Wall Lining Research Articles

Vascularized Reconstruction of Partial External Auditory Canal Wall Defects Using the Middle Temporal Artery Flap

To review indications and surgical outcomes for partial canal wall defect reconstruction using the middle temporal artery (MTA) rotational flap. Retrospective review. Academic tertiary referral center. Adults that underwent attempted reconstruction of various partial canal wall defects with the MTA flap by a single surgeon. Review of demographic data, defect etiology and location, operative technique, subject wound healing risk factors, and time/success of canal wall healing. Rate of complete canal wall healing/epithelialization by 8 weeks postoperation. Eighteen cases were reviewed. Underlying canal wall pathology included the following: cholesteatoma, penetrating trauma, malignancy, osteonecrosis, and canal-mastoid fistula. In all cases, the canal wall was completely healed and epithelialized by 8 weeks postoperation, and there were no flap-related complications. Many cases (56%) involved previous intact-canal wall mastoidectomy surgery in the past with apparent degeneration of thinned canal wall bone. In 2 cases, the MTA pedicle had been violated by previous surgery; however, a smaller vascularized flap based on remnant blood supply was successfully used in each instance. The MTA flap is useful as a thin, pliable flap that can be applied for reconstruction of various partial canal wall defects. This technique may be particularly useful in the settings of osteonecrosis and chronic infection where introduction of vascularized canal wall lining is particularly desirable. Although short-term outcomes are encouraging, the long-term outcomes of this technique are unknown.

Cementum-like matrix in solitary bone cysts: a unique and characteristic but yet underrecognized feature of promising diagnostic utility

Solitary bone cysts (SBCs) are benign, intraosseus, cystic lesions, which generally involve metaphysis of long bones during the period of skeletal immaturity. Histologic features are nonspecific, but identification of amorphous cementum-like material provides a significant diagnostic clue. This material is unique to SBC with reported frequency of 10% to 70% and has been described as an immature form of bone. We retrieved and reviewed 41 cases of SBC reported in the last 10 years. The ages of patients ranged from 4 to 64 years (mean, 16 years), with a male-to-female ratio of 3:1. Humerus and femur were the most common sites. Cementum-like matrix was observed in 26 cases (63.4%). This material was seen in different phases of deposition and progression, ultimately transforming into mature bone as seen in 4 cases. Cyst wall lining was observed in 70.7% of cases along with several other nonspecific histologic features including reactive bone formation, hemosiderin macrophages, hemorrhage, multinucleated giant cells, foamy macrophages, fibrin, cholesterol clefts, and granulation tissue. Cementum-like material in the wall of SBCs is a specific and fairly consistent finding of diagnostic significance in cases where cyst wall lining is deficient. We also histologically demonstrate, for the first time, transformation of cementum-like material into reactive and mature bone, which further validates the immature osteoid nature and finding of other authors.

Measurement of Additional Strains in Shaft Lining Using Differential Resistance Sensing Technology

As is well known, shaft lining fracture is the main disaster resulting in a large amount of fatalities and property loss. Thus, the additional strain is a key parameter to evaluate the safety condition of existing shaft linings. In this study, a new type of safety monitoring system based on differential resistance sensing technology is developed to measure the additional strain in shaft linings. In this paper, the theatrical study, the working principle, and the function of the newly developed monitoring system are fully presented. To investigate the reliability and effectiveness of the monitoring system, the differential resistance sensors are used to measure the horizontal and vertical strains at different elevations in a shaft lining during reinforcing the fracture inside the shaft lining. It can be found that from the test results the monitoring system based on differential resistance sensing technology can measure the deformation of the existing wall lining during stratum grouting. Therefore, it can be concluded that the newly developed monitoring system is significant for fracture warning and reinforcement engineering.

The Technology of Ultrasound for Measuring the Thickness of the Pipe Lining

For the issue of the industrial pipe wall lining the thickness of dynamic changes difficult to be measured, based on the principle of ultrasonic thickness measurement and ultrasonic propagation in solids and based on existing research and theory of ultrasonic, this topic has designed a ultrasonic technology solution for measuring the thickness of the pipe wall lining. This technology achieves online measurement and non-destructive thickness measurement. Through processing and analysis of the experimental results, it demonstrates the feasibility and reliability of the technology. This technology has great significance for improving the security and stability of the pipeline.

