Walkability Audits Research Articles

A participatory mapping approach to capturing perceived walkability

We present a novel method for capturing citizens’ views on perceived walkability. Peoples’ decisions to use any transport mode are determined by perceived accessibility, thus perceived walkability is vital to the decision to walk for transport. To date, approaches to understanding perceived walkability, such as detailed ‘walkability audit’ instruments, have been difficult to scale and linked only to respondents’ residential locations. In contrast our research uses an online mapping tool designed to rapidly capture vague knowledge about places. Respondents use a map interface to spray-paint the most and least walkable areas across the city of Sydney, Australia, along with defining the area they regularly walk from home and where they would be willing to walk. They also provide free-text input to explain their responses. This approach enables data collection of respondents’ holistic understanding of the walkability of different areas based on the local knowledge and experience of the city. Pilot results together with qualitative analysis of text submitted in response to open ended questions are presented to demonstrate the feasibility, face validity and potential of the method. A comparison with an accessibility-based walkability index, WalkTHERE, for Sydney is shown. Results are broadly aligned, but the perceived walkability results presented highlight the negative environmental quality of walking near high-traffic roads and the positive aspects of natural and water views, which are not captured in this walkability index. Perceived walkable areas around the home were on average similar in overall area to the common standard of 15-minute buffers, but longer in their longest dimension, and have irregular shapes. Detailed methodology for analysis of the online mapping inputs is provided. This method has potential for rapid yet rich data collection, particularly when used together with a walkability model to understand differences which can point to localised problems with walking environment quality.

Neighborhood Walkability Is Associated With Global Positioning System-Derived Community Mobility of Older Adults.

Neighborhood walkability may encourage greater out-of-home travel (ie, community mobility) to support independent functioning in later life. We examined associations between a novel walkability audit index and Global Positioning System (GPS)-derived community mobility in community-dwelling older adults. We compared associations with the validated Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) National Walkability Index and further examined moderation by clinical walking speed. Participants were 146 older adults (Mean = 77.0 ± 6.5 years, 68% women) at baseline of a randomized trial to improve walking speed. A walkability index (range: 0-5; eg, land-use mix, crosswalks, and so on) was created using Google Street View audits within 1/8-mile of the home. Participants carried a GPS device for 5-7 days to derive objective measures of community mobility (eg, time spent out of home, accumulated distance from home). Each 1 SD (~1.3-point) greater walkability audit score was associated with a median 2.16% more time spent out of home (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.30-4.03, p = .023), adjusting for individual demographics/health and neighborhood socioeconomic status. For slower walkers (4-m walking speed <1 m/s), each 1 SD greater audit score was also associated with a median 4.54 km greater accumulated distance from home (95% CI: 0.01-9.07, p (interaction) = .034). No significant associations were found for the EPA walkability index. Walkability immediately outside the home was related to greater community mobility, especially for older adults with slower walking speeds. Results emphasize the need to consider the joint influence of local environment and individual functioning when addressing community mobility in older populations.

ASSOCIATION BETWEEN NEIGHBORHOOD ENVIRONMENT AND FEAR OF FALLING AND FALLS AMONG COMMUNITY-DWELLING OLDER ADULTS

Abstract Neighborhood built environment may influence both objective and perceived risk of falling. We examined the association between neighborhood built environmental characteristics and falls, fear of falling (FOF), and gait efficacy among older adults. We used baseline data from a randomized trial that measured falls over the past 12 months, FOF, and Modified Gait Efficacy Scale (mGES). Walkability audits were conducted for participant home addresses using Google StreetView and summarized by two factors: urbanicity and neighborhood quality. Logistic and linear regression were adjusted for age, gender, race, comorbidity index, and body mass index. Analyses were also stratified by past falls and gait speed (&amp;lt; or ≥1.0m/s). We included 249 participants (mean age: 77.4 years; 65% female) with 29.7% reporting a fall over the past year and 40.6% reporting FOF. Mean mGES (0-100) was 85.2±13.7 and 32% participants had gait speed &amp;lt;1.0m/s. In unstratified analysis, greater urbanicity was associated with lower gait efficacy (β=-1.88, p=.039). Among those who had not fallen, greater urbanicity was associated with FOF (β=0.47, p=.012) and greater urbanicity and higher neighborhood quality were associated with lower gait efficacy (β=-2.8, p=.006; β=-2.1, p=.047). Among those with better mobility, urbanicity was associated with lower gait efficacy and FOF (β=-2.4, p=.009; β=0.5, p=.01). There were no significant associations among those who had fallen or with poorer mobility. Neighborhood environmental characteristics may play a larger role in FOF among those who have better mobility and have not yet fallen, as they may have more opportunities to interact with varied environmental conditions.

