Wake Cycle Research Articles

Role of the autonomic nervous system in young, middle-aged, and older individuals with essential hypertension and sleep-related changes in neurocardiac regulation

Essential hypertension involves complex cardiovascular regulation. The autonomic nervous system function fluctuates throughout the sleep–wake cycle and changes with advancing age. However, the precise role of the autonomic nervous system in the development of hypertension during aging remains unclear. In this study, we characterized autonomic function during the sleep–wake cycle in different age groups with essential hypertension. This study included 97 men (53 with and 44 without hypertension) aged 30–79 years. They were stratified by age into young (< 40 years), middle-aged (40–59 years), and older (60–79 years) groups. Polysomnography and blood pressure data were recorded for 2 min before and during an hour-long nap. Autonomic function was assessed by measuring heart rate variability and blood pressure variability. Data were analyzed using t tests, correlation analyses, and two-way analysis of variance. During nonrapid eye movement (nREM), a main effect of age was observed on cardiac parasympathetic measures and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), with the highest and lowest levels noted in the younger and older groups, respectively. The coefficients of the correlations between these measures and age were lower in patients with hypertension than in normotensive controls. The BRS of young patients with hypertension was similar to that of their middle-aged and older counterparts. However, cardiac sympathetic activity was significantly higher (p = 0.023) and BRS was significantly lower (p = 0.022) in the hypertension group than in the control group. During wakefulness, the results were similar although some of the above findings were absent. Autonomic imbalance, particularly impaired baroreflex, plays a more significant role in younger patients with hypertension. The nREM stage may be suitable for gaining insights into the relevant mechanisms.

Role of New Drug Delivery System in Brain Disorder: Narcolepsy

Narcolepsy is a chronic neurological disorder that involves a decreased ability to regulate sleep wake cycles. In this review authors highlighted various types of narcolepsy, the most common symptoms of the narcolepsy, symptoms of the narcolepsy in children, various causes of narcolepsy, how it effects, how common is narcolepsy, stages of narcolepsy, diagnosis of narcolepsy, its treatment and cure, complications associated with its treatment. The brain is shielded with blood brain barrier system and the methods that can enhance drug delivery to the brain are of great interest in treatment of various brain related problems. Novel drug delivery specially targeted drug delivery is a method by which localizing and maximizing drugs at their desired site of action to reduce toxicity and increase treatment efficiency. This review intends to detail new drug delivery system over conventional drug delivery system, brain targeted drug delivery, challenges faced while making targeted drug delivery system for brain, various strategies and advances in targeted drug delivery for the treatment of narcolepsy.

Role of circadian clock system in the mitochondrial trans-sulfuration pathway and tissue remodeling.

Previous studies from our laboratory revealed that the gaseous molecule hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a metabolic product of epigenetics, involves trans-sulfuration pathway for ensuring metabolism and clearance of homocysteine (Hcy) from body, thereby mitigating the skeletal muscle's pathological remodeling. Although the master circadian clock regulator that is known as brain and muscle aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator like protein 1 (i.e., BMAL 1) is associated with S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (SAHH) and Hcy metabolism but how trans-sulfuration pathway is influenced by the circadian clock remains unexplored. We hypothesize that alterations in the functioning of circadian clock during sleep and wake cycle affect skeletal muscle's biology. To test this hypothesis, we measured serum matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activities using gelatin gels for analyzing the MMP-2 and MMP-9. Further, employing casein gels, we also studied MMP-13 that is known to be influenced by the growth arrest and DNA damage-45 (GADD45) protein during sleep and wake cycle. The wild type and cystathionine β synthase-deficient (CBS-/+) mice strains were treated with H2S and subjected to measurement of trans-sulfuration factors from skeletal muscle tissues. The results suggested highly robust activation of MMPs in the wake mice versus sleep mice, which appears somewhat akin to the "1-carbon metabolic dysregulation", which takes place during remodeling of extracellular matrix during muscular dystrophy. Interestingly, the levels of trans-sulfuration factors such as CBS, cystathionine γ lyase (CSE), methyl tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT), and Hcy-protein bound paraoxonase 1 (PON1) were attenuated in CBS-/+ mice. However, treatment with H2S mitigated the attenuation of the trans-sulfuration pathway. In addition, levels of mitochondrial peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1-α (PGC 1-α) and mitofusin-2 (MFN-2) were significantly improved by H2S intervention. Our findings suggest participation of the circadian clock in trans-sulfuration pathway that affects skeletal muscle remodeling and mitochondrial regeneration.