D-brane solitons and boojums in field theory and Bose–Einstein condensates

In certain field theoretical models, composite solitons consisting of a domain wall and vortex lines attached to the wall have been referred to as ‘D-brane solitons’. We show that similar composite solitons can be realized in phase-separated two-component Bose–Einstein condensates. We discuss the similarities and differences between topological solitons in the Abelian–Higgs model and those in two-component Bose–Einstein condensates. On the basis of the formulation of gauge theory, we introduce the ‘boojum charge’ to characterize the D-brane soliton in Bose–Einstein condensates.

Thermoelectric imaging of structural disorder in epitaxial graphene

Heat is a familiar form of energy transported from a hot side to a colder side of an object, but not a notion associated with microscopic measurements of electronic properties. A temperature difference within a material causes charge carriers, electrons or holes to diffuse along the temperature gradient inducing a thermoelectric voltage. Here we show that local thermoelectric measurements can yield high-sensitivity imaging of structural disorder on the atomic and nanometre scales. The thermopower measurement acts to amplify the variations in the local density of states at the Fermi level, giving high differential contrast in thermoelectric signals. Using this imaging technique, we uncovered point defects in the first layer of epitaxial graphene, which generate soliton-like domain-wall line patterns separating regions of the different interlayer stacking of the second graphene layer.

One More Death from Visceral Leishmaniasis Has Gone by Unnoticed. What Can Be Done?

One More Death from Visceral Leishmaniasis Has Gone by Unnoticed. What Can Be Done?

Automated chest wall line detection for whole‐breast segmentation in sagittal breast MR images

Breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays an important role in the clinical management of breast cancer. Computerized analysis is increasingly used to quantify breast MRI features in applications such as computer-aided lesion detection and fibroglandular tissue estimation for breast cancer risk assessment. Automated segmentation of the whole-breast as an organ from the other parts imaged is an important step in aiding lesion localization and fibroglandular tissue quantification. For this task, identifying the chest wall line (CWL) is most challenging due to image contrast variations, intensity discontinuity, and bias field. In this work, the authors develop and validate a fully automated image processing algorithm for accurate delineation of the CWL in sagittal breast MRI. The CWL detection is based on an integrated scheme of edge extraction and CWL candidate evaluation. The edge extraction consists of applying edge-enhancing filters and an edge linking algorithm. Increased accuracy is achieved by the synergistic use of multiple image inputs for edge extraction, where multiple CWL candidates are evaluated by the dynamic time warping algorithm coupled with the construction of a CWL reference. Their method is quantitatively validated by a dataset of 60 3D bilateral sagittal breast MRI scans (in total 3360 2D MR slices) that span the full American College of Radiology Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) breast density range. Agreement with manual segmentation obtained by an experienced breast imaging radiologist is assessed by both volumetric and boundary-based metrics, including four quantitative measures. In terms of breast volume agreement with manual segmentation, the overlay percentage expressed by the Dice's similarity coefficient is 95.0% and the difference percentage is 10.1%. More specifically, for the segmentation accuracy of the CWL boundary, the CWL overlay percentage is 92.7% and averaged deviation distance is 2.3 mm. Their method requires ≈ 4.5 min for segmenting each 3D breast MRI scan (56 slices) in comparison to ≈ 35 min required for manual segmentation. Further analysis indicates that the segmentation performance of their method is relatively stable across the different BI-RADS density categories and breast volume, and also robust with respect to a varying range of the major parameters of the algorithm. Their fully automated method achieves high segmentation accuracy in a time-efficient manner. It could support large scale quantitative breast MRI analysis and holds the potential to become integrated into the clinical workflow for breast cancer clinical applications in the future.