The Impact Of Walkways and Open Spaces on Promoting Sustainable Pattern of Life in the Campus Case Study Of Mahlia Girls' Campus Jazan University , Saudi Arabia

The term "University Campus" defines an institutional place that is usedfor education as the primary activity for a large number of students and staff, thephysical environment of a campus includes buildings, open spaces and all theessential infrastructures needed to function effectively .The concept of‘Walkability’ provides an important principle of sustainability in such places, thequality of campus environment in terms of walkways and open spaces haspositive influence on ‘Walkability’. The quality of which the built environmentenables the mobility of pedestrians define it's walkability .This study examinesthe impact of walkways and open spaces on walkability in Mahlia Girls' Campusof Jazan University. The author investigated the existing conditions of the campusand their impact on creating a sustainable pattern of life .The research methodsapplied a mix of methods: a walkability audit tool to record data of physical builtenvironment elements was developed and tested, a questionnaire and directobservation. The resulting data were statistically analysed. The results obtainedwere supported by graphical illustrations prepared by the author. The researchfound certain physical infrastructure challenges that influence female students andstaff willingness to walk. Results emphasis major factors such as landscape ,width and connectivity of the walkway ,weather protection and shading ,appropriate urban furniture for activities such as seating and places forrefreshment .The conclusions are summarized to provide design guidelines for theimprovement and enhancement of existing conditions.

OUTDOOR FALLS PREVENTION: PROMOTING SAFETY IN URBAN NEIGHBORHOODS

Abstract Outdoor falls present a significant challenge to the well-being of community dwelling older adults. There are a number of existing evidence-based programs that address fall risk, including multifactorial and exercise-based programs. However, despite the difference in risk factors for indoor and outdoor falls, no existing program specifically targets outdoor falls. To fill this gap, the Stroll Safe program was developed and refined based on a prior feasibility study. The 7-week group-based manualized program is focused on promoting safe behavioral strategies to reduce the risk of outdoor falls. In addition to presentations and community mobility coaching by the group leader, an occupational therapist, the program includes group discussion and problem solving, capitalizing on the life experiences of participants. Action planning facilitates implementation of the strategies discussed. Given that the neighborhood environment impacts both risk and fear of falling, a walkability audit (i.e. the SWAN) focused on environmental hazards is included and is used to promote awareness of hazards and as a tool for self-advocacy. Data science and machine learning facilitate the creation of resources for route planning. Vision Zero resources help to identify hotspots for pedestrian injuries, and a map of shadow is used to create a user friendly map of potential hotspots for black ice. In this symposium, we will present 1) Findings from the efficacy trial for Stroll Safe, and 2) Describe data science research that can be used to inform outdoor falls prevention programs.

Development and validation of automated microscale walkability audit method

Measuring microscale factors of walkability has been labor-intensive and expensive. To reduce the cost, various efforts have been made including virtual audits (i.e., manual audits using street view images) and the introduction of computer vision techniques. Although studies have shown that virtual audits (i.e., manual audits using street view images) can reliably replicate in-person audits, they are still prohibitively expensive to be applied to a large geographic area. Past studies used computer vision techniques to help automate the audit process, but off-the-shelf models cannot detect some of the important microscale walkability characteristics, falling short of fully capturing the multi-facetted concept of walkability. This study is one of the earliest attempts to use the combination of custom-trained computer vision models, geographic information systems, and street view images to automatically audit a complete set of items of a validated microscale walkability audit tool. This study validates the reliability of the automated audit with virtual audit results. The automated audit results show high reliability, indicating automated audit can be a highly scalable and reliable replacement of virtual audit.

