Waist Girth Research Articles

Evaluation of Proinflammatory Cytokines in Obese vs Non-obese Patients with Metabolic Syndrome.

Background:Obesity is one of the most common yet neglected public health problems in both the developed and developing countries. Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a multiplex of risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) and it reflects the clustering of multiple risk factors resulting from obesity and insulin resistance. Despite its predominance in obese individuals, MS does occur in non-obese individuals. Many individuals characterised as normal weight as per their body mass index (BMI), have increased visceral adiposity thereby leading to an unfavourable inflammatory cytokine profile. There are limited studies from India with respect to inflammatory cytokines in obesity and MS in general and non-obese patients with MS in particular.Materials and Methods:An observational cross-sectional study was carried out in patients with MS with or without obesity. Anthropometric parameters such as height, weight and waist girth were measured and BMI was calculated. Serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and adiponectin were measured by using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Results:A significant proportion of individuals categorised as normal weight had an increased waist circumference which correlated with BMI, acanthosis nigricans (AN) and fatty liver. There was no statistically significant difference in the cytokine levels in obese and non-obese patients with MS; similarly among non-obese patients with MS, cytokine levels were comparable in patients with or without abdominal obesity. However, triglycerides inversely correlated with adiponectin levels and there was no significant correlation between the cytokines and other parameters of MS.Conclusion:There was no significant difference in various metabolic and inflammatory parameters between obese and non-obese patients with MS. Even in non-obese group, there were no differences in metabolic and inflammatory markers between individuals with or without abdominal obesity. This finding indicates that apart from adipose tissue, other factors are also responsible for the development of MS and its associated proinflammatory profile. There could be a significant contribution of genetic and epigenetic factors which needs to be further explored.

Dyslipidaemia pattern amongst diabetic patients visiting a tertiary care hospital in Eastern Odisha

Background: With controlled blood sugar levels, the occurrence of dyslipidaemia can be reduced. Due to poor awareness and literacy being a major concern, there is an association in the incidence of dyslipidaemia and cardiovascular risk. Routine and timely observations can help health care professionals to reduce the future risk.Methods: The current study was initiated at the Department of Medicine, KIMS, Bhubaneswar (Odisha). It included in total 669 patients, who were assigned into two groups: Group 1(Diabetic) included 364 patients and Group 2 (Non-diabetic) included 305 patients. The study patients were screened using a pretested structured questionnaire. The plan and checklist were linked by unique identification code (ID). Data was gathered in a friendly atmosphere after obtaining informed consent.Results: In the current study, all characteristics of diabetes were correlated with each parameter and it was found that disproportionate body mass index, high waist girth was correlated with incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Literacy is one of the factor found intermediate responsible for CVD. The more educated, the more advances in current lifestyle is observed whereas due to illiteracy, awareness about health issues is less and both together result in increased incidence of CVD.Conclusions: Dyslipidaemia should be promptly diagnosed and treated aggressively to reduce the rate of morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients.

The Combined Effects of Exercise, Diet, and a Multi-Ingredient Dietary Supplement on Body Composition and Adipokine Changes in Overweight Adults

ABSTRACTBackground: Very few weight and fat loss supplements undergo finished-product research to examine efficacy. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of an 8-week diet and exercise program on body composition, hip and waist girth, and adipokines and evaluate whether a dietary supplement containing raspberry ketone, capsaicin, caffeine, garlic, and Citrus aurantium enhanced outcomes.Methods: Overweight men and women completed this randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Participants consumed 4 capsules/d of supplement (EXP; n = 18) or placebo (PLA; n = 18). Participants underwent 8 weeks of daily supplementation, calorie restriction (500 kcal < RMR [resting metabolic rate] × 1.2), and supervised progressive exercise training 3 times a week. Body composition, girth, and adipokines were assessed at baseline and postintervention (T1 and T2).Results: Significant decreases in weight (−2.6 ± 0.57 kg, p < 0.001), fat mass (−1.8 ± 0.20 kg; p < 0.001), and percentage body fat (−3.7% ± 0.29%, p < 0.001) and a significant increase in lean body mass (LBM; 1.5 ± 0.26 kg; p < 0.001) were seen from T1 to T2 in both groups. For men, only those in the EXP group increased LBM from T1 to T2 (1.3 ± 0.38 kg; p < 0.05). Hip girth was also reduced, with the women in the EXP group (−10.7 ± 2.15 cm, p < 0.001) having a greater reduction. There was a time by group interaction, with significant decreases in leptin (p < 0.001) and significant increases in adiponectin (p < 0.05) in the EXP group.Conclusions: Significant improvements in adipokines and leptin support the utility of exercise, diet, and fat loss for impacting inflammatory biomarkers. The improvement in adiponectin with EXP may suggest a unique health mechanism.

