacking such persuasion, intended to vote for Mr. Trump as President. A book could not appear until after the gloomy deed was done. Professor Greenblatt is not a man to waste his energy. Tyrant is a series of commentaries on Shakespeare’s history plays, tragedies, and romances that present the rise and fall of tyrants, notably the Henry VI plays, and Richard III, Macbeth, King Lear, Julius Caesar, Coriolanus, and The Winter’s Tale. But these commentaries are really homilies addressed to American readers, as if to say, “You have chosen a tyrant as President. Think of what you have done. Do not repeat the folly in 2020. Shakespeare knew what a tyrant was. True, Hillary Clinton won the popular vote in 2016 by a respectable three million votes, but she lost the only contest that mattered, the Electoral College. Take heed.” But the homilies won’t stand much examination. The one quality of character a Shakespearean tyrant must have is readiness to dispose of his opponents by murdering them, as Bolingbroke disposed of Richard II, Gloucester of Clarence, the Macbeths of Duncan, Brutus of Caesar—“It must be by his death.” The weakest of Greenblatt’s homilies is on King Lear. He is not a tyrant, despite his wretched taste for flattery. “I killed the slave that was a-hanging thee,” he says to the dead Cordelia. That hardly counts as tyranny. I would do the same if one of my beloved daughters were up for hanging. But in any case President Trump, often called buffoon and liar, has never been accused of murder. He admires leaders who indeed have committed murder—Putin, Kim Jong-un, Erdogan—but he has not joined them in that capacity. Greenblatt’s homilies are wildly in excess of their Sardinian occasion. [End Page 147] Neither Donald Trump nor Hillary Clinton is named in Tyrant. Mrs. Clinton is never alluded to; Mr. Trump is summoned up by rough-and-ready quotation from him, phrases we have heard on TV and wish we hadn’t. Jack Cade, scoundrel of 2 Henry VI, promises, according to Greenblatt, to “make England great again” (41). Cade “has in his hands the realm’s highest fiscal officer, the emblem of the swamp that he has pledged to drain.” Greenblatt describes Richard III as if he were giving evidence against Trump: He is not merely indifferent to the law; he hates it and takes pleasure in breaking it. He hates it because it gets in his way and because it stands for a notion of the public good that he holds in contempt. He divides the world into winners and losers. Richard “has found a way to be present—by force or fraud, violence or insinuation—everywhere and in everyone. No one can keep him out.” I would not have thought of that if I hadn’t adverted to the fact that it is impossible to tune into MSNBC without seeing Trump’s complacent face. Greenblatt sometimes shows his own hand in cosmic generalizations. Trying to explain Richard’s success in getting the crown (or, more quietly, Trump’s getting the chair in the Oval Office) Greenblatt thinks of the lackeys who do the master’s bidding in hope of being eventually rewarded, and he says that “the aspiring tyrant never lacks for such people...

Ursula vs. Ursula: Breaking the Glass Ceiling

This essay explores Ursula’s trial to break the ‘glass ceiling’ in D. H. Lawrence’s The Rainbow and Women in Love. ‘Glass Ceiling is an economic term, used in The Wall Street Journal at first, which refers to invisible and unbreakable wall for the attitudes and traditions in a society that prevent women from rising to the top jobs. Discrimination and prejudice against gender exist in our society, so women still have a hard time getting promotions or any achievements. This essay examines the women’s trials to break the ceiling in men-centered system. Ursula was characterized in both The Rainbow and Women in Love, so the two novels are usually regarded as a series. But the works should be considered separately because the backgrounds and situations in each work are different. In Women in Love, after the World War Ⅰ, characterizations of women take complicated and ambiguous attitudes. Even though the situations and system in the society are different from now, we can find the similar competitions and irrationalities also. So how each Ursula in The Rainbow and Women in Love resists and accepts them in each work will be examined.