Walkability: a review of trends

ABSTRACT Walkability has emerged as not only a set of indexes and metrics but a normative discourse. This review of walkability studies draws on English, Spanish and Portuguese literatures, as well as case studies evaluating pedestrian walking in cities. In recent literature reviews, a pattern emerges of studies agreeing on relatively consistent factors while identifying problems with metrics. However, these studies continue to operate on an aggregate level, often without differentiating pedestrians by gender, age, and ability. The lack of higher-order socioeconomic and affective factors such as social norms and comfort reflects a lack of attention to diversity. The ubiquitous importance of hand-held mobile devices, although undercut by the lack of a single mobile platform, suggests the possibility of crowd-sourced assessments. GIS and GPS tools allow emerging professional practices focused on walkability audits.

Microscale Walkability Modelling. The Case of Athens City Centre

To date, several macro-level walkability measures have been proposed, but microscale and audit-based walkability approaches prove to be highly effective to support realistic, quick and cheap mechanisms for pedestrian-friendly environments. Yet, walkability audits are time- and cost-intensive solutions, because they require several streetscape observations. This study aims to investigate whether a multiple linear regression model of urban form- and function-related variables can effectively predict an audit-based average walkability indicator. For this purpose, we use a virtual, brief and reliable audit tool (MAPS-Mini) in Athens city centre in order to collect street-level data and in turn to construct a microscale walkability indicator (dependent variable). Moreover, our approach suggests a flexible statistical model of open-source data, with six exploratory variables of the macro-level built environment: angular integration, population density, transit stop density, pedestrian street density, retail and entertainment activity density, and building height. The results indicate that audit-based average walkability scores can be effectively estimated, as the regression model can explain about 82% of the variation. Furthermore, the density of retail and entertainment activities was indicated as the strongest correlate of more walking-friendly streetscapes, while some urban policy implications include the promotion of footpath repairs and better-engineered crossings.

Modelling children’s independent territorial range by discretionary and nondiscretionary trips

The decline of children’s independent mobility (CIM) is now a global concern. This study aims to identify the determinants of the territorial range (TR) of CIM, i.e., the geographical distance between home and places where children are allowed to wander. TR for both discretionary and nondiscretionary trips is studied based on data collected through a questionnaire survey, travel diary, and mapping of travel routes. The study sample was comprised of 151 children 9-14 years of age from Dhaka, Bangladesh. Built environment (BE) data were collected/derived through walkability audits of children’s walking routes and spatial analyses. Children’s TR was regressed by BE, socio-demographics, and perceptual factors. Three multiple regression models were estimated: overall TR, discretionary TR, and nondiscretionary TR. Results showed that children had a longer TR for nondiscretionary trips (664.14 m) compared to discretionary trips (397.9 m). Discretionary TR was largely explained by angular step-depth, street connectivity and the condition of the walking environment of the taken routes. In contrast, angular step-depth, the presence of commercial and retail land uses and the condition of the walking environment were found to be significant predictors of nondiscretionary TR. Children’s perception of social and physical dangers and their satisfaction with tree coverage in the neighborhood also influenced their TR. The findings can inform measures to be taken to expand TR in the urban environment.

Associations of Neighborhood Walkability and Walking Behaviors by Cognitive Trajectory in Older Adults.

Lawton's Ecological Model of Aging suggests that associations between environment and mobility differ based on individual factors such as cognitive decline. Virtual walkability audits were conducted within 1/8 mile of residences of older adults (n = 545; average age = 82; 57% female; 33% Black) who had been enrolled in the Health, Aging, and Body Composition (Health ABC) cohort for 10 years. The primary outcome was self-reported walking in past week and the secondary was mobility disability, self-reported difficulty to walk ¼ mile. Linear mixed models of general cognitive function over the prior 10 years calculated participant-specific slopes; those below 0 were cognitive decliners. Logistic regression models, adjusted for demographics and neighborhood socioeconomic status, tested associations between each walkability variable and each mobility outcome. Interaction terms between walkability and cognitive status were tested and walkability analyses stratified on cognitive status where p for interaction < .2. In the sample, 57.4% reported walking, 24.2% reported mobility disability, and 51% were cognitive decliners. Sidewalk quality was related to walking in cognitive maintainers; slope was related in decliners. Mixed land use (odds ratio [OR] = 1.61; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.12, 2.30) and senior residence (OR = 2.14; 95% CI: 1.27, 3.60) were related to greater walking, regardless of cognitive status. Mixed land use was related to less mobility disability in decliners and abandoned properties were related to greater mobility disability in maintainers. Policy-level interventions targeted at walkability, including improved sidewalk quality and increasing mixed land use could support walking in older adults, regardless of cognitive status.

