Wakatobi Islands Research Articles

Transportation connectivity development strategy in the Wakatobi islands, Indonesia

This study aims to analyze connectivity or accessibility between regions in Wakatobi islands, both within and between islands, to understand the available transportation network. Based on an understanding of the dynamics of connectivity, it is expected to provide a solid foundation for the development of more efficient and sustainable transportation infrastructure in the future. A combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches is used to explore data more comprehensively and accurately. The two primary airports and several ports are still insufficient in enhancing connectivity for both the residents and tourists within the archipelago. Improving road, sea, and air transportation networks is a necessity and expectation to improve connectivity between regions. An analysis of accessibility potential provides an overview of transportation costs and expensive and long travel fares. There are several needs that need to be met in the form of the revitalization of local ports, the development of the concept of Air Buses between crossing ports, optimizing routes between airports, and the implementation of Bus/BRT (Bus Rapid Transit) on each island with feeder lines. Furthermore, the development of connectivity in Wakatobi must consider various alternative modes of transportation, increasing service frequencies, and developing supporting infrastructure. This conclusion is the basis for the preparation of a holistic and sustainable connectivity development plan in the Wakatobi archipelago.

BAHASA LOKAL SULAWESI TENGGARA DALAM DUNIA PENYIARAN

This article explores the use of local languages in the broadcasting world on community radio in Southeast Sulawesi in conveying messages to listeners so that they are more easily accepted. This paper takes the case of community radio in Konawe, Buton and Wakatobi districts. This research uses a descriptive qualitative method (Moeloeng, 2005). Data collection techniques are used by collecting secondary data and primary data. Secondary data was obtained through document collection from community radios in Southeast Sulawesi. Furthermore, primary data was obtained through the researcher's field notes and the results of interviews with informants. Again, the collected data is sorted and then selected using triangulation techniques. The use of local languages in the broadcasting world, from the results of research that has been carried out by community radios in Southeast Sulawesi, namely Suara Marannu Radio on Saponda Island, Pasihuang FM Radio in Mekar Village, Soropia District which uses the Bajo language, Talombo FM Radio on Tomia Wakatobi Island which uses the Indonesian language Tomia, and Sinar Lapandewa Radio in Buton which uses Cia-Cia language. Use of Local Languages in broadcasting activities. Efforts made by community radio managers to oblige broadcasters to use regional languages are nothing but a filter against the presence of slang, Alay and Jakarta accents which are widely used by broadcasters in greeting young people in Indonesia which will certainly cause the next generation to be foreign. in his own language.

An overview of the circular economy activity for small island wastes and marine debris

The national regulation’s scheme to tackle waste and debris in Indonesia’s small islands is by applying the 3R (reduce, reuse, recycle) program. This concept was written in Presidential Regulation no 97 in the year 2017, regarding the National Strategy and Policy of the Management for Household Waste and Similar Waste. Presidential Regulation no. 83/2018 regarding Marine Debris Management also focused on minimizing trash and wastes leaked into the marine water due to anthropogenic activities. The term circular economy has grown significantly since Boulding initiated it in 1966 to countermeasure pollution problems. This paper presents the reality of waste management that occurs in small islands and recommendations for sustainable management according to the circular economy concept. The methodology for this paper was by studying regulations in Indonesia, reviewing circular economy literature, and surveying the reality of waste management implementation in small islands in Kepulauan Seribu, Karimun Jawa, and Wakatobi. The results of the study provide a surprising reality but are common in small islands. Non-organic and solid waste that has no economic value (to be recycled) is used as reclamation material. Economical waste for recycling is managed by a waste bank organization. Organic waste is made into compost or burned in an incinerator that is still functioning. The waste residue on the island is then transported using a garbage transport ship (specifically for the Kepulauan Seribu). For the Karimun Jawa Islands, residual waste is only collected at the temporary dumping area (TPS) in the form of a landfill. Similarly, what happened in the Wakatobi Islands, the residual waste was piled up at the TPS. The implementation of a circular economy in small islands achieves only 2R (reuse and recycle) activities of the 7Rs (redesign, reduce, reuse, repair, refurbish, recycle, and recover). Based on the observation of activities of commercial organizations or communities, the status for implementing a fully circular economy on the small islands is a long journey ahead.