An overview of methods to assess body composition

Scientific advancement has led to new technologies in the field of body composition assessment. Surface anthropometry has traditionally been used to assess body composition through the internationally recognised methodology of the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK). However, the commercialisation of devices providing bioelectrical impedance analysis, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, magnetic resonance imaging, three-dimensional photonic scanning (3DS), air-displacement plethysmography (i.e. Bod Pod), ultrasound techniques and dilution techniques (doubly-labelled water), has led to the adoption of new and often non-standardised, measurement techniques. Practitioners, all over the world, are employing these new technologies to measure and monitor change in body size, shape and composition for the purposes of health management, talent identification and development, optimising physique for sport performance, and enabling sports equipment design and fit. The accuracy and reliability of the technique measures are critical in a field where tracking small changes in an athlete's physique is important. When athletes have their body composition measured across multiple technologies in a non-standardised manner, they often receive varying results which can be confusing and, in some cases, distressing. Currently, no reference or model exists for the standardisation of many of these new devices. There is a lack of awareness of standardisation of technique among both manufacturers & practitioners. There is often a lack of established protocols to ensure best practice in physique assessment. Different protocols can make large differences to the measurement value when they purport to measure the same thing – e.g. waist girth (up to 12% in females); Breathing cycle in 3D scan-derived % fat (15% for end tidal, rising to 28% on inspiration and reducing to 10% in expiration). These two examples underscore the importance of standardising protocols for body composition assessment. This presentation will outline considerations for current best practice to assess body composition. Examples for physique assessment in clinical practice using a selection of the technologies will be provided from the international team of co-authors in the Best Practice Protocols for Physique Assessment in Sport book (to be published by Springer International, November 2017).

Both Light Intensity and Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity Measured by Accelerometry Are Favorably Associated With Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Older Women: The Objective Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Health (OPACH) Study.

BackgroundThe relationship between light intensity physical activity (PA), which is common in older adults, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors is unclear. This study examined associations of accelerometer‐measured PA intensity with CVD risk factors in older women of different race‐ethnicities.Methods and ResultsCross‐sectional analyses were conducted in 4832 women (mean age 78.9 years; 52.5% white, 30.5% black, 17.1% Hispanic) who were without known CVD and wore triaxial accelerometers a minimum of 4 of 7 days with ≥10 hours/d awake wear‐time. Vector magnitude counts per 15‐s epoch were used to define time spent in low light (19–225 counts/15 s), high light (226–518), and moderate‐to‐vigorous; ≥519) intensity PA. Fasting CVD biomarkers, resting blood pressure, waist girth, body mass index, and 10‐year predicted CVD risk (Reynolds Risk Score) were measured. After adjusting for age, wear time, race‐ethnicity, and potential confounders, each PA measure was favorably associated with mean high‐density lipoprotein, triglyceride, glucose, C‐reactive protein, body mass index, waist girth, and Reynolds Risk Score (P<0.05, all). Associations with mean blood pressure, insulin, and total and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol were variable. A 30‐minute/d increment in PA was associated, on average, with odds ratios for high predicted CVD risk (Reynolds Risk Score ≥20) of 0.96 (95% confidence interval, 0.92, 1.00), 0.88 (0.83, 0.94), and 0.85 (0.79, 0.91) for low light, high light, and moderate‐to‐vigorous, respectively, and remained significant with further mutual control for PA intensity.Conclusions PA measured by accelerometry, including light intensity PA, was associated with lower CVD risk factor levels in race‐ethnically diverse older women.