Dog Ownership and Walking: Perceived and Audited Walkability and Activity Correlates.

Few studies assess dog ownership and walking with both self-reported or perceived and audited or objective walkability and physical activity measures. Across two years, we examined both types of walkability and activity measures for residents living within 2km of a “complete street”—one renovated with light rails, bike lanes, and sidewalks. Audited walkability (Irvine–Minnesota Inventory) was more consistently related to dog ownership and walking groups than perceived walkability (Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale—Abbreviated). Self-reported leisure walking was much higher (289–383 min per week) among dog walkers than among other groups (100–270 min per week), despite no difference in accelerometer-measured light or moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Furthermore, the most powerful difference between groups involved single-family detached home residence, which was much lower among non-dog-owners (44%) than among non-dog-walkers or dog walkers (81% and 70%, respectively). Given discrepancies across walkability and activity measures, we recommend future use of walkability audits and objectively measured physical activity over the current emphasis on self-report measures. We also urge greater attention to increased densities of housing, which may negatively affect dog ownership levels unless compensating supports for dog ownership and walking are created by public health messaging, dog-friendly policies, and dog-friendly housing and community design.

Geospatial Distribution of Pedestrian Injuries and Associated Factors in the Greater Kampala Metropolitan Area, Uganda

Background: Road traffic injuries (RTIs) are the leading cause of death among 15-29-year olds, of which 22% are pedestrians. In Uganda, pedestrians constitute 43% of RTIs. Over 52% of these injuries occur in Greater Kampala Metropolitan Area (GKMA). However, information on geospatial distribution of RTIs involving pedestrians and associated factors is scanty. We established the geospatial distribution of pedestrian injuries and associated factors in GKMA, Uganda. Methods: We conducted a mixed methods cross sectional study in three districts of GKMA. We used a structured questionnaire to interview 332 injured pedestrians at ten purposively selected health facilities from May to July 2017. We used a modified Australian Walkability Audit Tool to assess road characteristics and videography to capture road user behaviour at reported injury sites. Injury location (outcome) was categorized into three locations according to primary land use: residential areas, commercial/business areas and bar & entertainment areas. The injury hotspots were then mapped out using Quantum Geographic Information System (QGIS). Multinomial logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with injury location and adjusted prevalence ratios (APR) reported at 95% confidence interval. Results: Males represented 66.5% (221/332) of the sample. Pedestrian injuries were most prevalent among 15-29-year olds (45.5%, 151/332). Most (47.2%, 157/332) injuries occurred in commercial and business areas. Namasuba-Zana (13%, 43/332) followed by Nakawa-Kireka on Jinja road (9.7%, 32/332) had the highest number of injuries. Presence of speed humps was protective (APR=0.13, 95%CI 0.01-0.93). However, zebra crossings (APR=6.41, 95% CI: 1.14-36.08) and clear traffic (APR=6.39, 95%CI: 2.75-14.82) were associated with high prevalence of pedestrian injuries. Conclusion: Presence of speed humps was safer for pedestrians but zebra crossings and clear traffic had more than 6-fold risk for injuries. Findings suggest that constructing speed humps on the roads in busy areas and sensitizing motorists to respect zebra crossings could reduce pedestrian injuries.

Virtual audits of streetscapes by crowdworkers.

Audits have been used to provide objective ratings of neighborhood environments. Physical audits, however, are time- and resource-intensive. This study examines the efficiency and reliability of virtual auditing using Google Street View and crowdsourcing to conduct walkability audits of streets in Japan. Overall, 830 street segments were physically and virtually audited by two trained auditors; 300 untrained crowdworkers also virtually audited 3 street segments. Statistical analysis found good inter-source and inter-rater reliability. This study helps establish crowdsourced virtual auditing as a valuable method of measuring neighborhood walkability, reducing audit costs as well as enabling large-scale auditor recruitment while maintaining reliability.