The Accuracy of Newspaper Citation Count Reported and Actual Citation Found in Web of Science Citation Database

Bibliometric indicators are widely used in evaluating research output. Citation information about a publication can be obtained from various databases like Web of Science (WoS), SCOPUS and Google Scholar. Bibliometricans solely depend on the above databases to get citation data. WoS is considered a credible source for citation data. In this paper, we have tried to study the accuracy of the citation count reported and actually found with special reference to three newspapers namely Wall Street Journal, Washington Post, and Guardian. It was found that only 69% of citation data was accurate for above three newspapers.

From language resources to language commentary: the interview with Ben Zimmer

Ben Zimmer is a linguist, lexicographer, and all-around word nut. He is the language columnist for The Wall Street Journal and former columnist for The Boston Globe and The New York Times Magazine. He is the recipient of the first ever Linguistics Journalism Award.

Convolutional support vector machines for speech recognition

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have demonstrated the state-of-the-art performances on automatic speech recognition. Softmax activation function for prediction and minimizing the cross-entropy loss is employed by most of the CNNs. This paper proposes a new deep architecture in which two heterogeneous classification techniques named as CNN and support vector machines (SVMs) are combined together. In this proposed model, features are learned using convolution layer and classified by SVMs. The last layer of CNN i.e. softmax layer is replaced by SVMs to efficiently deal with high dimensional features. This model should be interpreted as a special form of structured SVM and named as convolutional support vector machine (CSVM). Instead of training each component separately, the parameters of CNN and SVMs are jointly trained using frame level max-margin, sequence level max-margin, and state-level minimum Bayes risk criterion. The performance of CSVM is checked on TIMIT and Wall Street Journal datasets for phone recognition. By incorporating the features of both CNN and SVMs, CSVM improves the result by 13.33% and 2.31% over baseline CNN and segmental recurrent neural networks respectively.

Measuring the Accuracy of Federal Reserve Forecasts

Markets across the world pay enormous attention to every economic forecast made by Federal Reserve governors, particularly those from the chair. This article develops a new way that the academic literature can assess the accuracy of these Federal Reserve forecasts. In particular, our proposed method allows for both general and specific predictions to be assessed, while also accounting for the macroeconomic volatility that prevails at the time of the forecast. To develop this measure, we expand upon a methodology proposed by the Wall Street Journal to score the accuracy of forecasts made by the Fed. Our results show that Alan Greenspan was consistently the most accurate forecaster among Fed governors, while the most recent chair in our sample, Janet Yellen, has performed relatively poorly. More generally, we find that the chairs have become less accurate over time with their forecasts and have also tended to make fewer specific predictions.

Print to Podium: Exploring Media Coverage of 2016 Olympic Athletes’ Perceptions About the Zika Virus

The 2016 Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, thrust potential Olympians into the midst of the unprecedented outbreak of the Zika virus. Because parasocial interaction theory purports that athletes can have tremendous influence on fans’ attitudes and behavior, particularly in the context of public health, it is important to understand how media framed athletes’ response to their risk of contracting Zika at the Games and the possibility of a global epidemic. To understand how athletes’ safety concerns were portrayed by news outlets, the authors conducted a framing analysis of articles reporting on the intersection of the Olympics and Zika published inThe New York Times,Los Angeles Times,Wall Street Journal, andWashington Postbetween January and November of 2016. This analysis revealed that media employed three main frames in their coverage of athletes: Athletes perceived the risk of Zika as small compared with potential Olympic glory, the decision to participate in the Games is an athletes’ personal choice between family and career, and athletes used Zika concerns as a convenient excuse to pull out of a troubled Games. The combination of these frames painted a contradictory portrait of athletes’ risk perception, both emphasizing and downplaying the threat of contracting the virus at the Games and an ensuing worldwide outbreak. These conflicting athlete narratives could have created uncertainty regarding the actual safety risk of the Zika virus and the Olympic Games for the fans who admire the athletes.