THE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE HISTORICAL BUILDING OF THE LATIN SCHOOL IN MALBORK

Abstract The paper summarizes the reconstruction of the historical building erected in the 14th century, during the times of the residence of Grand Master of the Teutonic Order Winrich von Kniprode, currently referred to as the Latin School. It characterizes the location of the Latin School in the urban conservation area of the town of Malbork. The building is situated in the stretch of the buttressed brick escarpment on the Nogat River in the line of the historic defensive walls of Malbork. The paper also outlines the history of this building, constructed and managed by the municipal authorities of Malbork, which for a long time was a seat of a Patronage of Saint George and the Merchant Guild, and next, from the 16th century until 1864, the building housed a school where basic Latin was taught. Next, the situation of this historical monument in the 20th century is discussed. In the next part of the paper, the geological conditions of the site where the building was erected are discussed. The conducted archeological and architectural exploratory research related to the historical building with a particular emphasis on historic preservation and restoration works focusing on the building and its surroundings is presented and analyzed. Currently carried out design, construction and adaptation works allowing new functions to be embedded into this building are also discussed. The paper shows the benefits due to the realization of the reconstruction program of the degraded building of the Latin school in the historic quarter of the town. These activities are aimed at the conversion of the currently derelict building by means of embedding new functions into it. There are being designed, among others, an interactive educational center modern library, astronomical observatory, craft museum and multifunctional hall, allowing proper conditions to be created for the development of educational, artistic and tourism related activities in the reconstructed building. The reconstruction of the historical building is a positive response to its deterioration resulting from former activities and it will contribute to the improvement of the quality of cultural life of both local inhabitants and visitors.

Properties of Plastic Bonded Agricultural – Waste Composites, I: Charcoal and Wood-Dust Separately Bonded Composites

Eleven (11) composites, are unfilled and five each filled with varying contents of charcoal and wood dust separating bonded with melted spent thermoplastics have been compounded and their compressive strength, density, specific gravity, percentage shrinkage and percentage absorption determined.Composite density ranges (0.83-0.94)g/cm 3 , compressive strength from (6.92-16.14)n/mm 2 , percentage shrinkage from (1.01-4.76)% and percentage water absorption from (1.75-15.75)%. These results suggest that these composites (i) meet the allowable American standard for test and measurement (ASTM) for ceramic floor and wall tiles in compressor strength (0.2-22.1)minimum, % shrinkage (maximum 15%) and water absorption (maximum 16%) (ii)are appreciably strong compare to the gmelina-wood/cement composite and (iii) if comprehensively examined, composites may be useful in the building industry for the manufacture of tiles and boards and even compete favorably with the wood cement composites. Keywords: Compressive strength, % shrinkage, % absorption, thermoplastic,tiles. I. Introduction The reinforcement of inorganic matrices for improved structural integrity with linigocellulose fluids materials is an old option. Inorganic builders such as Portland cement have been used in building elements. Example of the different types of inorganic bonded wood composite industrially produced are magnesium bonded composite panel (1,2). They are used as particle partitioning, cladding, wall lining and paneling and roofing of floor base (3-5) The use of cement builder in the production of particle boards has aroused interest lately probably because of the shortage and increase in the price of synthetic resin and the desire of develop boards that are suitable foe the exterior applications. The needed raw materials (cement and wood) are readily available in developing countries and the production technology is relatively simple. The cement bonded particle boards is reported (2, 6-8) to have better resistance to impact loading when compared with asbestos board stiffer than the unbound with a bond strength that increase progressively with period of exposure to structural weathering. One of the many problems with cement bonded particle is that of which relates to the weight of the board. Commercially, the board is manufactured within the density range of 1100-1300kg/m 3 and with cement wood ratios ranging between 2.75 -3.00 cement to 1.00 of wood on weight basis (9). The large quality of cement per unit weight of wood employed in the board manufacture makes the resultant board to be heavy. It has been noted that the characteristically high density of the board is a possible limitation to the boards use particular in the areas where weight saving is essential. Deppe (10) noted the need for research effort directed towards finding ways of reducing density of the board while at the same time improving the strength of the board.This need is the aim of the present work. The sale of pure water in plastic sachets without effective management of the sachet after the consumption of the water contains has resulted in environmental pollution caused by the non-biodegradable spent purer water sachet particularly in our cities in this country. In an attempt to control the menace, the spent sachet has been used as a binder in the production of particle boards separately consisting of charcoal and wood dust. The compressive strength, % absorption and % shrinkage of the composites are reported in this write up. EXPERIMENTAL Materials spent pure sachet were collected from restaurants, washed and sun dried. Filters: (a) Charcoal was bought at the Erekesan market Akure, washed, sun dried, crushed and sieved with endecotte sieve into an appropriate particle size and stored at 105

集合住宅ファサードの幾何学的形態の変化と景観の印象評価の構造分析

In streetscape, shapes of buildings are important to decide impressions of streets. Designers often align wall lines and height of buildings to give a sense of unity. If the streetscape is overly unified, however, observers feel it to be monotone and lacking liveliness, so it's important to understand the relation between shapes of buildings and impressions of streetscapes. The authors reproduce various shapes of facades using CG (computer graphics) technology. Through the experiment and analysis of it, they reveal the relation between the structure of evaluation and characteristics of desirable shapes of facade. They also reproduce various impression facades and simulate the evaluation of landscape.

