Wall Posters Research Articles

Respectful maternity care interventions to address women mistreatment in childbirth: What has been done?

IntroductionOver the last decade, there has been an increasing number of studies regarding experiences of mistreatment, disrespect and abuse (D&A) during facility-based childbirth. These negative experiences during labour have been proven to create a barrier for seeking both facility-based childbirth and postnatal health care, as well as increasing severe postpartum depression among the women who experienced them. This constitutes a serious violation of human rights. However, few studies have carried out specifically designed interventions to reduce these practices. The aim of this scoping review is to synthetise available evidence on this subject, and to identify initiatives that have succeeded in reducing the mistreatment, D&A that women suffer during childbirth in health facilities.MethodsA PubMed search of the published literature was conducted, and all original studies evaluating the efficacy of any type of intervention specifically designed to reduce these negative experiences and promote RMC were selected.ResultsTen articles were included in this review. Eight studies were conducted in Africa, one in Mexico, and the other in the U.S. Five carried out a before-and-after study, three used mixed-methods, one was a comparative study between birth centres, and another was a quasi-experimental study. The most common feature was the inclusion of some sort of RMC training for providers at the intervention centre, which led to the conclusion that this training resulted in an improvement in the care received by the women in childbirth. Other strategies explored by a small number of articles were open maternity days, clinical checklists, wall posters and constant user feedback.DiscussionThese results indicate that there are promising interventions to reduce D&A and promote RMC for women during childbirth in health facilities. RMC training for providers stands as the most proven strategy, and the results suggest that it improves the experiences of care received by women in labour.ConclusionThe specific types of training and the different initiatives that complement them should be evaluated through further scientific research, and health institutions should implement RMC interventions that apply these strategies to ensure human rights-based maternity care for women giving birth in health facilities around the world.

Pancreatitis survey of clinicians in the surgical department.

Abstract Pancreatitis is a common emergency presentation with acute abdomen. A short 10 question snapshot survey about pancreatitis based on Nice guideline NG 104 and the (United Lincolnshire Hospitals NHS Trust) ULHT Trust guidelines was conducted among clinicians in the surgical department. Survey answers were collected anonymously via google forms and paper forms. Data was analysed with Excel. First cycle 17 responses. 2nd cycle 20 responses. Teaching sessions were conducted; wall posters, notice letters were installed to improve the clinicians knowledge. A second cycle was conducted with the same set of questions.1st Cycle2nd CycleDefinition (88%)Definition (95%)Cause (88%)Cause (85%)Common Presentation (88%)Common Presentation (80%)Fluid management (88%)Fluid management (95%)Mortality rate (40%)Mortality rate (55%)Confirmatory test (64%)Confirmatory test (50%)Intervention (64%)Intervention (60%)Complication (70%)Complication (60%)Pain management (70%)Pain management (55%) In conclusion, the basic idea about pancreatitis of the responders is already good which is found to be further improved even in a slightly larger sample size. The overall mortality of acute pancreatitis vs acute severe pancreatitis seems to be confused. More diverse opinions of the participants are obtained in the slightly controversial questions such as the pain management and the diagnosis. Why the varied response? It must be acknowledged, the set of responders were a different subset as clinicians rotate in various departments. It highlights the necessity to promote education and awareness in a constant manner to provide best patient care, despite the constraints of time and workload.

Study on Brand Promotion Strategy of Pre-emergence (Herbicide) in Hoshiarpur District of Punjab, India

Based on information gathered from 120 respondents, a study carried out in the Hoshiarpur area of the Punjab state discovered numerous Rifit Plus herbicide promotional methods. Henry Garrett's ranking test was employed in the study's analysis. The study's main goal was to determine how best to market herbicides to farmers. According to the study, the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh-ranked methods were farmer meetings, demonstrations, company person visits, wall posters, literature displays, phone calls, and van campaigns. Which shows that the respondents' preferred major advertising technique is farmers' meetings.