Hot Air Won't Fly: The New Climate Consensus That Carbon Pricing Isn't Cutting It

Jeffrey Ball, a writer whose work focuses on energy and the environment, is the scholar-in-residence at Stanford University's Steyer-Taylor Center for Energy Policy and Finance and a lecturer at Stanford Law School. He also is a nonresident senior fellow at the Brookings Institution. His writing has appeared in Foreign Affairs, Fortune, Mother Jones, The Atlantic, New Republic, The New York Times, and The Wall Street Journal, among other publications. Ball, previously The Wall Street Journal's environment editor, focuses his Stanford research on improving the effectiveness of clean-energy investment, particularly in China. Download : Download high-res image (131KB) Download : Download full-size image

Multi-level region-of-interest CNNs for end to end speech recognition

Efficient and robust automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems are in high demand in the present scenario. Mostly ASR systems are generally fed with cepstral features like mel-frequency cepstral coefficients and perceptual linear prediction. However, some attempts are also made in speech recognition to shift on simple features like critical band energies or spectrogram using deep learning models. These approaches always claim that they have the ability to train directly with the raw signal. Such systems highly depend on the excellent discriminative power of ConvNet layers to separate two phonemes having nearly similar accents but they do not offer high recognition rate. The main reason for limited recognition rate is stride based pooling methods that performs sharp reduction in output dimensionality i.e. at least 75%. To improve the performance, region-based convolutional neural networks (R-CNNs) and Fast R-CNN were proposed but their performances did not meet the expected level. Therefore, a new pooling technique, multilevel region of interest (RoI) pooling is proposed which pools the multilevel information from multiple ConvNet layers. The newly proposed architecture is named as multilevel RoI convolutional neural network (MR-CNN). It is designed by simply placing RoI pooling layers after up to four coarsest layers. It improves extracted features using additional information from the multilevel ConvNet layers. Its performance is evaluated on TIMIT and Wall Street Journal (WSJ) datasets for phoneme recognition. Phoneme error-rate offered by this model on raw speech is 16.4% and 17.1% on TIMIT and WSJ datasets respectively which is slightly better than spectral features.

Financial discourse of the 2007–2008 crisis: From unpredictability and explosion to predictability

This paper aims to identify the inflection point in financial discourse, the moment of explosion and unpredictability in the 2007–2008 economic crisis, through an analysis of metaphors, and its relation to the concept of jumps in finance. The corpus is formed by articles dating from 2007–2008 published in The Wall Street Journal and related to the movements of the Standard & Poor’s 500 index (S&P500) of the United States. For the purposes of this paper, two texts are analysed: “Traders in Lehman, AIG held out hope – Friday”, and the speech “Four questions about the financial crisis” by Ben S. Bernanke. What is of particular interest is the transformation of unpredictability to predictability, as incorporated in this type of discourse to indicate a predetermined chain of events, chosen from a wide spectrum of possibilities. The theoretical framework draws on Juri Lotman’s views on the concepts of explosion, unpredictability, inflection point and predictability.

Trade with Ads

This paper proposes a novel measure of noise trading that aims to capture uninformed retail trading. The measure, an indicator of whether the firm placed advertisement(s) in the Wall Street Journal seven calendar days earlier, is motivated by evidence that retail trading spikes seven days after ad days, that firms regularly place ads at weekly intervals, and that weekly ads frequently contain duplicate images. This ad-based measure is positively associated with informed trading and stock price volatility. Collectively, our results provide broad support for the theoretical predictions of Collin-Dufresne and Fos (2016, Econometrica).

Hysterectomy Practice Patterns in the Post-Morcellation Era

Objective: Prior studies report decreased minimally-invasive hysterectomy in favor of laparotomy following morcellation warnings in the Wall Street Journal (WSJ) and United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) safety communication discouraging electric power morcellation. We sought to determine whether this trend was sustained over a longer period.

To Label or Not to Label

Social media sites use different labels to help users find and select news feeds. For example, Blue Feed, Red Feed, a news feed created by the Wall Street Journal, use stance labels to separate news articles with opposing political ideologies to help people explore diverse opinions. To combat the spread of fake news, Facebook has experimented with putting credibility labels on news articles to help readers decide whether the content is trustworthy. To systematically understand the effects of stance and credibility labels on online news selection and consumption, we conducted a controlled experiment to study how these labels influence the selection, perceived extremeness, and level of agreement of news articles. Results show that stance labels may intensify selective exposure - a tendency for people to look for agreeable opinions -- and make people more vulnerable to polarized opinions and fake news. We found, however, that the effect of credibility labels on reducing selective exposure and recognizing fake news is limited. Although originally designed to encourage exposure to opposite viewpoints, stance labels can make fake news articles look more trustworthy, and they may lower people's perception of the extremeness of fake news articles. Our results have important implications on the subtle effects of stance and credibility labels on online news consumption.