P050 Process O (onset/offset) cause of the 90-min sleep cycle

Abstract The ubiquitous sleep cycles across a normal sleep of approximately 90 minute period length were originally suggested to be a reflection of a 90-minute basic rest-activity cycle (BRAC) operating across the full circadian cycle of wakefulness and sleep. The evidence for a BRAC during the wakeful period is sparce requiring other explanations for the prominent 90min cycles during sleep. Recently another process, Process O (onset/offset), has been suggested in addition to Processes S (homeostatic) and C (circadian). It was hypothesised in order to account for the recuperative effects of a brief power nap, inexplicable by the other two processes. Process O hypothesises a development of inhibition to any ongoing state (wake, NREM, REM). The inhibition develops rapidly over 1-2 hours to a plateaued limited level and then, following the cessation of that state, dissipates rapidly (5-15 minutes). Thus, a “power” nap brings improved alertness because of the short break from wakefulness allowing the dissipation of wakefulness Process O inhibition. It is suggested that Process O inhibition accumulates also to periods of NREM sleep and REM sleep. The ‘sleep switch’ accounting for bi-stable states of sleep or awake is hypothesised to include REM and NREM as separate states accounting for stability and mutual inhibition between 3 rather than just 2 states. Thus Process O inhibition developing to an ongoing state tips the balance to other states (REM or NREM) resulting in the alternation between them of the sleep cycles and allowing longer sleep epochs after brief awakenings.

Study on the protective mechanism of neuropeptide S in neonates with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy

Hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) is a severe complication of neonatal asphyxia that contributes significantly to neonatal mortality, cerebral palsy, and delays in intellectual and motor development. Neuropeptide S (NPS) plays a role in the regulation of various physiological processes. This study aimed to determine the morphological localization of NPS in hypothalamic target neurons during HIBD, providing a basis for further investigation of HIBD. Seven-day-old SD neonatal male rats were assigned to a sham group and a model group to establish the HIBD model. Then, the rats in the model group were further averagely divided into the NPS group and the normal saline group. Immunohistochemical staining of Fos immunoreactivity (Fos-IR) found that NPS administration resulted in a significant increase in the count of Fos-IR neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (122%), paraventricular nucleus (108%), dorsal tuberomammillary nucleus (174% and 386%), ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (116%), arcuate nucleus (167%), perifornical nucleus (320%), ventral tuberomammillary nucleus (441%), and lateral hypothalamic area (278%) (P &lt; 0.0001), compared to the normal saline group. During HIBD, NPS can protect the above neurons and activate the above target neurons in the hypothalamus to participate in the sleep and wake cycle, mood, diet, circadian rhythm, temperature and neuroendocrine regulation.

Effects of exercise timing and intensity on physiological circadian rhythm and sleep quality: a systematic review.

Humans show near-24-h physiological and behavioral rhythms, which encompass the daily cycle of sleep and wakefulness. Exercise stimulates circadian rhythms, including those of cortisol, melatonin, and core body temperature, and affects sleep quality. We systematically reviewed studies that examined the effects of exercise intensity and timing on physiological circadian rhythms and sleep quality. In this systematic review, we used the online databases PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, and Embase. This review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Two independent and experienced systematic reviewers performed the search and selected relevant studies. The participant, intervention, comparison, and outcome characteristics were: (1) adults; (2) exercise treatment; (3) no exercise treatment or different types of exercise (pre-exercise baseline); (4) cortisol, melatonin, or core body temperature measurement, and subjective or objective sleep quality assessments. We identified 9 relevant articles involving 201 participants (77.1% of whom were male). Our review revealed that short-term evening exercise delayed melatonin rhythm and increased nocturnal core body temperature; however, no negative effects on non-rapid eye movement sleep and sleep efficiency were observed. Moreover, no differences in sleep quality were observed between acute high-intensity and moderate-intensity exercises. With long exercise durations, the core body temperature tended to increase and return to baseline levels at 30-120 min. Our review showed that short-term evening exercise and high-intensity exercise did not have a significant negative effect on sleep quality but physiological circadian rhythm tended to alter. Longterm morning exercise tended to decrease cortisol concentrations after awakening and improve sleep quality. Future studies should examine the effects of long-term exercise timing and intensity on circadian rhythm and sleep.