Extrinsic Motivation in Farming on Earthy Stone Land in the Binongko Island Wakatobi Regency South East Sulawesi

Coastal areas and small island communities in the Wakatobi archipelago carry out traditional agriculture. Farming is held with a rainfed system on dry land and a dry climate. This system theoretically has non-optimal productivity. Even so, farmers still farm because extrinsic motivation influences how they manage farming land. The productivity of their farms is relatively able to meet the needs of farmers. This study aims to determine extrinsically motivations attached to the traditional agricultural systems of the Binongko community in the Wakatobi Islands. The research lasted eight months, from June 2019 to February 2020. The research data was collected with the triangulation method by observation, interviews, and literature study. The research informants were determined purposively with a chain information collection system. The data were analysed qualitatively using a phenomenological approach. Based on the results of this study, it is known that the Binongko Island community has an extrinsic motivation attached to traditional farming systems, namely, to obtain agricultural products economically, socially, and ecologically. In addition, farmers are also extrinsically motivated by the support from the government. These local wisdom techniques are implemented starting from land preparation and clearing, planting, maintenance, harvesting and post-harvesting.

Characteristics of coral reef fisheries in the Wakatobi islands

Wakatobi National Park has a diverse fish population, and its conservation potential for reef fish resources is quite large. As a result, to be sustainable, the exploitation of these resources must be properly managed. This study aims to look into the characteristics of reef fish fisheries, such as species composition, catch, fishing ground, and fish length. The outcomes are hoped to be beneficial in monitoring the management of the resources. This research was conducted in April-November 2018 in Wakatobi, Indonesia. Analytical methods process the data. The results showed that gold spotted rabbitfish (Siganus punctatus), parrotfish (Hipposcarus longiceps), emperor (Lethrinus lentjan), grouper (Epinephelus sp), and trevallies (Caranx sp) dominated the total catch from muroami, speargun, and hand line. Muroami boats have a higher average CPUE (212 kg/trip/month) than speargun (29.0 kg/trip/month) and handlines (13.0 kg/trip/ship). Some of the reef fish caught in Wakatobi National Park is small and immature. Muroami net, speargun, and handline fishing are mostly done in the southern part of the Wakatobi National Park area, around Binongko Island. One of the management actions undertaken by Wakatobi fishermen is fishing inside the management zone that has been established, namely the local use zone.

Social Construction of Local Wisdom of Kaombo Laut in Binongko Island Communities, Wakatobi Islands

The people of Binongko Island are a community united by the customary rules of Sarano Wali as a traditional institution which is still maintained today. Sarano Wali's customary rules cover setting the values ​​of everyday life as well as managing interactions between humans and nature both on land and at sea. In the interaction between humans and marine resources on local wisdom values ​​called kaombo laut which contains the obligations and rights of the community towards marine resources and the sanctions in case of violations. This study aims to explore related: (1) marine kaombo as a form of local wisdom in regulating interactions between humans and marine resources on Binongko Island; and (2) the formation of marine kaombo social construction in the Binongko Island community. This research uses a qualitative approach with a case study method. Based on the results of the study it is known that sea kaombo is a form of regulation of opening and closing areas called toomboemo (closed) and bukaano kaombo (open). The sea kaombo procession uses traditional rituals carried out by the community through the Sarano Wali traditional institution. The social construction of marine kaombo in the Binongko Island community is realized from the continuous application of marine kaombo as a form of preserving local wisdom.
 Keywords: Social Construction, Kaombo, Local Wisdom, Sarano Wali, Wakatobi