Effectiveness and tolerability of parenteral testosterone undecanoate: a post-marketing surveillance study

This observational post-marketing study of parenteral testosterone undecanoate (TU) in a non-selected population aimed to: examine the effectiveness of TU as treatment of hypogonadism; record adverse drug reactions (ADR) quantitatively particularly regarding polycythemia, prostate safety and cardiovascular-related metabolic risk factors; and verify whether recommended injection intervals apply to routine clinical practice. Eight hundred and seventy subjects from 259 outpatient units scheduled to visit the clinic six times were included. Effectiveness and tolerability of TU administration were assessed on a 4-point scale. Body weight, waist girth, blood pressure, hemoglobin levels, hematocrit, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and digital rectal prostate examination were assessed. Over 90% of subjects completed the observational duration of 52.8 ± 9.7 weeks (mean ± SD) and 56% judged effectiveness as very good, 30.8% as good. 63.1% judged tolerability as very good, and 24.4% as good. No adverse effects on indicators of cardiovascular risk were observed. Polycythemia occurred in one subject and a supranormal hematocrit in one subject. Four subjects developed supranormal PSA levels. Prostate carcinoma was found in one subject, one subject had recurrence of a previously surgically treated prostate carcinoma, and the other two showed no indication of malignancy. Parenteral TU is safe, effective, and well-tolerated in clinical practice proving a good therapeutic option for hypogonadism.

Symptoms of anxiety and depression in type 2 diabetes: Associations with clinical diabetes measures and self-management outcomes in the Norwegian HUNT study

ObjectiveTo determine if symptoms of depression and anxiety are differentially associated with clinical diabetes measures and self-management behaviours in individuals with Type 2 diabetes, and whether these associations vary by patient sex. Research design and methodsA cross-sectional analysis using data from 2035 adults with Type 2 diabetes in the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study. Multivariate logistic regression was used to explore associations between symptoms of depression and anxiety and waist girth, HDL cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, triglycerides, c-reactive protein, glycemic control, diet adherence, exercise, glucose monitoring, foot checks for ulcers, and the subjective patient experience. Analyses were stratified by sex. ResultsDepression was associated with a lower likelihood of avoiding saturated fats (OR=0.20 [95% CI: 0.06, 0.68]) and increased odds of physical inactivity (OR=1.69 [95% CI: 1.37, 2.72]). Anxiety was associated with increased odds of eating vegetables (OR=1.66 [95% CI: 1.02, 2.73]), and an over two-fold increase of feeling that having diabetes is difficult. In women, anxiety was associated with elevated c-reactive protein levels (OR=1.57 [95% CI: 1.05, 2.34]). In men, depressive symptoms were associated with elevated HbA1c (OR=5.00 [95% CI: 1.15, 8.23). ConclusionsSymptoms of depression and anxiety were differentially associated with some key diabetes-related measures. Our results suggest sex-specific differences with respect to two important clinical outcomes (i.e., anxiety and CRP in women and depression and glycemic control in men). These findings should alert practitioners to the importance of detection and management of psychological symptoms in individuals with Type 2 diabetes.

남자 고등학교 사이클 선수의 하반신 유형 분류에 따른 선수용 사이클복 하의 치수설정에 관한 연구

People have recently became interested in eco-friendly cycling that attracted further attention as a sport activity. The number of high school cyclists has increased due to the popularity of cycling; however, high school cyclists have trouble choosing cycling suits because there is no professional cycling suit for high school cyclists in Korea. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a professional cycling suit for high school cyclists because sportswear for athletes is an important means to improve performance. This study suggests a standard sizing system for high school student athletes' cycle tights. The subjects were 111 high school cyclists. The 3 clusters were categorized by cluster analysis, and the sizing system was classified according to three lower body types. The size intervals of waist girth, hip girth and height were 5cm, respectively. The most frequent sizes were 75-100-175 in figure type 1, 70-90-170 and 75-95-170 in figure type 2, 70-90-175 and 70-90-180 in figure type 3. The sizing system, which had frequencies more than 3.6%, was classified into 9 cases, 8 cases, and 5 cases, respectively by lower body types. The results will contribute to the development of athletic performance cycle wear for high school cyclists.

Differential investment in body girths by sex: Evidence from 3D photonic scanning in a Thai cohort.