Nonlinear relationship between sleep midpoint and depression symptoms: a cross-sectional study of US adults

BackgroundDespite the close relationship between sleep–wake cycles and depression symptoms, the relationship between sleep midpoint and depression symptoms in adults remains understudied.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, 18280 adults aged ≥ 18 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2015–2020 were analyzed. Covariates included age, sex, race/ethnicity, education level, marital status, family income, body mass index, smoking status, drinking status, physical activity, comorbid condition, sleep duration, and sleep disturbance were adjusted in multivariate regression models.ResultsWeighted restricted cubic spline based on the complex sampling design of NHANES showed that in participants with a sleep midpoint from 2:18 AM to 6:30 AM, the prevalence of depression symptoms increased by 0.2 times (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.20, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.08–1.33) per 1-h increment in sleep midpoint compared to the reference point of 2:18 AM. For participants with a sleep midpoint after 6:30 AM and before 2:18 AM the next day, the relationship between sleep midpoint and depression symptoms was not significant after adjusting for all covariates (adjusted OR = 1.01, 95% CI: 0.99–1.03).ConclusionsThe findings indicate a significant nonlinear association between sleep midpoint and depression symptoms in a nationally representative sample of adults.

Sleep and Fatigue in an Expeditionary Medical Team: Results and Lessons Learned from a Field Study

Sleep deprivation and fatigue can have significant detrimental effects on cognitive and task perform ance during continuous operations. The current study records sleep and wake cycles, fatigue, and cognitive performance of two Marine Corps expeditionary medical teams during a 48-hour field user exercise with a realistic patient stream. The results suggest that the participants receive less than optimal sleep during the operational period, and showed changes in self-reported fatigue and risk taking. The results are discussed in light of data being collected during a field exercise. Additionally, lessons learned that can be applied to future research are described.

Addressing Impaired Sleep Among Adults in the Psychiatric Care Setting

Insomnia is highly comorbid with mental disorders and commonly treated by mental health care clinicians. A review of literature provides evidence for shared pathophysiology in systems regulating arousal and sleep–wake cycles in insomnia, anxiety, and mood disorders. Evidence-based pharmacological treatment rationales, based on patterns of dysregulation, are presented. Sleep quality is essential to mental health, and early identification and treatment of insomnia can aid in recovery. [ Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 61 (9), 6–9.]

ВЛИЯНИЕ ПЕРЕНЕСЕННОЙ ИНФЕКЦИИ SARS-COV-2 НА МЕНСТРУАЛЬНУЮ ФУНКЦИЮ У ЖЕНЩИН РАННЕГО РЕПРОДУКТИВНОГО ВОЗРАСТА

The pandemic has had a significant impact on the lives of people around the world. Both those who have directly had a coronavirus infection, and those who have been exposed to stress in conditions of social isolation, deteriorating financial well-being and other changes associated with long-term quarantine. Human existence is subject to biological rhythms, adapting the body to changing environmental conditions. One of the most important regulatory roles is played by circadian (daily) rhythms, namely the cycle of sleep and wakefulness. Pineal hormone - melatonin, is involved in the regulation of pigment metabolism, but its main effect is inhibition of the secretion of gonadotropins. In women, the highest level of melatonin is observed during menstruation, the lowest - during ovulation. This hormone plays an important role in the female reproductive system. In turn, SARS-CoV-2 can cause mental disorders by affecting the central nervous system. The most common symptoms and conditions: headaches and dizziness, taste and smell disorders (hyposmia and anosmia), weakness, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorders, insomnia, impaired attention and concentration. With prolonged illness, serious disorders of the central nervous system are observed. This study aims to correlate changes in sleep quality and changes in menstrual function in patients who have had SARS-CoV-2 infection.