Unusual Low-Vibrational C═O Mode of COOH Can Distinguish between Carboxylated Zigzag and Armchair Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes

Vibrational frequency analysis using density functional theory resolves some ambiguities in interpretation of IR spectra of carboxylated single-wall carbon nanotubes (o-SWNTs). Armchair (n,n) and zigzag (m,0) tubes, with diameter varying between 0.5 and 1.4 nm, were populated with different numbers of COOH groups at one terminus. While armchair-COOH tubes exhibit C═O stretching frequencies in the standard range of 1720–1760 cm–1, zigzag-COOH tubes display a new C═O band around 1650 cm–1 with much higher intensity, in addition to the higher-frequency C═O mode. The COOH groups exhibiting this low-frequency (lf-COOH) are displaced well off the lines of the tube walls, to the outside. This new band is in the same range as one observed experimentally, which has on occasion been attributed to quinone formation. The C═O bond length in the relevant COOH groups is longer by about 0.01 A than regular C═O bonds. Such low-frequency C═O band is unusual and not common for any stand-alone COOH group and seems characteri...

Organic linings in nests of the fire ants Solenopsis electra Forel and Solenopsis nr. macdonaghi Santschi from Argentina

Although fire ants have been extensively studied, not much has been published about the structure and building material of their nests and even less on the lining of chamber walls. Nests built in unconsolidated sandy soils of Solenopsis electra and Solenopsis nr. macdonaghi, studied in La Pampa and Chubut (Argentina), respectively, show organic linings, which are reported herein for the first time. It is hypothesized that these organic linings may be of fecal origin, since there is no organic rich horizon in those soils. Apart from its significance as regards ant architecture and nest function, the presence of organic linings in ant nests is important for interpreting fossil nests, which have been often assigned to termites based on the presence of organic linings.

Multicentre studies of insecticide-treated durable wall lining in Africa and South-East Asia: entomological efficacy and household acceptability during one year of field use

BackgroundIndoor residual spraying (IRS) is a primary method of malaria vector control, but its potential impact is constrained by several inherent limitations: spraying must be repeated when insecticide residues decay, householders can tire of the annual imposition and campaign costs are recurrent. Durable lining (DL) can be considered an advanced form of long-lasting IRS where insecticide is gradually released from an aesthetically attractive wall lining material to provide vector control for several years. A multicentre trial was carried out in Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Mali, South Africa and Vietnam to assess the feasibility, durability, bioefficacy and household acceptability of DL, compared to conventional IRS or insecticide-treated curtains (LLITCs), in a variety of operational settings.MethodsThis study was conducted in 220 households in traditional rural villages over 12-15 months. In all sites, rolls of DL were cut to fit house dimensions and fixed to interior wall surfaces (usually with nails and caps) by trained teams. Acceptability was assessed using a standardized questionnaire covering such topics as installation, exposure reactions, entomology, indoor environment, aesthetics and durability. Bioefficacy of interventions was evaluated using WHO cone bioassay tests at regular intervals throughout the year.ResultsThe deltamethrin DL demonstrated little to no decline in bioefficacy over 12-15 months, supported by minimal loss of insecticide content. By contrast, IRS displayed a significant decrease in bioactivity by 6 months and full loss after 12 months. The majority of participants in DL households perceived reductions in mosquito density (93%) and biting (82%), but no changes in indoor temperature (83%). Among those households that wanted to retain the DL, 73% cited protective reasons, 20% expressed a desire to keep theirs for decoration and 7% valued both qualities equally. In Equatorial Guinea, when offered a choice of vector control product at the end of the trial (DL, IRS or LLITCs), DL consistently emerged as the most popular intervention regardless of the earlier household allocation.ConclusionsJust as long-lasting insecticidal nets overcame several of the technical and logistical constraints associated with conventionally treated nets and then went to scale, this study demonstrates the potential of DL to sustain user compliance and overcome the operational challenges associated with IRS.