Research on Effective Advertising Types in Virtual Environment

Virtual reality (VR) applies various types of advertisements (ads) to promote brands while collaborating with companies. This study aims to present effective advertisement types by verifying user responses in a VR environment. First, by analyzing the cases of advertisements with immersive content, the types of advertisements in VR were defined as avatar costumes, products, and wall posters. The user response was measured in two categories: gaze response measured by the eye-tracking VR advertisement monitoring system (EVAMS) and the advertisement effect analyzed through surveys. As a result of analyzing the user responses, the avatar costumes among the advertisement types caused the highest visual attention and advertisement effect. In addition, by analyzing the correlation between visual attention and the advertisement effect, it was observed that there was a positive relationship between the number of fixations and advertisement attention, fixation time, and advertisement recall. Thus, it was confirmed that the higher the number of fixations and the longer the fixation time, the more positively an advertisement was affected. In addition, it is expected that the results of this study can be used as a reference for effective advertisement directing in VR content development and advertisement directing and processing.

Radiation Exposure from the Patient Perspective: An Argument for the Inclusion of Dose History.

Patients in diagnostic imaging departments often ask about the risk of injury from x radiation. They are referred to wall posters or consent forms that declare (rightly) that the risk of harm from the proposed exam is very small and is far outweighed by the benefit. If a comparative risk value is provided, most likely it is based on a single exposure and derived from population estimates of cancer incidence and mortality. But is that information the most relevant for the patient? In a recent position statement, the AAPM recommends that only current exam risk should be considered, and that risk is independent of previous exams. We argue that if an exam carries risk of a negative event, the likelihood that a negative event occurred over all events increases with the number of exams. This cumulative risk, though still very small, must be a relevant consideration for health management.

The “Plant Phylogeny Posters” (PPP) – Useful Tools for Scientific Research and Education

Wall charts and posters depicting plant structure and evolutionary relationships as phylogenetic trees have been important teaching tools for many decades. With the development of digital technologies, new approaches to the traditional concept have become possible. The article briefly discusses the history, development and significance of the “Plant Phylogeny Posters” project. This project is a joint work of a growing team of more than 200 specialists from more than 50 nations from all around the world. The portfolio currently consists of nearly 600 posters in 54 poster titles and in 45 languages (as of early 2023). All posters are freely available on the Internet and are regularly updated.

Enhancing awareness to break the stigma among LGBTQ+ health care workers to curb monkeypox transmission: correspondence.