Adult Daughters: Our Nation’s Front Lines of Caregiving in the Era of Alzheimer’s

Adult Daughters: Our Nation’s Front Lines of Caregiving in the Era of Alzheimer’s

What does a family environment mean within hospitality establishments?

The exclusion of children from hospitality establishments is not new. Not all cultures or properties exclude children, but the cultivation and advertisement of a family environment at properties that do is a topic worthy of further consideration.
 Some luxury properties are projecting a family environment while excluding children, which proposes a new definition of what a ‘family environment’ means and speculation about how such properties achieve this environment. The traditional view of ‘family’ has changed over time, and what is defined as family has also changed. One of these changes is that ‘family’ has morphed into ‘families’ in order to encompass new perceptions of the composition of the ‘family’ [1]. In addition, in many cultures, for example Italian, East Asian and Māori, the extended family rather than the traditional nuclear family is considered the basic unit [2]. The decrease or demise of the nuclear family is accredited to the rise in divorce rates, which has resulted in new forms of family units being formed. However, even though families are splitting and reforming after divorce, linkages through children remain [3]. The term ‘families’ is commonly defined as ‘multigenerational social groups’ comprised of at least one child and one adult [4].
 While conducting interpretivist research on the creation of luxury accommodation experiences, qualitative data were collected from interviews with 81 participants (managers, employees and guests) at six luxury properties in New Zealand. Out of the six properties (classified as three luxury hotels and three luxury lodges), one did not accommodate children (a luxury lodge). Findings of the research revealed the theme of ‘family’ as important to all of the properties, even the property that was ‘childfree’. This raises the question of whether children need to be present before a ‘family environment’ can be experienced within those hospitality establishments.
 All the managers and employees interviewed in the research felt that guests wanted the feeling of being surrounded by family or of being part of a family. Managers and employees acknowledged that in lodges there is a smaller number of service personnel and, at the same time, a higher staff to guest ratio. The service personnel depend on each other and develop close teams, which are like families, in order to produce an outstanding experience for their guests. Managers and employees are closer to their guests in lodges due to guests dining on the premises two if not three times in the day, and managers often dine with the guests in their capacity as hosts, enabling them to build relationships with guests by engaging in conversation during these times. Guests, themselves, felt that staff treated them like family or made them feel part of the lodge family. They also commented that there was a feeling of family between the managers and staff and that they displayed those family bonds.
 It has been suggested that the exclusion of children from some hospitality establishments is perhaps so they can concentrate on the niche market of ‘adult-only’. Advantages of this focus are that it is not necessary to provide amenities and activities that are targeted at children and a premium price can be charged for the exclusivity of being an ‘adult-only’ establishment. Adult-only hotels can be dated back to the 1960s when Club Med was targeting singles [5]. In the 1980s, the hotel chain Sandals started luring Americans to Mexico and the Caribbean with adult-only packages and specific catering for couples [5].
 The research suggests that projecting a family environment is now being used by luxury accommodation providers as a metaphorical term about the intimate attention that can be co-created in the accommodation servicescape through accommodation staff forming ‘special relationships’ with their guests in order to personalise their service. In this light, perhaps it is time to reconsider the nature of family-oriented accommodation in the sector, and to investigate how properties offer a ‘family-like’ environment that makes customers feel ‘part of the family’ while excluding children.
 Corresponding author
 Tracy Harkison can be contacted at: tracy.harkison@aut.ac.nz
 References
 (1) Dumon, W. The Situation of Families in Western Europe: A Sociological Perspective. In The Family on the Threshold of the 21st Century; Dreman S, Ed.; Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: London, 1997; chapt. 11.
 (2) Robinson, E. Refining our Understanding of Family Relationships. Family Matters 2009, 82, 5–7.
 (3) Schänzel, H.A.; Yeoman, I. Trends in Family Tourism. Journal of Tourism Futures 2015, 1(2), 141–147. https://doi.org/10.1108/JTF-12-2014-0006
 (4) Schänzel, H.A. Whole-Family Research: Towards a Methodology in Tourism for Encompassing Generation, Gender, and Group Dynamic Perspectives. Tourism Analysis 2010, 15(5), 555–569. https://doi.org/10.3727/108354210X12889831783314
 (5) Divac, N. These German Vacationers Don't Take Kindly to the Kinder – Youngsters are Verboten as Hotels Seek Tranquility for Guests; No Cannonballs in Pool. Wall Street Journal, Feb 1, 2016; https://www.wsj.com/articles/for-these-german-vacationers-kids-are-verboten-1454288459 (accessed Mar 20, 2017).