The Effect of Melatonin on Body Weight and the Potential use of Melatonin as an Anti-Obesity Agent

Background: obesity is a major global health problem with more than 200 million obese men and almost 300 million obese women. Melatonin is a well-known molecule for its involvement in circadian rhythm regulation and has multiple pathological actions including control of appetite, sleep wake cycle and metabolic syndrome. Aim: to estimate the effect of melatonin supplements on obese patients on a calorie restricted diet in comparison to patients on lifestyle measures only in the form of weight loss, waist circumference and sleep quality. Subjects and Method: one hundred patients with body mass index &gt; 24 were collected, fifty patients were started on melatonin 5 mg with calorie restricted diet and they were compared to fifty patients who were kept on lifestyle measures. After twelve weeks, patients were re-assessed for weight, waist circumference and sleep duration and quality and the development of any side effects. Data analyzed using paired t test. Results: patients’ group who were treated with melatonin has shown significant reduction in body weight (91.58. Vs 92.88, p value &lt;0.0004) and waist circumference (99.36 +- 10.73 vs 101 +-10.51, p value&lt; 0.0064). Patients treated with melatonin show improved insomnia severity index (5.47+-0.8 vs 9.08 +-3.58, p value &lt;0.0001). 60% of patients noticed decreased appetite,35% reported daytime sleepiness and fatigue, 25% had dizziness and 20% had mild nausea. Conclusion: Melatonin significantly reduces the body weight, waist circumference and appetite more than placebo, it has been shown to be safe supplement and helpful in patients with sleep disturbance and obesity.

Lipid Therapy for Dyslipidemic Disorders Activates 21st Century Nano Antioxidant Hydrogen as a Potential Anti-COVID-19 Agent: Review

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), coronavirus infection (COVID-19, (COronaVIrus Disease 2019) is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus [1]. SARS-CoV-2 virus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-related coronavirus 2. Initially considered pulmonary - respiratory pathology, then it turned out to be poly-systemic, with multi-inflammation of many other organs, and central nervous system. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in adults (MIS-A) [2], SARS-CoV-2 liver infection [3]. In pediatrics Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) or PMIS-TS (Pediatric MIS temporarily associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection) [4,5], SARS-COV-2/ COVID-19 in children induce Kawasaki-Like Disease [6]. Neurological manifestations [7], recurrence of COVID-19 infection with meningitis without pulmonary involvement [8]. Brain damage in COVID is primarily neurological, as a material signaling pathway of inflammatory COVID-infection of cerebral vessels. This is important, from the release of these patients, from additional stress, suffering, stigmatization in society, their isolation, intimidation, coercion (bullying) with violation and restriction of their rights. Since, concomitantly with inflammatory lesions of many organs, cognitive deficits are a component of the post-acute consequences of COVID-19 (PASC), where the role of the kynurenine pathway is significant with temporary cognitive impairment [9]. The main pathway for the breakdown of tryptophan is an amino acid, without which the synthesis of serotonin is impossible, which controls the cycles of sleep and wakefulness, which is the precursor of the sleep hormone melatonin In patients with COVID-19, an imbalance of T-helpers 1 and 2 leads to a cytokine storm that can contribute to myocardial damage [10]. MIS is conditioned caused by immunocompromising (IC) CHAOS - [C]ardiovascular Compromise: shock; [H]omeostasis; [A]poptosis; [O]rgan Dysfunction; [S]uppression of the Immune System with the development of Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome (MODS) [11,12]. With pronounced multiple and other symptoms: Electro - Ion Membrane Distress Syndrome (Syndrome Maria &amp; Irina Vasilieva) [13,14] with membrane manifestations of electrical storm or electromembrane paralysis; Capillary Leak Syndrome; Microcirculatory-Mitochondrial Distress Syndrom [15,16]. Also described: Overlap mechanisms of transient global amnesia and COVID-19 infection [17]; Hypokalemia-stroke mimic [18]; Differential diagnosis of cacosmia and dysgeusia in COVID-19 pandemic [19].

Methamphetamine-Induced Wakefulness and Sleep Management: A Qualitative Analysis of Online Narratives

ABSTRACT While much attention has been given to methamphetamine’s wake-promoting properties and the concept of using methamphetamine to increase energy, little is known about the ways people who use methamphetamine manage their use to pursue their functional goals or the challenges they encounter doing so. This qualitative study explores the experiences of people who used methamphetamine to manage wakefulness and reduce sleep as a means to achieve functional goals. We conducted a grounded theory analysis of 202 anonymous letters submitted to an online forum. Five themes emerged from this process: (1) Using methamphetamine to extend wakefulness and reduce the need for sleep; (2) Losing control over wakefulness and the need for sleep; (3) Managing wakefulness and the need for sleep while on methamphetamine; (4) Getting caught in a cycle of wakefulness and sleep; and (5) Sleep disruptions even after ceasing methamphetamine use. Participants believed methamphetamine was critical to meeting their functional goals, and they went to great lengths to try to manage the substance’s ill effects. Thus, clients in treatment for methamphetamine use disorder may benefit from interventions addressing their underlying motivations and perceived associations between methamphetamine and meeting functional goals.