Small islands and large biogeographic barriers have driven contrasting speciation patterns in Indo-Pacific sunbirds (Aves: Nectariniidae)

AbstractBirds of the Indo-Pacific have provided biologists with many foundational insights. This study presents evidence for strong phylogeographic structure in two sunbird species from the heart of this region, the olive-backed sunbird, Cinnyris jugularis, and the black sunbird, Leptocoma aspasia. We assessed population divergence using morphological, plumage, bioacoustic and molecular data (mitochondrial ND2/ND3). Our findings indicate that the olive-backed sunbird should be recognized as multiple species, because birds from Sulawesi and the Sahul Shelf are closely related to each other, but widely separated from those in other regions. In addition, we provide evidence for an endemic species on the Wakatobi Islands, an archipelago of deep-sea islands off south-east Sulawesi. That a small bird could exhibit a range all the way from Sulawesi to Australia, while diverging on a small archipelago within this range, illustrates the complex interplay between dispersal and speciation. Our black sunbird genetic data also suggest unrecognized population structure, despite relatively weak plumage divergence. Black sunbirds in Sulawesi are likely to be a separate species from those in New Guinea, with a mean genetic distance of 9.1%. Current taxonomy suggests these sunbird species transcend classic biogeographic barriers, but our results suggest that these barriers are not easily bypassed.

Some indicators for assessing stock of golden rabbitfish (Siganus guttatus, Bloch 1787) in Wakatobi Waters, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia

Golden rabbitfish (Siganus guttatus) is an important species to people in Wakatobi islands that are surrounded by the Banda Sea and the Flores Sea. They catch the fish for local consumptions and trade processed fish to other areas. This study aims to determine estimates of the fish's growth, mortality, and exploitation rates. The study was conducted from January to November 2016 in Wakatobi. Analysis was carried out the FISAT II package. The fish length ranged from 8.0 to 49.0 cm with an average of 26.19 cm. The growth pattern of male fish was positive allometric while for female fish was allometric negative. The sex ratio was inbalanced. The estimate of length at first capture (Lc) was 27.65 cm (FL) while the estimate of length at first maturity (Lm) was 30.49 cm (FL). The natural mortality (M) was 1.51/year while the fishing mortality was 1.28/year and the exploitation rate was 0.46/year. The SPR was 0.49, indicating the exploitation rate of Siganus guttatus in the studied areas is still at the optimum condition.

Change Detection of Benthic Habitat Communities using Landsat Imageries in Wakatobi Islands from 1990 to 2017

Currently, coral reef and seagrass ecosystems in Wakatobi Islands are categorized as 'poor' because the coverage of the healthy coral is less than 50%. Therefore, detailed information about their condition through time is needed to prevent coastal degradation. Time-series analysis of Landsat images recorded in 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2017 is expected to provide information on coral reefs' habitat in Wakatobi Islands over the studied period. This study aims to determine areas that experience drastic changes in benthic habitat cover and analyze the dynamics of the changes. The image processing procedures used in this study are image correction, image classification, and applying the Change Detection Model. The image correction consists of geometric, sunglint, and water column correction, while the change detection model uses SPEAR Tools in ENVI software. The results showed a precise location that experienced a drastic change in benthic habitat cover and the changes in benthic habitat classes every ten years, which started from 1990 to 2017.

CSI Analysis of Transportation Services in Kabupaten Wakatobi

The Wakatobi Islands are one of the national priority tourist destinations in the 2020-2024 Medium Term Development Plan (RPJM), but the level of transportation services is not yet adequate. The physical condition of the area in the form of an archipelago is one of the obstacles in transportation services besides the limited accessibility of transportation, the availability of facilities and infrastructure to support tourism and human resources. The purpose of this study was to determine public satisfaction with the level of transportation services in Kabupaten Wakatobi. The analysis method used is the Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI) and Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) using seven indicators of transportation services, namely network connectivity, intermodal integration, travel time, travel costs, comfort, safety, and security. Based on the CSI analysis, it was found that the public satisfaction score was 52.73% which was included in the sufficient category with a value range of 50% to 80%. The IPA results state that the most important indicators to be improved are travel costs, comfort, intermodal integration, and travel time.