Sampling methodology and reliability of a representative walkability audit

BackgroundPhysical inactivity is a public health concern in the US Virgin Islands (USVI). A contributing factor may be a lack of pedestrian infrastructure and other environmental supports for walking. In this manuscript, we describe the methods used to conduct a walkability audit of environmental features related to physical activity in the USVI. MethodsIn 2016, volunteer auditors conducted the audit using a modified version of the Microscale Audit of Pedestrian Streetscapes tool. A two-stage sampling method was developed using publicly available census data to select a sample of estates (n=46) and street segments (n=1550; 99.2 km) across the USVI. A subset of segments was audited by two independent auditors, and inter-rater reliability was assessed using Cohen's kappa and percent agreement. ResultsAudits were completed on 1114 segments (94.6 km), and estimates were weighted to represent accessible public street length in the study area (1155.9 km). Most items on the audit tool (62.7%) demonstrated good to excellent reliability. We found that it was feasible to conduct a reliable audit of environmental features related to physical activity across a large sample of streets in the USVI. ConclusionsThese methods can be replicated in other settings to collect comprehensive data that can be used to guide strategies to improve the walkability of communities.

The development of a walkability audit. Based on Iranian cities pedestrian environment

Given its influence on public health and the vehicle usage and its negative consequences, walkability has attracted much attention in recent decades. Meanwhile, the development of a method to measure walkability of urban areas in order to improve this feature is of utmost importance. Hence, after a comprehensive investigation into environmental measures related to the walking behavior of the users, it was attempted to develop an efficient and reliable environmental audit tool based on these measures. Following the development of a protocol for utilization and management of the tool, two different tests were employed to validate it. The participants were taught how to use the tool, then it was tested in the Eram neighborhood of Shiraz and the results were statistically analyzed. 13 of the environmental measures were found not to have validity to be used in various environments. However, given the remaining 50 items, the tool is valid for being applied to other urban areas.

Development and validity of a virtual street walkability audit tool for pedestrian route choice analysis—SWATCH

The link between street environment and pedestrian route choices remains a relatively understudied research topic, mainly due to the difficulty in collecting data. This research develops and tests the construct validity of a virtual audit tool of the street environment for route choice analysis of pedestrians with an aim to ease the burden of data collection process, while maintaining the quality of data. The research collected walking routes data from 178 individuals in Brisbane, Australia. Participants were asked to indicate the reasons for their chosen routes in a 16-item question measured on a 3-point Likert scale. Their responses as well as the literature inform the development of the tool (content validity), which contained 22 indicators that potentially influence route choice. The tool was applied to collect street environment data virtually using Google Street View for each street segment of the routes taken. The tool was also used to collect street environment data physically for 47 randomly selected street segments from all the segments forming the routes. The construct validity was tested by comparing indicator level scores between virtual and physical surveys using three statistical measures—i.e., % agreement, Kappa Coefficient, Intraclass Correlation Coefficient. The results show that 90% of street environment indicators have an acceptable level of agreement, which justifies that the tool can validly be used to collect street environment data for route choice analysis. The methodological implication of this study is that scholars and local planners can use the tool to collect street environment data efficiently, effectively, and free of charge by using Google Street View.

Perceptions of walkability and determinants of walking behaviour among urban seniors in Toronto, Canada

Abstract Research has indicated the built environment strongly influences active transportation, though the specific mechanisms through which active transport occurs differ in findings. This study investigated the relationship between objective and subjective measures of walkability for seniors living in Toronto through a multi-phased, mixed-methods approach. Two neighbourhoods within the city were selected as case study areas. Wychwood represented a high walkability neighbourhood and Edenbridge-Humber Valley represented a neighbourhood lower in walkability. The walkability audit, the Senior Walking Environmental Assessment Tool – Revised (SWEAT-R), served as the objective measure. Subjective measures included the use of focus groups, go-along interviews, and traditional interviews with twenty-eight seniors across both neighbourhoods. The findings of this research highlighted the efficacy of objective measures existing in literature, but these did not adequately capture the holistic relationships between seniors and their surrounding environments. The subjective measures of walkability proved especially important for understanding perceptions of walkability and walking behaviour. Additionally, the findings echo recent study findings that recommend theory-based approaches to walkability research may be more effective in accounting for human behaviour in active transportation. This study concludes with practical and theoretical recommendations for planners, public health specialists, and other experts interested in promoting active transportation for seniors.