Dear Editor, In July 2022, WHO proclaimed monkeypox (MPX) an international health emergency, and at the time of writing this letter, 83 539 cases were reported in 110 countries across the globe (https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/response/2022/index.html). The population that has close contact with individuals infected with MPX is at elevated risk of contracting the infection. Health care workers are strongly linked to the assessment, management, and direct treatment of patients with MPX infection, whether suspected or proven1. Developed countries possess a well-organized health care system with appropriate training to the workers and sensitizing them about MPX. However, in developing and less developed countries, health care workers are not trained adequately and lack the confidence to curb MPX transmission. Additionally, to gain public attention through sensationalism, the media has started to define the relationship among Men having sex with men, MPX, and HIV. This has the propensity to further stigmatize MPX carriers2. Stigma causes people to hide diseases, which spreads them untraceably and worsens outbreaks. The rise in stigma in society has disturbed the health care sector, especially health care workers. Health care professionals, particularly those belonging to the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex, queer/questioning(LGBTQ)+ community, who are exposed to the MPX can conceal their disease status due to the stigma in the early phases of the disease3. Another stigma is the fake narrative that MPX is a ‘gay disease’. Employers in the workplace would assume that individuals who disclose they are infected with MPX are LGBTQ+ or vice versa. This provides a risk of transmitting the infection inside the hospital settings. Apart from this, in countries like India, primary health care workers are regarded as the foundation of the health care system, and they are essential for delivering health care needs to rural areas. The societal stigma and improper training will further weaken the health care system recovering from the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and may pose the risk of MPX transmission at a faster rate in rural areas. Hence, a vast lacuna is generated in how to fight the stigma that is linked with MPX among health care workers. We propose the following strategies that would assist the existing guidelines and recommendations framed by government and health care bodies to combat MPX transmission: Conducting one day workshop/awareness programs in hospitals and primary health care centers to sensitize health care workers and general public on MPX (strong emphasis on symptoms and transmission). Placing wall posters, pamphlets and displaying advertisements both in TV and radio emphasizing that MPX could affect anyone irrespective of gender, sex, age or sexual orientation and not only LGBTQ+. This could partially stop the circulation of fake narratives. Framing strict rules to refrain media sources from using emotionally charged language, incorrect contents, fake news, and sensational headlines pointing LGBTQ community to attain social media traffic. The gay and bisexual communities, as well as the LGBTQ+ community in general, should not be held responsible for the spread of the disease because this would further stigmatize them. In order to communicate with them, a comprehensive strategy should be combined with the use of specific channels, such as websites, dating apps, and media programmes. Overall, effective communication about MPX is crucial in combating the disease and avoiding fear and stigma. The use of polite language with patients, fostering the distribution of reliable scientific knowledge, and giving accurate and timely information on MPX symptoms and preventative techniques are crucial. This will create an environment where the disease and its effects may be discussed freely and honestly to effectively curb the outbreak. Ethical approval Not applicable. Sources of funding NIL. Author contribution Dr R.S.K., Dr S.S. performed literature search and drafted the letter. Conflicts of interest disclosure The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests. Research registration unique identifying number (UIN) Name of the registry: not applicable. Unique identifying number or registration ID: not applicable. Hyperlink to your specific registration (must be publicly accessible and will be checked): not applicable. Guarantor The submission is a correspondence. No new study was performed. All authors accept full responsibility for the submitted letter. Data statement The correspondence is based exclusively on resources that are publicly available on the internet and duly cited in the ‘References’ section. No primary data was generated and reported in this manuscript. Therefore, data has not become available to any academic repository.

A Decade of Upheaval: The Cultural Revolution in Rural China

The official verdict of China's government is that the Cultural Revolution, which lasted from May 1966 to October 1976, “was responsible for the most severe setback and the heaviest losses suffered by the party, the state, and the people since the founding of the People's Republic” (1). After a decade of upheaval, the Chinese economy had come to the verge of collapse, and its political system was in disarray. State leaders began to redesign development strategies, policies, and plans. However, academic research on this period is rather scarce and lacks systematic studies on county-level factional politics throughout the entire Cultural Revolution. Dong Guoqiang and Andrew G. Walder's A Decade of Upheaval fills the void.This fascinating book is split into nine chapters plus a preface, chronology, glossary of names, bibliography, and index. It is organized chronologically and thematically, with the result being a historical cloud in which the reader is left to discern causality on their own. The book analyzes political struggle and violence during the Cultural Revolution in a rural Chinese county, grounded in evidentiary detail and making a number of novel observations. The authors focus their study on a remote and marginal county of northwest China, Feng County, and on Zhang Lianshen, a major rebel leader and a founder of one of the county's two factional alliances (Paolian and Liansi), who was intimately involved in all of the major political events in the county over the upheaval decade.Through researching Feng County's Cultural Revolutionary history, the authors shed light on four essential themes of political conflicts that have long been obscure. First, the authors point out that the remote location did not insulate the county from national political trends but only delayed their initial impact. County-level political conflicts were deeply affected by national political trends to a remarkable degree, as each twist and turn in Beijing's policies reverberated in the county in ways that altered the balance of power between two deeply opposed and clearly defined political factions.Second, the authors show that once the factions had clearly formed, and after violent encounters between them spread, the driving force of the escalating conflict was the realization that defeat would mean victimization at the hands of one's enemies. They also reveal in remarkable detail the deep involvement of China's armed forces in the definition and perpetuation of county-level factionalism. The struggle in Feng County was pushed forward by the absence of a neutral authority that could credibly enforce a cease-fire and ensure the evenhanded treatment of the two sides. Essentially, it was a struggle for survival.Third, the conflicts in Feng County were connected to broader factional disputes in the surrounding prefecture and province. Finally, the authors show how the prolonged deterioration of political authority and public order, and in many ways a deep fracturing of the social fabric, public trust, and citizen morale, resulted from this decade of conflict and oppression.This book creatively utilizes the methodology of historical anthropology and sociology and combines observations in the field with documentary analysis, drawing on an unusual level of evidentiary detail. Through interviewing key participants in the events, such as sixteen former activists, local officials, leaders of both factions, soldiers, and local collectors of Cultural Revolution memorabilia, the authors gained access to firsthand historical materials. Even more essential than these oral testimonies, the authors accessed the work notebooks and diaries of those involved in the events of the period, which were taken during conferences, study classes, and other meetings. They also extensively collected documents from several levels of government authorities, including the flow of directives and notices from authorities in Beijing, the provincial authorities in Jiangsu, and the prefectural authorities in Xuzhou. They also draw on internal bulletins and documents issued by a range of interim authorities in the county during the long period in which it remained under some form of military control, from March 1967 to September 1969.Additionally, the authors supplement official documents with unofficial materials issued by each of the county's two political factions, such as handbills and wall posters, selected copies of periodicals, chronologies of events, confessions, and self-criticisms written by individuals and by leaders of factions, and several unpublished memoirs and book drafts.This book has made a number of significant contributions to our current knowledge of the history of the Cultural Revolution. By examining rural Feng County, the authors add a new research dimension that should offer a deeper understanding of the Cultural Revolution as a whole, as well as help to explain the structural flaws of the Stalinist-Maoist political model.