Differences of sodium consumption pattern hypertension sufferer in coastal and highland communities in Wakatobi islands

Available data indicate that food sodium (such as salt) is directly related to blood pressure (BP). The research aims to look at the different sodium consumption patterns of hypertension sufferers in two different coastal areas and highland areas in the Wakatobi Islands. The type of research is observational analytic research using a cross-sectional design. This study has been carried out in the District of Wangi-Wangi, especially in the MolaSamaturu villages and Waginopo Village in October 2019. The number of research samples is 100 people (50 respondents in Mola Samaturu Village and 50 people in Waginopo Village). The results showed the differences between sodium consumption patterns in hypertensive sufferers in Mola Samaturu Village and Waginopo Village with a p-value = 0,000 <α 0.05. Sodium consumption patterns in coastal communities are higher than in highlands community.

KLASIFIKASI HABITAT PERAIRAN DANGKAL DARI CITRA MULTISPASIAL DI PERAIRAN PULAU KAPOTA DAN PULAU KOMPOONE, KEPULAUAN WAKATOBI

Habitat perairan dangkal sangat penting dipetakan diantaranya karena: (1) mendukung perencanaan, manajemen, dan pengambilan keputusan tata ruang pemerintah; (2) mendukung dan mendesain Marine Protected Area (MPA); (3) melakukan program penelitian ilmiah yang bertujuan untuk menghasilkan pengetahuan tentang ekosistem bentik dan geologi dasar laut; (4) melakukan penilaian sumber daya dasar laut yang hidup dan tidak hidup untuk tujuan ekonomi dan menajemen, termasuk rancangan cadangan perikanan. Hingga saat ini belum ada standar untuk tingkat kedetailan peta tematik ekosistem pesisir khususnya habitat perairan dangkal sesuai kebutuhan pengelolaan wilayah pesisir dengan skema klasifikasi tertentu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan akurasi peta hasil klasifikasi habitat perairan dangkal antara citra SPOT 6, Sentinel 2A, dan Landsat 8 menggunakan algoritma klasifikasi support vector machine. Lokasi penelitian terletak di Kepulauan Wakatobi, meliputi 2 lokasi yaitu Pulau Kapota dan Pulau Kompoone. Pengambilan data in-situ dilaksanakan pada tanggal 7-11 Juli 2019. Sebanyak 347 ground truth dan foto transek hasil sampling di lapangan telah dianalisis menggunakan coral point count with excel extension (CPCe). Skema klasifikasi yang dihasilkan yaitu 8 kelas habitat bentik, selanjutnya dilakukan klasifikasi dengan mengkelaskan kembali menjadi 6 dan 5 kelas. Hasil yang diperoleh pada citra SPOT-6 untuk semua kelas habitat perairan dangkal yang digunakan memiliki overall accuracy yang lebih besar. Perbedaan ukuran piksel (resolusi spasial) dan jumlah skema klasifikasi sangat memengaruhi hasil akurasi.

An assessment of the avifauna of the Wakatobi Islands, South-east Sulawesi, Indonesia: species recorded and taxonomic considerations

An assessment of the avifauna of the Wakatobi Islands, South-east Sulawesi, Indonesia: species recorded and taxonomic considerations

Transforming a tourism destination into a green economy: A policy analysis of Wakatobi Islands, Indonesia

Using the green economy framework of DeLacy [14], this paper evaluated the policy environment regarding the green economy concept and circumstance in the destination of Wakatobi Island, Indonesia. The four policy clusters of the green economy framework guided the investigation in order to provide an understanding of the existing green economy framework policies and identify policy gaps that were pertinent to the transformation to the green economy of the tourism sector in the destination of Wakatobi Island. The policy analysis was also informed by observations in the destination to explore the extent that the destination has implemented green economy policies. It was found that the policy environment in Indonesia is generally conducive for the tourism sector to transform into a green economy. However, most of the green economy initiatives in the country are policy-level adaptation. Further, there is a strong need to incorporate measurement of indicators of progress towards the success of implementation of the published policies.