Insecticide-treated durable wall lining for malaria control: multicentre studies from Africa and South-East Asia

Background Indoor residual spraying (IRS) is a primary method of malaria vector control but its potential impact is constrained by several inherent limitations: spraying must be repeated when insecticide residues decay, householders may object to the annual imposition and campaign costs are recurrent. Durable wall lining (DL) can be considered a novel form of long-lasting IRS, which gradually releases insecticide over a period of three to four years when used to cover interior house walls. DL is designed to overcome the logistical constraints associated with repeated rounds of spraying whilst retaining the most attractive feature of IRS, the protection of all members of the community [1-3]. To establish DL as a viable substitute it must demonstrate equivalent or superior levels of bioefficacy, acceptability, durability and logistical feasibility to currently available products. Materials and methods To identify a desirable material to develop into a durable wall lining, a one year preliminary trial was conducted among rural and urban households in Angola and Nigeria (n=258) comparing three deltamethrin-treated prototype materials (polyethylene shade cloth, laminated polyethylene sheeting and mosquito wall netting) [4]. The most popular lining material (shade cloth polyethylene, henceforth DL) was then evaluated in comparison with conventional IRS during a one year multicentre trial conducted in rural households in malaria endemic Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Mali, South Africa and Vietnam (n=220). Results During the preliminary trial a dichotomy between rural and urban participants emerged. Rural households favoured wall adornments and accepted wall linings because of their perceived decorative value and entomological efficacy, whereas urban households preferred minimal wall decoration and objected to the materials aesthetics and installation feasibility. Of the prototype lining materials assessed, polyethylene shade cloth DL was the most popular because of its ease of installation, aesthetics and resemblance to locally available materials. During the multicentre field trial, DL demonstrated consistently higher levels of bioefficacy compared to IRS, with no significant loss of bioactivity after 12 months. Field samples of DL retained on average 78% of their original insecticide content after one year. The majority of households reported reductions in mosquito density (93%) and biting (82%), but no adverse changes to their indoor environment (83%). When offered a choice of vector control product at the end of trial, the majority of participants chose DL regardless of the earlier household allocation.

Study on the Fatigue Life of Fully-Automatic Hydraulic Press Pull Rods Based on Finite Element and Mechanical Materials

Fully-automatic hydraulic press is one of the key mechanical equipments of ceramic wall and floor tiles production line. The four pull rods of the frame withstand the all work force when it works, so took a type of fully-automatic hydraulic press as the object of study, established the 3D model of its pull rods by CAD software Pro-E, and then import them into finite element analysis software to analysis the value and distribution of the stress and strain, finnly studied the fatigue life of the pull rods according to the finite element static analysis result and the S-N curve of the pull rods material by using ANSYS fatigue analysis module. The methods and conclusions have practical significance to understand the hydraulic press structure and improve on the structure design and life assessment of the fully-automatic hydraulic press beam.

Human Antibody Response to Anopheles Saliva for Comparing the Efficacy of Three Malaria Vector Control Methods in Balombo, Angola

Human antibody (Ab) response to Anopheles whole saliva, used as biomarker of Anopheles exposure, was investigated over a period of two years (2008–2009), in children between 2 to 9 years old, before and after the introduction of three different malaria vector control methods; deltamethrin treated long lasting impregnated nets (LLIN) and insecticide treated plastic sheeting (ITPS) - Zero Fly®) (ITPS-ZF), deltamethrin impregnated Durable (Wall) Lining (ITPS-DL – Zerovector®) alone, and indoor residual spraying (IRS) with lambdacyhalothrin alone. These different vector control methods resulted in considerable decreases in all three entomological (82.4%), parasitological (54.8%) and immunological criteria analyzed. The highest reductions in the number of Anopheles collected and number of positive blood smears, respectively 82.1% and 58.3%, were found in Capango and Canjala where LLIN and ITPS-ZF were implemented. The immunological data based on the level of anti-saliva IgG Ab in children of all villages dropped significantly from 2008 to 2009, except in Chissequele. These results indicated that these three vector control methods significantly reduced malaria infections amongst the children studied and IRS significantly reduced the human-Anopheles contact. The number of Anopheles, positive blood smears, and the levels of anti-saliva IgG Ab were most reduced when LLIN and ITPS-ZF were used in combination, compared to the use of one vector control method alone, either ITPS-DL or IRS. Therefore, as a combination of two vector control methods is significantly more effective than one control method only, this control strategy should be further developed at a more global scale.