Troubled Images: Analysing the Republican Use of Visual Metaphors in Wall Paintings and Pictures in Northern Ireland

The republican movement in Northern Ireland was visually manifested in images drawn on walls and on the gable ends of houses in the towns of Belfast and (London) Derry. As well as being an iconographic expression of the social injustice they suffered (Rapp & Rhomberg, 2013; Goalwin, 2013), these wall paintings were employed by the republicans to convey political and ideological messages in order to heighten awareness and to mobilize people. Blank spaces on walls were increasingly exploited by republican groups and were converted into a visual medium sui generis for their political and ideological claims and demands. Over the years republicans developed this novel communication strategy geared to expressing highly emotional content that served to reflect and influence the sentiments of the communities involved in the conflict. It also served to channel collective memory, recording key events and contributing to the formation of an identity. Intense political disagreements and armed conflict between the Catholic and Protestant communities from 1968 to 1998 led to violent clashes during the period known as “the Troubles”. This complicated time frame has been metaphorically represented in various ways in wall paintings and posters in Northern Ireland. The aim of this paper is to analyze the political and ideological use of visual metaphors in the images of the republican movement during the “Troubles”. More specifically, by applying the most recent methodological tool derived from a socio-cognitive model of discourse analysis, namely Conceptual Metaphor Theory (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980), the purpose is to analyse, both from a qualitative and quantitative point of view, the three different types of Conceptual Metaphorical Schemas: Propositional, Image and Event Schema (Soares da Silva, 2016).

RAISE (Raising Infants to Be Smart Eaters) Pilot Study.