Insurer Market Concentration

Letters Health AffairsVol. 37, No. 10: Social Determinants, Drug & Device Prices & More Insurer Market ConcentrationDavid Anderson AffiliationsDuke–Robert J. Margolis, MD, Center for Health Policy Durham, North CarolinaPUBLISHED:October 2018Free Accesshttps://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2018.1119AboutSectionsView PDFPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsDownload Exhibits TOPICSRatingHealth insurance exchangesAffordable Care ActMarketsPremiumsJessica Van Parys’s analysis of insurer market concentration (Aug 2018) contains several significant challenges. First, 2018 is an incredibly confounding year to use for such an analysis. The termination of cost-sharing reduction subsidies encouraged both the use of high premiums for plans on the silver tier and insurer exit.1,2Second, to use rating areas as the consolidated unit of analysis is a confusing choice. A superior analysis would use readily available county-level information. An insurer is not required to offer all plans throughout an entire rating area. A recent working paper by Hanming Fang and Ami Ko shows that selective offerings are a risk-screening mechanism employed by insurers.3 Rating area Herfindahl-Hirschman Index controls are inadequate. Some rating areas contain multiple network adequacy basins, and there may be significant heterogeneity of consolidation across basins within a single rating area.Third, monopolistic insurers offering plans on the Marketplace can assume that most of their buyers are price insensitive due to federal premium subsidies. Buyers off the Marketplace who do not receive subsidies are price sensitive. An analysis of the pricing of plans sold only off the Marketplace would give us further insight into whether monopoly insurers are using monopolistic pricing or have a segmented strategy of offering lower-price plans off the Marketplace, compared to plans on it.NOTES1 Bryan B. Insurance companies are freaking out about Trump’s Obamacare threats. Business Insider [serial on the Internet]. 2017 Apr 28 [cited 2018 Aug 20]. Available from: https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-obamacare-csr-payments-insurance-companies-2017-4 Google Scholar 2 Mathews AW. Insurers to expand presence in Affordable Care Act Marketplaces despite uncertainty. Wall Street Journal [serial on the Internet]. 2018 Jun 21 [cited 2018 Aug 20]. Available from: https://www.wsj.com/articles/insurers-to-expand-presence-in-affordable-care-act-marketplaces-despite-uncertainty-1529575200 Google Scholar 3 Fang H, Ko A. Partial rating area offering in the ACA Marketplaces: facts, theory and evidence [Internet]. Unpublished paper. 2018 Apr 17 [cited 2018 Aug 20]. Available from: http://www.ko-ami.com/uploads/1/0/5/9/105963965/partial_ra_offering_april2018.pdf Google Scholar Loading Comments... Please enable JavaScript to view the comments powered by Disqus. DetailsExhibitsReferencesRelated Article MetricsCitations: Crossref 1 History Published online 1 October 2018 Information© 2018 Project HOPE—The People-to-People Health Foundation, Inc.PDF downloadCited byIndividual market health plan affordability after cost-sharing reduction subsidy cuts20 June 2019 | Health Services Research, Vol. 54, No. 4

How a Botched Study Fooled the World About the U.S. Share of Mass Public Shootings: U.S. Rate is Lower than Global Average