Self-Care Practices as a Mediator between Workaholism and Sleep–Wake Problems during COVID-19

Self-care practices are considered an important resource for workers’ psychophysical well-being. These resources were especially relevant during the COVID-19 outbreak, during which both workaholism and sleep–wake problems were documented. Our study aimed to examine whether workaholism could predict sleep–wake quality through the mediating effects of self-care practices. A convenient sample of 405 Italian workers (71.1% females; mean age = 42.58 ± 10.68 years) completed the Self-Care Practices Scale, Mini-Sleep Questionnaire, and Working Excessively and Working Compulsively Scale during the first lockdown in Italy in 2020. The main results showed that workaholism directly affected sleep–wake quality, suggesting that high levels of workaholism increased the likelihood of sleep–wake problems being reported. At the same time, people with high levels of workaholism reported scarce use of self-care practices and, in turn, lower sleep–wake quality. Our findings confirm the importance of monitoring the quality of life at work to protect workers’ sleep–wake cycle quality and investing in self-care. Both individual and organizational efforts can help break the vicious cycle of workaholism and sleep–wake disorders.

Development and validation of a sleep questionnaire, SNoRE 3.0, to evaluate sleep in companion dogs

Disturbances in the sleep–wake cycle are a debilitating, yet rather common condition not only in humans, but also in family dogs. While there is an emerging need for easy-to-use tools to document sleep alterations (in order to ultimately treat and/or prevent them), the veterinary tools which yield objective data (e.g. polysomnography, activity monitors) are both labor intensive and expensive. In this study, we developed a modified version of a previously used sleep questionnaire (SNoRE) and determined criterion validity in companion dogs against polysomnography and physical activity monitors (PAMs). Since a negative correlation between sleep time and cognitive performance in senior dogs has been demonstrated, we evaluated the correlation between the SNoRE scores and the Canine Dementia Scale (CADES, which includes a factor concerning sleep). There was a significant correlation between SNoRE 3.0 questionnaire scores and polysomnography data (latency to NREM sleep, ρ = 0.507, p < 0.001) as well as PAMs’ data (activity between 1:00 and 3:00 AM, p < 0.05). There was a moderate positive correlation between the SNoRE 3.0 scores and the CADES scores (ρ = 0.625, p < 0.001). Additionally, the questionnaire structure was validated by a confirmatory factor analysis, and it also showed an adequate test–retest reliability. In conclusion the present paper describes a valid and reliable questionnaire tool, that can be used as a cost-effective way to monitor dog sleep in clinical settings.

The Biosynthesis, Mechanism of Action, and Physiological Functions of Melatonin in Horticultural Plants: A Review

Melatonin, a hormone known for its role in regulating sleep–wake cycles in mammals, has been found to have diverse functions in horticultural plants. In recent years, research has revealed the involvement of melatonin in various physiological processes in plants, like regulation of growth and development, stress tolerance, and antioxidant defense. Melatonin can augment seed germination, roots, shoot growth, and biomass accumulation in horticultural crops. It also performs a vital role in regulating vegetative and reproductive growth stages, floral transition, and leaf senescence. Melatonin improves stress tolerance in crops by regulating root architecture, nutrient uptake, and ion transport. Additionally, melatonin works like a broad-spectrum antioxidant by scavenging reactive oxygen species and enhancing antioxidant activity. The mechanism of action of melatonin in horticultural plants involves gene expressions, hormone signaling pathways, and antioxidant defense pathways. Melatonin also interacts with other plant growth regulators (PGRs), comprising auxins, cytokinins, and abscisic acid to coordinate various physiological processes in plants. Melatonin has evolved as a versatile chemical entity with diverse functions in horticultural plants, and its potential applications in crop production and stress management are increasingly being explored. This review aims to provide a comprehensive insight into the present state of knowledge about melatonin and its role in horticulturally important plants and identify avenues for further research and practical applications. Further study must be conducted to fully elucidate the mechanisms of melatonin action in crops and to outline effective strategies for its practical use in horticultural practices.