Background: Many of the complex determinants of obesity originate during infancy when small changes in the environment can permanently influence appetite, behavior, and energy metabolism. Parent feeding style ("how" rather than "what" to feed) has emerged as a potentially important factor in early obesity prevention. Objectives: (1) To assess the feasibility of conducting a brief responsive feeding education intervention by public health nurses during routine well-baby visits. (2) To assess whether this intervention affects parents' attitudes and behavior related to responsive feeding. Methods: Prospective, nonrandomized, comparative pilot study conducted in two communities. Intervention participants were exposed to enhanced responsive feeding education by public health nurses at routine well-baby visits from 0 to 18 months along with wall posters, handouts, automated text messages and tangible takeaways. Parent knowledge and behavior were measured using the Infant Feeding Style Questionnaire and the Toddler Development Index. Feasibility and acceptability were assessed by patients and nurses through open text feedback forms and mid-point and exit interviews. Results: Recruitment (18 intervention; 9 control) and retention fell below targets. Average adherence to protocol by nurses from 0 to 12 months was 89%. Delivery of the intervention was feasible and acceptable, but the additional research-related tasks were challenging in a busy clinical setting. Parents found the different formats and information new and helpful. There was a trend toward less nonresponsive (pressuring, restrictive, laissez-faire) feeding practices in the intervention group. Conclusions: This pilot study demonstrated encouraging results related to overall feasibility and effect on parent feeding style.

Pizza and Poop: Using Playful Probes to Investigate Community in Semi-Public Restrooms on a University Campus

This exploratory paper aims to discuss how community is fostered in semi-public restrooms on a college campus. While previous research has been undertaken in similar semi-private environments, this paper differs by simultaneously offering the researchers’ reflective insights in tandem with participants’ input on the research question. We begin by unpacking the challenges around Participatory Design (PD) activities that are undertaken in sensitive and private interior environments. Gathering perceptions of these sensitive spaces required methods that allowed for both anonymity and a communal approach through the use of provocative and evocative probes such as comment boxes and graffiti wall posters. This paper not only catalogues the findings of this research but also documents the difficulties in utilizing a participant-led approach, gaining access to sites and participants, and countering our own biases throughout the study’s construction. Through researcher accounts and participatory data analysis, the researchers offer a focused reflection on a possible new frontier for advancing PD methods in sensitive environments through playful probes. The contribution of this paper offers six lessons on the efficacy of using probes in semi-private environments, with playfulness as a primary driver of engaging participants.

Social distancing in the time of COVID-19: A case study from Australia

Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, social distancing has been encouraged to stem the propagation of the virus ( WHO 2020). In Australia where I live, wall posters and markers on the floor reminding us of social distancing and advising us to keep one and a half metres from each other have become ubiquitous, adding a new layer to the linguistic landscape. Yet, social distancing varies across countries . Indeed, in his seminal 1966 work The Hidden Dimension examining public and private use of space, anthropologist Edward Hall warned us of the cultural specificity of proxemics and distancing. Thus, using a small corpus of distance markers found in Australia, the present paper aims at exploring a few cultural aspects of social distancing, while presenting some of the ways in which the authors of the signs and their targeted audience are engaging with these signs.

Implementasi Pemanfaatan Media Visual untuk Keterampilan Berbicara pada Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab

This research discusses visual media as an Arabic learning instrument that concentrates on speaking skills. Visual media is a popular medium in the education era 4.0 by the millennial generation. Through a literature review, the research describes important points in the use of visual media: the category of visual media, the principles of using visual media, guidelines in designing visual media and their implementation in Arabic learning. The purpose of using visual media is to increase students' enthusiasm for learning and increase teacher innovation and creativity in teaching. Some visual media that teachers can use in the learning process of Arabic speaking skills include: wall clocks, bulletin boards, flannel boards, posters and pictures. The concepts and principles of using visual media need to be considered, so that the process of using visual media in learning is effective and optimal.

Mitigating the mistreatment of childbearing women: evaluation of respectful maternity care intervention in Ethiopian hospitals

ObjectivesThere is a lack of evidence on approaches to mitigating mistreatment during facility-based childbirth. This study compares the experiences of mistreatment reported by childbearing women before and after implementation of...

Eleanor Lutz: Making Art From Public Data.

We asked Eleanor Lutz for an interview upon investigating work she has shared through her Tabletop Whale blog (tabletopwhale.com/). On her blog, Eleanor shares her love of design as applied to the visualization of public datasets. She provides examples and the processes by which her stunning graphics come to fruition, as well as code examples in a notebook format that are useful as a service to the graphics community and her potential collaborators. As we prepared for the interview, we became more and more enamored with her Atlas of Space visualizations-many of which she designed specifically to be printed as wall posters. In this article, we share the insights she shared with us during the interview.