A paper on mass public shootings by Adam Lankford (2016) has received massive national and international media attention, getting coverage in the New York Times, the Wall Street Journal, plus hundreds of other news outlets spanning at least 35 different countries. Lankford’s claim was that over the 47 years from 1966 to 2012, an enormous amount of the world’s mass public shooters -- 31% -- occurred in the United States. Lankford attributed this to America’s gun ownership. Lankford claims to have “complete” data on such shooters in 171 countries. However, because he has neither identified the cases nor their location nor even a complete description on how he put the cases together, it is impossible to replicate his findings. It is particularly important that Lankford share his data because of the extreme difficulty in finding mass shooting cases in remote parts of the world going back to 1966. Lack of media coverage could easily lead to under-counting of foreign mass shootings, which would falsely lead to the conclusion that the U.S. has such a large share. Lankford’s study reported that from 1966 to 2012, there were 90 public mass shooters in the United States and 202 in the rest of world. We find that Lankford’s data represent a gross undercount of foreign attacks. Our list contains 1,448 attacks and at least 3,081 shooters outside the United States over just the last 15 years of the period that Lankford examined. We find at least fifteen times more mass public shooters than Lankford in less than a third the number of years. Even when we use coding choices that are most charitable to Lankford, his 31 percent estimate of the US’s share of world mass public shooters is cut by over 95 percent. By our count, the US makes up less than 1.43% of the mass public shooters, 2.11% of their murders, and 2.88% of their attacks. All these are much less than the US’s 4.6% share of the world population. Attacks in the US are not only less frequent than in other countries, they are also much less deadly on average. Given the massive U.S. and international media attention Lankford’s work has received, and given the considerable impact his research has had on the debate, it is critical that this issue be resolved. His unwillingness to provide even the most basic information to other researchers raises real concerns about Lankford’s motives.

Russian attackers breach US electricity network

Russian hackers managed to access supposedly air-gapped systems in order to penetrate the control room of an unnamed US power company, according to a report in the Wall Street Journal.

AN INITIAL EXPLORATION ON TERRORISM ISSUES IN MALAYSIA AND INDONESIA: THE CASE OF THE WALL STREET JOURNAL

The symbiotic relationship between Islam and media is inevitable. The frequent of media coverage about Islam has been researched by many especially since the remarkable incident of September 11 in 2001. From that moment, Islam has been viewed and labelled as negative by the Western media specifically to the Muslims living in America and those in the Middle East countries. This phenomenon has been contagious to the Muslims in Southeast Asian countries such as Malaysia and Indonesia as these two countries are believed to have a connection with recent terrorist groups such as Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) and Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS). Therefore, this study was conducted to see the frequent coverage specifically on terrorism issues as reported by the Wall Street Journal (WSJ) and to explore the news themes that emerged in the news reporting. To realize this study, the researchers applied both quantitative and qualitative analysis to analyse the online news articles found in WSJ from year 2012 until 2013. The qualitative software was used in this study namely QSR Nvivo 11 to help and assist the researchers to store, manage and codify the news and also the quantitative software which is SPSS to calculate the frequencies of the reporting. The findings revealed that WSJ reported news related to terrorism in Malaysia and Indonesia frequently but it seems that Indonesia received higher percentage compared to Malaysia. In terms of news themes, the results found four major themes that are very much related to terrorism issues such as terrorist attacks, suspected as terrorist and robbery from both issues happened in Malaysia and Indonesia.

A media framing analysis of a U.S. presidential advisor: Alternative flacks

Political public relations became headline news when Kellyanne Conway, Advisor to U.S. President Trump, described provable falsehoods as alternative facts. Other memorable/misstatements became part of the cultural zeitgeist even as journalists continued to interview her. Public relations professionals are inextricably connected to the journalists who shape public opinion. The author therefore conducted a qualitative framing analysis to understand how journalists framed her occupational role and job performance. Articles from The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal revealed that journalists assigned Advocacy and Gendered framing for her occupational role. Analysis also indicated that journalists alternately depicted her performance as adequate, unreliable, and manipulative. The author considers implications of findings for public relations professionals.