Life history trade-offs may manifest between competing organs and tissues in the body. Sexual dimorphism in tissue investment is well-established in humans, with sex-associated body shape differences linked to natural and sexual selection. This study uses three-dimensional (3D) photonic scanning to test whether males and females differentially invest energy in various body regions in relation to two independent proxies of growth. Body shape data (multiple girths) came from a Thai cohort (n = 11,610; 53% female; age range 21-88 years). Weight was considered a proxy for recent energy acquisition. Stature represented completed growth, a proxy for energy acquisition earlier in life. The data were analyzed using growth-proxy by sex interaction log-log regression models adjusting for age, salary and number of children. For a given percentage increase in weight, females showed greater percentage increases than males in girths of the arm, chest, hip, thigh, knee and calf (p < 0.001), whilst males exceeded females in head and waist girths (also p < 0.001). For a given percentage increase in height, weight and all girths showed greater proportional changes in males than females (p < 0.001). These results indicate sex-specific life history strategies wherein the direction and timing of energy investment in girths varies between the sexes. The results add to literature suggesting that sexual dimorphism in body morphology is not a fixed trait; rather, differential energy allocation to specific body regions appears to be a plastic strategy adjusted in relation to energy acquisition across the life course.

The effect of high-intensity aerobic interval training on markers of systemic inflammation in sedentary populations.

This study examined the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT; 30s sprint, 4-5min passive recovery) and prolonged intermittent sprint training (PIST; 10s sprint, 2-3min moderate exercise) on the systemic inflammatory markers C-reactive protein (CRP) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), aerobic capacity, and anthropometry in a middle-aged, sedentary population. Fifty-five sedentary adults (age 49.2±6.1years) were randomised into HIIT (n=20), PIST (n=21), or a sedentary control group (CTRL n=14). HIIT and PIST performed three training sessions per week for 9weeks on a cycle ergometer, matched for total high-intensity time, while CTRL continued normal sedentary behaviours. Pre- and post-intervention testing involved measures of anthropometry, peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak), and venous blood collection for analyses of CRP and TNF-α. HIIT and PIST increased VO2peak compared to CTRL (+3.66±2.23 and 3.74±2.62mLkgmin-1). A group×time interaction (p=0.042) and main effect of time (p=0.026) were evident for waist girth, with only HIIT showing a significant reduction compared to CTRL (-2.1±2.8cm). TNF-α and CRP showed no group×time interaction or time effect (p>0.05). In sedentary individuals, 9weeks of HIIT or PIST were effective to improve aerobic capacity; however, only HIIT significantly reduced waist girth and WHR compared to CTRL. Markers of systemic inflammation remained unchanged across all groups. Accordingly, for inflammation and VO2peak, the distribution of sprints and the active or passive recovery periods are inconsequential provided that total duration of high-intensity efforts is similar.

Sleep-disordered breathing and the menopausal transition among participants in the Sleep in Midlife Women Study

Menopause is widely believed to be an established cause of sleep disorders, but evidence for this theory is inconclusive. Attributing any sleep problem to normal processes of menopause may lead to underdiagnosis of treatable sleep disorders in midlife women. This study uses detailed longitudinal data on sleep and menopausal health from participants in the Sleep in Midlife Women Study to investigate whether risk and severity of sleep-disordered breathing increase with progression through menopause, accounting for changes in age and body habitus. A total of 219 women aged 38 to 62 years were recruited from participants in the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort Study. Menopause status was determined from daily diaries in which participants reported menstrual flow, hot flashes, and use of hormonal medications. Each participant underwent in-home polysomnography studies every 6 months, to measure the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) (N = 1,667 studies). Linear models with empirical standard errors were fit for logarithm of AHI on menopause status and years in menopause, adjusting for age, body mass index, waist girth, and neck girth. Compared with women in premenopause, AHI was 21% higher among participants in perimenopause (95% CI, -4 to 54), 31% higher among participants in postmenopause (95% CI, 2-68), and 41% higher among participants whose menopausal stage could not be distinguished between peri- and postmenopause (95% CI, 8-82). Among women who had begun perimenopause, each additional year in menopause was associated with 4% greater AHI (95% CI, 2-6). Progression through menopause is associated with greater sleep-disordered breathing severity. This association is independent of aging and changes in body habitus.