Impact of Extension Services Introduced to Vegetable Producers who are using Protected Agriculture at Southern West Bank – Palestine

استهدف البحث التعرف على مستوى الخدمات الإرشادية المقدمة لمزارعي الخضروات في البيوت المحمية والتعرف على مستوى استفادتهم من الخدمات الإرشادية المقدمة لهم مع الكشف عن العلاقة بين مستوى الخدمات الإرشادية وكل من المتغيرات المستقلة. حيث جمعت البيانات من خلال استمارة استبيان بالمقابلة الشخصية. تكونت الاستمارة من جزأين الأول تضمن أسئلة لقياس المتغيرات الشخصية بينما الجزء الثاني تكون من 10 فقرات لقياس الخدمات الإرشادية المقدمة لمزارعي الخضروات داخل البيوت المحمية، 10 فقرات لقياس مستوى استفادة مزارعي الخضروات من الخدمات الإرشادية المقدمة لهم. تكونت عينة الدراسة من عدد من مزارعي جنوب الضفة الغربية (الخليل، بيت لحم). تبين عدم رضى المزارعين عن الخدمات المقدمة لهم والمتعلقة بتوزيع الملصقات وعرض الافلام الإرشادية المتعلقة بإنتاج الخضروات. كشفت النتائج ضعف في مستوى الخدمات الإرشادية المقدمة إلى المزارعين وقلة استفادتهم من تلك الخدمات. وفي ضوء النتائج أوصى البحث بضرورة مراجعة وسائل الإرشاد الزراعي المستخدمة والاهتمام بالاستشارات الزراعية كأهم الوسائل الإرشادية واكثرها فائدة وتحديث برامج الإرشاد وخاصة للمزارعين المستأجرين.

가정연계 신체활동이 유아의 기초체력에 미치는 영향

The awareness of the decreasing physical activities of children today introduced the application of Home-Based physical activities as one of the solutions to the problem. This Home-Based physical activity program provided the families with training materials and wall posters for physical activities as well as the eurhythmics videos accessible through provided QR codes in attempt to assist the families to practice the physical activities taken in children educational institutes from homes. 4910 children of both sexes across the nation partook in this research while the researchers were determined to test the change on children’s physical strength before/after the application of the program. In order to track the change, the researchers have adjusted and supplemented the research tools of Na-young An, Eun-jung Kim, Tae-seop Park (2013) to measure the endurance, muscle strength, flexibility, agility, adaptation, and balance of the children. The research revealed that the children that partook in the program for household physical activities showed an overall superiority on all 6 fields - endurance (scissor jump for 30 seconds), muscle strength (grasping power), flexibility (sitting trunk flexion), agility (30meters shuttle run), adaptation (standing high jump), balance (standing on one foot) - compared to the children who haven’t engaged in the program. Also the researchers found that the general physical strength of the children in the program to have increased periodically during the test. Most of all, there was a significant difference on overall body endurance and right-left balance from which the deduction of the relatedness between the two and the household physical activities was made. In conclusion, Home-Based physical activities have shown to have positive influence on the general physical strength of the children.

Development strategy of culinary business employing the Blue Ocean Strategy (BOS)

Culinary business development is now growing quite rapidly, Surabaya became one of the target markets of domestic and foreign businessmen in culinary business. The high competition in the culinary business is a powerful reason to apply the right business strategy to be able to survive and win the competition. One of the method that can be used in offering business strategy is the Blue Ocean Strategy (BOS). By identifying the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) of the business strategy and then designing the blue ocean strategy which is taken as a metaphor to represent these industries that may offer greater opportunity or higher profit potential. This is the goal of blue ocean strategy, to search for and gain unexplored market space instead of engage in traditional competition. The object of observations in this study is spicy noodle business. This study aimed atdeveloping a business strategy formulation with BOS and providing alternative solutions for business development to the management that agree with the socio-cultural conditions of Surabaya. The results showed that there are two strategies that should be eliminated, like the strategiesof offeringfranchise without royalty fees and no separation of smoking and non-smoking area. There are three strategies that should be reduced, such as reducing educative wall posters, reducting door prizes and photo contest, and reducing the amount of franchise. There are six strategies that can be improved, namely increasing serving time, being efficient of tables arrangement, providing employment for local residents, strategic location closes to several colleges, photobooth (selfie corner) for consumers and increasing the uniquenessconcept of the shop. The alternative solutions of business development can be done by adding facilities such as Wi-Fi connection and air conditioning (AC) installationto comfort theconsumers,guest comment (online and offline suggestion box), and membership (visitors’ ID).