Morphology and molecular characterization of newly isolated microalgae strain Chlorella volutis LIPI13-WKT066 from Wakatobi Islands and its potential use

Morphology and molecular characterization of microalgae isolated from Wakatobi Marine National Park was conducted. An understanding of the characteristics of morphology, molecular, as well as metabolites profile of the microalgae species is potentially useful for its future application. The primary aim of this study was to isolate, identify and characterize the microalgae strain isolated from Wakatobi Marine National Park labeled as LIPI13-WKT066 with the emphasis on the evaluation of amino acid content as a basis for its health application. Morphological observation under the microscope and molecular identification suggested that the microalgae strain of LIPI13-WKT066 belong to the strain under species of Chlorella volutis. Metabolite characterization of the microalgae strain showed that the content of protein (11.9%), lipid (12.4%) and carbohydrate (4.7%) was in the regular range. Further analysis of its amino acid content revealed the potency of the microalgae strain to be used as antihypertensive agent.

Alternative social environment policy through educational values in Kafi’a’s customary speech to the kaledupa community of Wakatobi Island, Indonesia

The research aims to reveal various expressions that contain educational values in the expression kafi’a (marriage) in the Kaledupa community of Wakatobi Island. The method used is descriptive qualitative to factually describe data on educational values in the expression. The technique used is the recording technique and note and introspection. The data analysis technique uses steps according to the sociology approach of language. The results of the data analysis showed that in the process of kafi’a starting from the pre-marriage stage to the post-marriage stage researchers found 30 expressions containing 3 types of educational values, namely the value of moral education, the value of religious education, and the value of social education. The researcher is very optimistic that the three values of education are very appropriate to be used as an alternative formulation of policy solutions for social disturbances.

The potential relative resilience of coral reefs in Wakatobi as a sustainable management foundation

The main objectives of this study are to determine the potential for relative resilience, identify the drivers of potential resilience and priority locations for resilience-based coral reef management in Wakatobi. Data collection locations are spread across four major Wakatobi islands: Wangi Wangi, Kaledupa, Tomia, and Binongko at 5 m depth respectively. Coral reefs resilience assessment in Wakatobi consists of several stages: selecting indicators, collecting and compiling data, analyzing data, and identifying management targets. The highest potential for relative resilience in Wakatobi are station 15 with a value of 1.00 and the lowest is station 8 with a value of 0.69. Relative resilience in high category is 2 stations, med-high 7 stations, med-low 2 stations, and low 4 stations. Relative resilience in high category is able to be distinguished by the high values of bleaching resistant, herbivore biomass, coral cover, and supported by a high diversity of coral. The mid-high category is grouped by the contribution of indicator values coming from coral recruitment and coral diversity, as well as followed by two other indicators such as coral cover and alga cover. Last, the mid-low category and low category tend to be pushed by the low values of coral disease and followed by some other indicators like algae cover. Resilience approach to identify prioritizing stations for management actions is conservation (2 station), fishery management and enforcement (5 station), bleaching monitoring and supporting recovery (3 station), coral reef restoration (2 tation), tourism structuring (10 station), and Land-based sources of pollution reduction (5 station).