Serum reference value of two potential doping candidates\u2014myostatin and insulin-like growth factor-I in the healthy young male

BackgroundMyostatin negatively regulates muscle growth, and its inhibition by suitable proteins can increase muscle bulk and exercise performance. However, the reference values of serum myostatin in athletes performing strength training are still lacking.MethodsA cross-sectional study recruiting28 male collegiate athletes performing strength training and 29 age-matched normal controls was conducted.The serum concentration of myostatin and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), grip strength, and body composition were the main outcome measures. We used regression models to analyze the correlation between serum markers and the physiological parameters. The athlete group had greater height, weight, body mass index (BMI), fat mass percentage, fat-free mass, muscle mass, waist girth, grip strength, and estimated daily energy expenditure.ResultsThe IGF-1 concentration was higher in the athlete group (324 ± 80 vs. 263 ± 134 ng/ml), but the myostatin levels did not differ (12.1 ± 3.7 vs. 12.4 ± 3.5 ng/ml). The reference value for IGF-1 among the healthy young males was 293 ± 114 ng/ml, correlated with age and height; the value for myostatin was 12.3 ± 3.6 ng/ml, correlated negatively with BMI, fat mass percentage, and waist girth after adjustment for age.ConclusionMyostatin level is negatively related to fat percentage, and serum IGF-1 is positively related to height. The reference values could provide a basis for future doping-related study.

Investigating the Anthropometric Variables and Bio-Motoric Properties in Male and Female Swimmers

The purpose of this study was to investigate the anthropometric features, and some bio-motoric properties in young male and female swimmers. Furthermore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between anthropometric and bio-motoric variables considering the gender differences. Eighteen male and seventeen female amateur swimmers (mean age = 13.4 ± 2.9 and 12.7 ± 2.2 years respectively) volunteered to participate in this study. All swimmers were member of the same team who had trained at least for 3 days in a week. The anthropometric features were evaluated by height, weight, skinfold thicknesses (triceps, biceps, pectoral chest, midaxillary, abdominal, subscapular, midthigh, suprailium, supraspinale, and calf skinfold thicknesses), breadth, and girth measurements, and body fat. The bio-motoric variables were limited with flexibility, squat jump (SJ), counter movement jump (CMJ), and handgrip strength. The results showed that there was no significant differences between groups for age, height, weight, skinfold thicknesses and ∑8 skinfolds (p>0.05). However, there was a significant difference between groups for body fat (p<0.01), humerus and femur breadth values (p<0.01), and for waist girth values (p<0.05). There was significant differences between male and female swimmers for investigated bio-motoric properties. The results showed that the SJ and CMJ values were significantly related with height, weight, breadth, and girth measurements (p<0.01) in male swimmers. On the other hand, no such relationship was found in female swimmers. In c onclusion, present study indicated that there were significant differences between genders, with favor results for male swimmers. The determination of anthropometric properties may help the trainers to predict and follow the swimmers’ performance.

Waist-to-hip measurement ratio among dental students in urban areas

Background: Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) is an anthropometric measure commonly used to characterize regional adiposity. WHR is a crude estimate of the relative amount of abdominal fat: Higher the hip girth compared to waist girth, the greater the proportion of abdominal fat. As early as the 1980s, several prospective epidemiological studies reported that WHR is a significant predictor of coronary heart disease and death. A large number of studies have since replicated these initial findings, with some reporting that WHR was a stronger predictor of myocardial infarction or mortality risk. Aims and Objectives: To evaluate the WHR in among students of the private dental college, to review the usefulness of waist circumference and WHR measures as predictors of non-communicable disease risk and to define the potential cut off points for public health action. Materials and Methods: A total of 70 young adults studying in private dental college were chosen for the study. Students with systemic illness were excluded from the study. The waist and the hip circumferences were measured. The results were recorded and tabulated. Results: The WHR calculated in students found to be significant in 64.28% of the students and it is not significant in 35.72% of the students and most of the students have an appropriate WHR. Conclusion: The research proves that most of the students studying in Saveetha Dental College were found to have normal WHR. The study will aid the physician in earlier identification of various systemic complications such as obesity, cardiovascular diseases by assessing the WHR.

Association Between Sitting Time and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors After Adjustment for Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Cooper Center Longitudinal Study, 2010-2013.