Implementation-effectiveness trial of an ecological intervention for physical activity in ethnically diverse low income senior centers

BackgroundAs the US population ages, there is an increasing need for evidence based, peer-led physical activity programs, particularly in ethnically diverse, low income senior centers where access is limited.Methods/designThe Peer Empowerment Program 4 Physical Activity’ (PEP4PA) is a hybrid Type II implementation-effectiveness trial that is a peer-led physical activity (PA) intervention based on the ecological model of behavior change. The initial phase is a cluster randomized control trial randomized to either a peer-led PA intervention or usual center programming. After 18 months, the intervention sites are further randomized to continued support or no support for another 6 months. This study will be conducted at twelve senior centers in San Diego County in low income, diverse communities. In the intervention sites, 24 peer health coaches and 408 adults, aged 50 years and older, are invited to participate. Peer health coaches receive training and support and utilize a tablet computer for delivery and tracking. There are several levels of intervention. Individual components include pedometers, step goals, counseling, and feedback charts. Interpersonal components include group walks, group sharing and health tips, and monthly celebrations. Community components include review of PA resources, walkability audit, sustainability plan, and streetscape improvements. The primary outcome of interest is intensity and location of PA minutes per day, measured every 6 months by wrist and hip accelerometers and GPS devices. Secondary outcomes include blood pressure, physical, cognitive, and emotional functioning. Implementation measures include appropriateness & acceptability (perceived and actual fit), adoption & penetration (reach), fidelity (quantity & quality of intervention delivered), acceptability (satisfaction), costs, and sustainability.DiscussionUsing a peer led implementation strategy to deliver a multi-level community based PA program can enhance program adoption, implementation, and sustainment.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, USA (NCT02405325). Date of registration, March 20, 2015. This website also contains all items from the World Health Organization Trial Registration Data Set.

AGE-FRIENDLY WEST PHILADELPHIA: ENGAGING COMMUNITY TO IMPROVE THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

Ralston Center, a nonprofit provider of senior services, collaborated with over fifty stakeholder groups, including community organizations, academic institutions, and city government, to develop its Age-Friendly West Philadelphia Initiative and create positive age-friendly change. Advisory committees helped developed programs on resource access and navigation, social connection, and improvements to public spaces. Ralston teamed with a local civic organization and two artist-led organizations to conduct a walkability audit, design outdoor furniture, and improve accessibility in a high-poverty neighborhood. Volunteers documented improvements needed to facilitate neighborhood walkability, identified locations for benches specifically designed for older residents, and locate appropriate wayfinding signs that highlight and honor community assets. Intergenerational design sessions, fabrication sessions and a community celebration follow, engaging and empowering older residents at each phase. The ongoing project informs age-friendly endeavors in a high-poverty urban area, and leads to new partnerships to benefit the community at large.

Objective And Subjective Measures Of Walkability And Bikability At Westfield State University

PURPOSE: Walking and bicycling are popular forms of active transportation that help an individual engage in physical activity. College campuses present unique opportunities for all of it members to engage in physical activity as they are moving on and around campus and these forms of active transport should be encouraged for all campus members. This study aims to compare objective walkability measurements of Westfield State University’s (WSU) pathways and roadways and how they support walking and biking versus student and faculty/staff perceptions of infrastructure support for walking and biking. METHODS: Mixed methods were used to obtain data: selected segments of WSU campus were objectively measured using a modified CDC Walkability Audit tool; the results of the audits were compared to results of an online survey distributed to WSU students and faculty/staff about their perceptions of ease of walking and biking on and around the campus. Two open-ended response question were given to each group to propose recommendations to facilitate walking and biking. RESULTS: Selected path segments (n=26) on and connecting the WSU campus were audited for their objective walkability/bikability. The segments received a mean score of 62.9±18.4, giving WSU a grade C. Only 31% of audited segments received a grade A or B while the remaining 68% received a grade C or F, indicating fair or poor conditions for walking and biking. Students (n=389) and faculty/staff members (n=78) responded to the survey. Student age was 20.4±1.7 years and 48.72% self-reported their daily physical activity level as a mix of both sedentary and activity. Faculty age was 48.2±13.2 years and 46.75% self-reported their daily physical activity level as mostly sedentary with some activity. For the open-ended questions, the top answers for both students and faculty/staff were posting more motivational signage about walking and installing bike racks and outdoor bike storage. CONCLUSIONS: The objective audit supports current student and faculty/staff perceptions of campus walkability and bikability. Both subjective and objective measures can be used when designing a long-term campus master plan as well as physical activity interventions.