Analysis of Nutritional Content of Fresh Sea Worm Honingka (Siphonosoma australe-australe) as a Potential Food Source for Communities

Honingka worms (Siphonosoma australe-australe) can be found in the Wakatobi Islands, Southeast Sulawesi. Honingka worms have been used as food traditional medicine. Honingka worms have never been tested in terms of nutritional content. This study aimed to determine the nutritional content of wet worms. This research was conducted at Testing Laboratory, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Halu Oleo Kendari University from September to October 2017. This study was descriptive quantitative research. The data were analyzed through descriptive analysis. The results showed that the nutrient content average of wet Honingka was 17.3880% protein, 1.2766% lipid, 79.5928% water, 0.6408% ash, and crude fiber of 0.5798%. The results showed that these worms in fresh/wet portions can have high levels of protein, coarse fiber, and high-water content, low ash, and non-fat content. This study showed that the fresh/wet Honingka worm has potential as a food source for the community.

Increased sexual dimorphism in dense populations of Olive-backed Sunbirds on small islands: morphological niche contraction in females but not males

ABSTRACT Competition takes place not only between species but also within them. Intersexual competition for resources may increase sexual dimorphism in body size to minimise ecological niche overlap. Change in the level of sexual dimorphism in a species is a common feature of island radiations. This is often interpreted as ecological release from interspecific competitors absent from small islands, allowing niche expansion by both sexes of a dimorphic species. The Olive-backed Sunbird (Cinnyris jugularis) is a widespread island-colonising species found throughout the Indo-West Pacific. Here we investigate sexual dimorphism in morphological niche of Olive-backed Sunbird populations in South-east Sulawesi, Indonesia. We found decreased overlap in morphological niche between females and males on the species-depauperate Wakatobi Islands, in comparison to mainland Sulawesi and its larger continental islands, indicating greater sexual dimorphism on the small islands. This change in sexual dimorphism was associated with a decrease in the morphological niche hypervolume of females, but no change in males. Therefore there was no indication of expansion of morphological niche space in the absence of mainland competitors. These morphological differences were associated with the significantly higher population density of Wakatobi Olive-backed Sunbirds. Therefore this increased sexual dimorphism may serve to alleviate intraspecific competition for resources.

Diversification of a ‘great speciator’ in the Wallacea region: differing responses of closely related resident and migratory kingfisher species (Aves: Alcedinidae:Todiramphus)

The Collared Kingfisher species complex is the most widespread of the ‘great speciator’ lineages of the Indo‐Pacific. They have shown a remarkable ability to spread and diversify. As a result of this rapid diversification,Todiramphusspecies are often found in secondary sympatry. In Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia, twoTodiramphusspecies are present, the breeding resident Collared KingfisherTodiramphus chlorisand the overwintering migratory Sacred KingfisherTodiramphus sanctus. We investigated the effect of isolation on these closely related species by comparing their populations on mainland Sulawesi and its larger continental islands, with populations on the small, oceanic Wakatobi Islands. Within our wider analysis we provide further support for the distinctiveness of the Sulawesi Collared Kingfisher population, perhaps isolated by the deep water barrier of Wallace's line. Within Sulawesi we found that populations of Collared Kingfisher on the Wakatobi Islands had diverged from those on mainland Sulawesi, differing both in morphology and in mitochondrial DNA. In contrast, there was no divergence between Sacred Kingfisher populations in either morphology or mitochondrial DNA. We propose that a difference in habitat occupied by Collared Kingfisher populations between the mainland and continental islands vs. oceanic islands has caused this divergence. Mainland Collared Kingfishers are predominately found inland, whereas Wakatobi Collared Kingfishers are also found in coastal habitats. The larger body size of Wakatobi Collared Kingfisher populations may be a result of increased competition with predominantly coastal Sacred Kingfisher populations. The uniform nature of Sacred Kingfisher populations in this region probably reflects their consistent habitat choice (coastal mangrove) and their migratory nature. The demands of their breeding range are likely to have an even stronger selective influence than their Sulawesi wintering range, limiting their scope for divergence. These results provide insight into the adaptability of the widespreadTodiramphuslineage and are evidence of the need for further taxonomic revision of Collared Kingfisher populations.