IntroductionObjective estimates, based on waist-worn accelerometers, indicate that adults spend over half their day (55%) in sedentary behaviors. Our study examined the association between sitting time and cardiometabolic risk factors after adjustment for cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF).MethodsA cross-sectional analysis was conducted with 4,486 men and 1,845 women who reported daily estimated sitting time, had measures for adiposity, blood lipids, glucose, and blood pressure, and underwent maximal stress testing. We used a modeling strategy using logistic regression analysis to assess CRF as a potential effect modifier and to control for potential confounding effects of CRF.ResultsMen who sat almost all of the time (about 100%) were more likely to be obese whether defined by waist girth (OR, 2.61; 95% CI, 1.25–5.47) or percentage of body fat (OR, 3.33; 95% CI, 1.35–8.20) than were men who sat almost none of the time (about 0%). Sitting time was not significantly associated with other cardiometabolic risk factors after adjustment for CRF level. For women, no significant associations between sitting time and cardiometabolic risk factors were observed after adjustment for CRF and other covariates.ConclusionAs health professionals struggle to find ways to combat obesity and its health effects, reducing sitting time can be an initial step in a total physical activity plan that includes strategies to reduce sedentary time through increases in physical activity among men. In addition, further research is needed to elucidate the relationships between sitting time and CRF for women as well as the underlying mechanisms involved in these relationships.

Relationship between anthropometric parameters and speed performance: A kinanthropometric research

The purpose in this study; determined of relationship between anthropometric parameters and speed performance. In this purpose; 118 sedentary university students age 21.2 ± 2.1 year, body weight 62.2 ± 10.7 kg and height 168.2 ± 8.1 cm participated in this study voluntarily. 30 m speed performance with stature (shoulder, chest, trunk, waist, hip, thigh, knee, calf and ankle) and (height, fathoms, upper arm, fore arm, all arms, trunk, thigh, leg and all leg) girths was measured. Statistical analysis was made in SPSS 22.0 packed program for Windows. Data from the measured of arithmetic means, standard deviation, lowest and highest values was found. Relationship between anthropometric parameters and speed performance was tested by Pearson's Correlation. According to Data from the measured; there were significant relationship in between speed values of workgroups and body weight, shoulder girths, chest girths, trunk girths, waist girths (p<0.01), leg girths (p<0.05) and there were significant relationship in between speed values of workgroup and height, fathoms length, fore arm length, all arm length, trunk length, leg length (p<0.01), thigh length (p<0.05). It can be said increases in speed values, if girths and length values increase.

한국 남자 군인 현 방한복의 치수, 동작적합성 만족도에 관한 연구

This study investigates the problems of fitness and motion suitability for Korean male military winter jackets (inner and outer) and provides data for new pattern development. We analyzed fitness and motion suitability by a questionnaire survey with 140 Korean male soldiers and a wearing evaluation with 7 subjects of central army male size. A survey of male soldiers indicated that the fitness and motion suitability satisfaction was over 3.0 (Likert scale) for both inner and outer jackets. There were opinions that the sleeve length was short for the inner jacket and the waist girth and hem girth was slightly large for the outer jacket. In the wearing evaluation results with subjects of central army male size, fitness of total length, sleeve length and collar height showed a score lower than 3.0 for the inner jacket and collar height on the outer jacket. The motion suitability result showed a low score (1.0-2.0) in an arm raising motion for the inner jacket and 2.0-3.0 at neck motion in the outer jacket. In conclusion, there is more dissatisfaction in inner jackets than outer jackets. For the inner jacket, sleeve is short, sleeve hem is narrow, collar height is a little high and the sleeve creeps up during arm motion. The waist girth and hem girth was slightly large and collar height was a little high for the outer jacket.

슬랙스 형태 적합성 평가의 정량적 평가 기준 설정

This study presents quantitative evaluation standards for the shape fitness test, conducted in the process of the slacks fit test. This study aims to quantify appearance sensory test of slacks for the objectification of qualitative evaluation methods in existing shape fitness tests. The subjects were women of standard body type between the ages of 18 and 24. Slacks differing in their ease in waist girth, hip girth, crotch length and knee length were designed to test their shape fitness. The gap volume distribution between the body and slack, angle of the baseline by body part, and ratio of total thickness from the sideline using 3D human body scan data (which reflect the results of the appearance sensory test) were presented as quantitative evaluation standards. There were less wrinkles in the wrinkle/overstretch and ease categories of the appearance sensory test; in addition, ease was adequate and small enough to comfortably perform basic human activities in the standing upright posture. The gap volume distribution analysis between body and slacks showed that curves increased in the slacks surface along with an increase of ease in slacks and suggested that wrinkles also increased. In the baseline's horizontal categories in terms of a <TEX>$0^{\circ}$</TEX> horizontal angle, the range of angles were evaluated as adequate by the clothing expert group. The total thickness ratio of 0.5:0.5 divides into the sideline from the baseline.