Amplitude-Integrated Electroencephalography Evolution and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Injury in Mild and Moderate to Severe Neonatal Encephalopathy.

This study aimed to describe the evolution of amplitude-integrated electroencephalography (aEEG) in neonatal encephalopathy (NE) during therapeutic hypothermia (TH) and evaluate the association between aEEG parameters and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) injury. aEEG data of infants who underwent TH were reviewed for background, sleep wake cycling (SWC), and seizures. Conventional electroencephalography (cEEG) background was assessed from the reports. Discordance of background on aEEG and cEEG was defined if there was a difference in the severity of the background. MRI injury (total score ≥ 5) was assessed by using the Weeke scoring system. A total of 46 infants were included; 23 (50%) with mild NE and 23 (50%) with moderate to severe NE. Comparing mild NE with moderate to severe NE, the initial aEEG background differed with more mild being continuous (70 vs. 52%), with fewer being discontinuous (0 vs. 22%) and flat tracing (0 vs. 4%), whereas burst suppression (4 vs. 4%) and low voltage (26 vs. 18%) did not differ. There was a notably common discordance between the background assessment on cEEG with aEEG in 82% with continuous and 40% low voltage aEEG background. MRI abnormalities were identified in four infants with mild NE and seven infants with moderate to severe NE. MRI injury was associated with aEEG seizures in infants with moderate to severe NE. aEEG seizures are useful to predict MRI injury in moderate to severe NE infants. There is a large discrepancy between aEEG, cEEG, and MRI in neonates treated by TH. · MRI injury was identified in 29% of moderate NE infants and in 50% of severe NE infants.. · aEEG seizures were associated with MRI injury in the moderate to severe NE infants.. · MRI injury was identified in 16% infants with mild NE.. · Mild NE infants with normal aEEG were unlikely to have MRI injury.. · There was a large discrepancy between aEEG, cEEG, and MRI in infants treated by TH..

Melatonin is more effective on bone metabolism when given at early night than during the day in ovariectomized rats

Melatonin has diverse effects, and has been reported to promote bone formation in addition to regulating the sleep–wake cycle. In the present study, we investigated the effects of melatonin on bone metabolism using ovariectomized (OVX) rats; a model of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Here, we focused on the differences in bone formation when melatonin was subcutaneous injected at day or early night. The OVX rats were injected with melatonin once daily (0.8 or 8 mg/head) between 11:00 to 14:00 or 18:00 to 19:30 for the day or early night, respectively, for six weeks. After completion of the injection, the femur and tibia in the OVX rats were dissected under general anesthesia and examined by quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) and histological analysis, respectively. Interestingly, the trabecular bone mineral density in the femur metaphysis of the OVX rats receiving 8 mg/head melatonin at early night was higher than those receiving melatonin during the day and they recovered to a similar level as the rats with sham treatment. In the diaphysis, the pQCT analysis results indicated that there was no significant difference in bone mineral density between the day and early night melatonin-injected OVX rats. Histological analysis of the secondary trabecular bone in the tibia of the OVX rats, revealed that the bone matrix area of the group receiving 8 mg/head melatonin at early night was higher compared with that of the day group and had a significant difference compared with OVX treatment rats. Taken together, the subcutaneous melatonin injection in OVX rats at early night was found to promote trabecular bone formation better than melatonin injection during the day. The timing of melatonin injection is a crucial factor when examining the influence of bone metabolism.