570P Implementation and evaluation of medicine & therapeutic information service by clinical pharmacists at a private cancer center

Background This study was conducted to explore the role of clinical pharmacists in providing medicine & therapeutic information (MTI) service at a private cancer center. Methods It was a prospective study conducted for a period of 3 years after implementation of MTI service as an integral part of oncology pharmacy services. The MTI queries were received during ward rounds, at ambulatory care and via telephone by clinical pharmacists. All the MTI requests were reviewed and answered to the concerned requester(s). Answered MTI requests were electronically documented in the hospital MTI database and analyzed further. Results A total of 484 MTI requests were received by clinical pharmacists during period of Aug 2013 to June 2016. Majority of MTI queries were requested by radiation oncologists (27.2%) followed by medical oncologists (27.2%), general physicians (14.04%), oncologists’ assistants (11.7%), ambulatory care nurses (8.6%), in-patient nurses (5.1%) and patients & care takers (6.6%). Majority of the MTI queries were asked for the purpose of improving patient care (48.3%) followed by to update knowledge (30.9%), as training sessions to nurses (6.6%), as ward seminars to clinicians (5.5%) and as ward & ambulatory care “Wall Posters” for the knowledge of health care professionals of the hospital (3.3%). Most of the MTI requests by oncologists, physicians and oncologists’ assistants were made during daily ward rounds (42.1%) and via telephone (19.8%). The most common categories of MTI were adverse drug reactions & its management (21.4%) followed by dosage adjustments of chemotherapy and biologicals (15.5%), supportive care related (14.6%), contraindications (14%), drug- drug interactions (11.9%), management of co-morbidities (7.8%), chemotherapy selection in special populations (4.5%). Conclusions The provision of MTI added value to quality use of anti-cancer medicines at study hospital. We could explore the potential role of clinical pharmacists in training nursing staff on safe handling of anti-cancer agents. MTI should be essential in the cancer centers for improving patient care and knowledge of practioners and practioners in training. Legal entity responsible for the study Himanshu Patel Funding N/A Disclosure All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

Kasa, Communication, and Public Opinion

In the second half of the Chosŏn period the vernacular poetic genre of the kasa , which dates back to late Koryŏ, was increasingly used to convey messages that may be considered political. Kasa together with sangso (petitions) to the king or his representatives, t’ongmun (circular letters), and kwaesŏ (wall posters) came to constitute a particular Korean form of the public sphere. Kasa sometimes functioned as alternatives to the petitions through which loyal subjects communicated their critical views of public affairs on the basis of the Confucian ideal of public opinion ( kongnon ). Two kasa discussed in detail in this article, Imgyet’an from the 1730s and Kŏch’angga from the 1840s, are examples of this. Such kasa might also be used to stir up sentiments that may have led to rebellion, as seems to have happened in the 1860s with Kŏch’angga , while historical sources provide references to a number of other kasa that are no longer extant but were linked to attempts to foment rebellion. Thus, the potential impact of kasa on public opinion was clearly recognized in late Chosŏn. After Korea had opened its borders and far into the twentieth century, kasa were frequently used to express political opinions and disseminate enlightenment ideas. This should not be regarded as an innovation that was exclusively due to the advent of “modernity,” but as the modified continuation of a tradition that had been established in late Chosŏn.