Scaling waist girth for differences in body size reveals a new improved index associated with cardiometabolic risk.

Our aim was to examine whether a new ratio, waist divided by height0.5 (WHT.5R), is both independent of stature and a stronger predictor of cardiometabolic risk (CMR) than other anthropometric indices. Subjects (4117 men and 646 women), aged 20-69years, were assessed for stature (cm), mass (kg), waist, and hip girths (cm) from which body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WHTR), and two new indices, a body shape index (ABSI) and WHT.5R, were determined. We used the allometric power law, W=a.HTb , to obtain a simple body shape index for waist girth (W) to be independent of stature (HT). Physical activity was determined using self-report, and physical fitness was determined using the Bruce protocol. Glucose, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, and TC/HDL ratio were determined from fasting venous blood samples. A single CMR composite score was derived from log-transformed z-scores of Triglycerides + average blood pressure ((diastolic + systolic)/2) + glucose + HDL (*-1). Results confirmed WHT.5R to be independent of stature and the strongest predictor of CMR, compared with BMI, WC, WHR, ABSI, and WHTR. We also found that CMR scores decline significantly with increasing fitness and physical activity, confirming that being fit and active can compensate for the adverse effects of being fat as measured by all other anthropometric indices. In conclusion, WHT.5R was the best anthropometric index associated with CMR, and being both physically fit and active has a protective effect on CMR, irrespective of weight status.

Insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp studies.

What is the degree of intrinsic insulin resistance (IR) in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and the relative contribution of BMI to overall IR based on meta-analysis of gold standard insulin clamp studies? We report an inherent reduction (-27%) of insulin sensitivity (IS) in PCOS patients, which was independent of BMI. PCOS is prevalent, complex and underpinned by IR but controversies surround the degree of intrinsic IR in PCOS, the effect of BMI and the impact of the different diagnostic criteria (NIH versus Rotterdam) in PCOS. A systematic review and meta-analysis of Medline and All EBM databases was undertaken of studies published up to 30 May2015. Studies were included if premenopausal women diagnosed with PCOS were compared with a control group for IS, measured by the gold standard euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp. The systematic review adheres to the principles of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Meta-analyses were performed using mixed modelling and magnitude-based inferences expressed as mean effect ±99% CI. We inferred the effect was small, moderate or large relative to a smallest important change of -3.7% or 3.8% derived by standardisation. Effects were deemed unclear when the CI overlapped smallest important positive and negative values. Effects were qualified with probabilities reflecting uncertainty in the magnitude of the true value (likely, 75-95%; very likely, 95-99.5%; most likely, >99.5%). A total of 4881 articles were returned from the search. Of these, 28 articles were included in the meta-analysis. Overall IS was lower in women with PCOS compared with controls (mean effect -27%, 99% CI ±6%; large, most likely lower). A higher BMI exacerbated the reduction in IS by -15% (±8%; moderate, most likely lower) in PCOS compared with control women. There was no clear difference in IS between women diagnosed by the original National Institutes of Health (NIH) criteria alone compared with those diagnosed by the Rotterdam criteria. Low levels of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) were associated with reduced levels of IS (-10%, ±10%; small, very likely negative), which was not confounded by BMI. This systematic review and meta-analysis inherited the confounding problems of small sample sizes, missing data (e.g. some hormones, waist and hip girths) and the lack of Rotterdam criteria phenotype reporting, limiting the evidence synthesis and meta-analysis. BMI has a greater impact on IS in PCOS than in controls. SHBG appears a potentially valuable marker of IR in PCOS, whereas testosterone after adjustment for BMI demonstrated an unexpected interplay with IS which warrants further investigation. This work was supported by grants from the National Health & Medical Research Council (NHMRC), grant number 606553 (H.J.T., N.K.S.), as well as Monash University. H.J.T. is an NHMRC Research Fellow. N.K.S. is supported through the Australian Government's Collaborative Research Networks (CRN) programme. The funding bodies played no role in the design, methods, data management or analysis or in the decision to publish. All authors declare no conflict of interests. N/A.