The development of insecticide-treated durable wall lining for malaria control: insights from rural and urban populations in Angola and Nigeria

BackgroundDurable lining (DL) is a deltamethrin-impregnated polyethylene material, which is designed to cover domestic walls that would normally be sprayed with residual insecticide. The operational success of DL as a long-lasting insecticidal substrate will be dependent on a high level of user acceptability as households must maintain correctly installed linings on their walls for several years. Preliminary trials were undertaken to identify a material to develop into a marketable wall lining and to assess its level of acceptability among rural and urban populations.MethodsIn Angola (n=60), prototype DL and insecticide-treated plastic sheeting (ITPS) were installed on urban house walls and ceilings, respectively, and acceptability was compared to indoor residual spraying (IRS) (n=20) using a knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) questionnaire. In Nigeria (n=178), three materials (prototype DL, ITPS and insecticide-treated wall netting) were distributed among rural and urban households. User opinions were gathered from focus group discussions, in-depth interviews and KAP questionnaires.ResultsIn Angola, after two weeks, the majority of participants (98%) expressed satisfaction with the products and identified the killing of insects as the materials’ principal benefits (73%). After one year, despite a loss of almost 50% of households to refugee repatriation, all 32 remaining households still asserted that they had liked the DL/ITPS in their homes and given the choice of intervention preferred DL/ITPS to IRS (94%) or insecticide-treated nets (78%). In Nigeria, a dichotomy between rural and urban respondents emerged. Rural participants favoured wall adornments and accepted wall linings because of their perceived decorative value and entomological efficacy. By contrast, urban households preferred minimal wall decoration and rejected the materials based upon objections to their aesthetics and installation feasibility.ConclusionsThe high level of acceptability among rural inhabitants in Nigeria identifies these communities as the ideal target consumer group for durable wall linings. The poorer compliance among urban participants suggests that wall linings would not be readily adopted or sustained in these regions. If DL is as well received by other rural populations it could overcome some of the logistical constraints associated with spray campaigns and has the potential to become a long-lasting alternative to IRS in malaria endemic areas.

Pyrethroid Resistance in Anopheles gambiae, in Bomi County, Liberia, Compromises Malaria Vector Control

BackgroundLong Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLIN) and Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) have both proven to be effective malaria vector control strategies in Africa and the new technology of insecticide treated durable wall lining (DL) is being evaluated. Sustaining these interventions at high coverage levels is logistically challenging and, furthermore, the increase in insecticide resistance in African malaria vectors may reduce the efficacy of these chemical based interventions. Monitoring of vector populations and evaluation of the efficacy of insecticide based control approaches should be integral components of malaria control programmes. This study reports on entomological survey conducted in 2011 in Bomi County, Liberia.Methods Anopheles gambiae larvae were collected from four sites in Bomi, Liberia, and reared in a field insectary. Two to five days old female adult An gambiae s.l. were tested using WHO tube (n = 2027) and cone (n = 580) bioassays in houses treated with DL or IRS. A sample of mosquitoes (n = 169) were identified to species/molecular form and screened for the presence of knock down resistance (kdr) alleles associated with pyrethroid resistance.Results Anopheles gambiae s.l tested were resistant to deltamethrin but fully susceptible to bendiocarb and fenithrothion. The corrected mortality of local mosquitoes exposed to houses treated with deltamethrin either via IRS or DL was 12% and 59% respectively, suggesting that resistance may affect the efficacy of these interventions. The presence of pyrethroid resistance was associated with a high frequency of the 1014F kdr allele (90.5%) although this mutation alone cannot explain the resistance levels observed.ConclusionHigh prevalence of resistance to deltamethrin in Bomi County may reduce the efficacy of malaria strategies relying on this class of insecticide. The findings highlight the urgent need to expand and sustain monitoring of insecticide resistance in Liberian malaria vectors, evaluate the effectiveness of existing interventions and develop appropriate resistance management strategies.

The Study of Design and Installation Process for Supersonic Nozzle

A practical optimal design method of supersonic nozzle is proposed for a supersonic wind tunnel’s design. Design a set of nozzle wall lines with the same nozzle length and different Mach numbers 1.5, 2.0, 2.5. Use numerical simulation method for the verify and analysis of the designed nozzle. Mainly study the impact of the installation gradient between nozzle and test section on flow field quality. This wind tunnel is the subsonic, transonic and supersonic wind tunnel and its test section cross is 0.2 m × 0.2 m .The impact on flow field quality of the test section was studied quantitatively by using the numerical simulation method. The installation gradient index was given. It has some practical value to the construction of supersonic wind tunnel. At present, this study has been applied in construction of the wind tunnel. The gradient of the test section import shall not be greater than 0.5 mm.