Morphometric Study about Effect of Sleep Deprivation on Prostate of Rats with Protective Effect of Omega 3 Fatty Acids

Background: Even though sleep makes up nearly a third of a person's lifetime, we do not fully appreciate its significance. The partial or nearly complete loss of sleep from an organism that results in a number of detrimental health issues is known as sleep deprivation. Aim: To investigate how omega 3 fatty acids affect the size and weight of the prostate gland in sleep-deprived rats. Study design: Random control trial. Methodology: Thirty male Sprague Dawley rats (population) aged three to four months and weighing 200 to 300 grammes were utilised. They were kept in a controlled setting at the NIH's animal house in Islamabad. Rats were randomised into three groups by using lottery method, with n = 10 rats in each group. The control group was designated as group A. They experienced a regular cycle of sleep and wakefulness. Rats in group B, which experienced sleep deprivation for 16 hours followed by an 8-hour sleep window each day for 8 weeks, were placed in the sleep-deprived group. The standard lab diet was provided to Groups A and B. For eight weeks, Group C received a typical lab meal combined with omega 3 fatty acids while also being sleep deprived for 16 hours, followed by an 8-hour sleep window each day. Results: In comparison to groups A and C that received omega 3, the gland weight and volume in group B were significantly lower. Group A: Weight and volume of the prostate: Prostate weight ranged from 1.85 to 0.50 grammes on average. The computed RTBWI was 0.60 + 0.22. The prostate's mean SD volume was 166.81 45.67 mm3. GROUP B: Weight of the prostate: Prostate weight ranged from 1.30 to 0.22 grammes on average. In the sleep-deprived group B compared to the control group A, the weight of the prostate was considerably lower (p-value=0.008). The computed RTBWI was 0.37 + 0.22. The prostate's mean SD volume was 127.88 67.35 mm3. GROUP C: Weight of prostate gland: In experimental group C, the prostate's mean SD weight was 2.19 0.42gm. According to the RTBWI calculation, it was 0.64 0.07. The prostate's mean SD volume was 182.89 44.16 mm3. Practical Implication: Today, sleep deprivation is a big problem, and this study will assist researchers in examining how Omega 3 fatty acids can help prevent this problem and the harmful effects it has on the prostate glands. Conclusion: It was concluded that Omega 3 fatty acids played a protective role while sleep deprivation had a negative impact on the weight and volume of the prostate gland. Keywords: Sleep Deprivation, Omega 3 Fatty Acids, Prostate and Protective Effect.

Altered transposable elements expression and gene networks remodeling precede disruptions in sleep/wake cycles in a tauopathy mouse model of AD

AbstractBackgroundAlzheimer’s Disease (AD) is an widespread neurodegenerative disorder, common in elder and Veterans communities, culminating in dementia with non‐cognitive behavioral and metabolic symptoms, such as hyperactivity and altered sleep/wake patterns. In demented patients, sleep/wake cycle disruptions facilitate weight loss, which is associated with adverse outcomes like accelerated AD progression and higher institutionalization. Tg4510 mice, which express a P301L mutant variant of human tau, develop both cognitive and non‐cognitive symptoms. Several mouse models of tau deposition, including Tg4510 mice, also have negative energy balance. To identify early factors affecting AD, we measured locomotor, sleep/wake patterns in vivo, and analyzed RNA‐seq data from Tg4510 mice to identify gene and transposable elements (TE) expression changes involved in behavioral derangements in AD.MethodLocomotor activity, sleep and wake intervals and patterns were measured using in vivo metabolic cages for two weeks over 24 hr and day and night cycles from Tg4510 mice (n = 5‐7) vs. controls (n = 7‐10) before and after the onset of tauopathy (at 2 and 7 months of age respectively). In additional experiments, we analyzed RNA‐seq from hippocampi of Tg4510 mice (n = 5) vs. controls (n = 6). Using our established TTESA bioinformatics pipeline, reads were aligned to reference genome and expression of genes or TEs was measured with featureCounts. Pathway enrichment analysis using Visual Annotation Display was used to discover common functional and disease pathways using Gene Ontology, Protein Ontology, and Mammalian Phenotype Ontology.ResultWe observed altered locomotor and sleep patterns during the night phase starting in young Tg4510 vs. controls. TTESA results detected the majority of significantly differentially expressed TEs were retrotransposons (70%), which consisted mainly of long terminal repeats (LTRs; 70%) and some LINE retroelements (30%) and SINEs (&lt;8%) in transgenic mice. VLaD pathway analysis revealed several biological processes upregulated in transgenic mice, including non‐cognitive behavioral pathways were downregulated, such as the regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle with changes in the expression levels of Per2, Per3 (p&lt;0.0001).ConclusionEarly dysregulation of TEs may be involved in rewiring gene expression networks underlying behavioral changes in wake and sleep cycles and other circadian patterns of behavior in this humanized mouse model of AD.