Waist Circumference In Relation Research Articles

Trajectories of Body Mass Index and Waist Circumference in Relation to the Risk of Cardiac Arrhythmia: A Prospective Cohort Study.

The aim of the current study was to explore the trajectories, variabilities, and cumulative exposures of body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) with cardiac arrhythmia (CA) risks. In total, 35,739 adults from the Kailuan study were included. BMI and WC were measured repeatedly during the 2006-2010 waves. CA was identified via electrocardiogram diagnosis. BMI and WC trajectories were fitted using a group-based trajectory model. The associations were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models. We identified four stable trajectories for BMI and WC, respectively. Neither the BMI trajectories nor the baseline BMI values were associated with the risk of CA. Compared to the low-stable WC group, participants in the high-stable WC group had a higher risk of CA (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.40, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06, 1.86). Interestingly, the cumulative exposures of BMI and WC instead of their variabilities were associated with the risk of CA. In the stratified analyses, the positive associations of the high-stable WC group with the risk of CA were found in females only (HR = 1.98, 95% CI: 1.02, 3.83). A high-stable WC trajectory is associated with a higher risk of CA among Chinese female adults, underscoring the potential of WC rather than BMI to identify adults who are at risk.

Body mass index and waist circumference in relation to risk of recurrence and progression after non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.

Obesity may be associated with increased risk of recurrence and progression in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), but evidence is limited and inconsistent. We examined the associations of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) with risk of recurrence and progression among patients with NMIBC. This prospective study included 1029 patients diagnosed with primary NMIBC between 2014 and 2017. Patients reported weight 2 years before diagnosis at baseline, and weight, waist and hip circumference at 3 months postdiagnosis. Associations were quantified using Cox proportional hazard analyses, adjusted for clinical and lifestyle characteristics. More than half of patients were overweight (49%) or obese (19%) after diagnosis. During a median follow-up time of 3.6 years, 371 patients developed ≥1 recurrence and 53 experienced progression. No associations with recurrence were observed for BMI (HRper 5 kg/m2 0.94; 95% CI 0.82, 1.07), waist circumference (HRper 10 cm 0.95; 95% CI 0.86, 1.05), or WHR (HRper 0.1 unit 0.90; 95% CI 0.76, 1.06). In contrast, higher BMI was associated with a 40% increased risk of progression, with only the 2-year prediagnosis association reaching statistical significance (HRper 5 kg/m2 1.42; 95% CI 1.09, 1.84). No associations for pre-to-postdiagnosis weight change were found. General and abdominal obesity were not associated with recurrence risk among patients with NMIBC, but might be associated with increased risk of progression. Studies with sufficient sample size to stratify by tumor stage and treatment are needed to better understand whether and how obesity could influence prognosis.

Modifications of 24-h movement behaviors to prevent obesity in retirement: a natural experiment using compositional data analysis

BackgroundRetirement often leads to a more passive lifestyle and may therefore lead to weight gain. This study aims to investigate longitudinal associations between changes in 24-h movement behaviors and BMI and waist circumference in relation to the transition from work to retirement.MethodsThe study population included 213 retiring public sector workers (mean age 63.5 years, standard deviation 1.1) from the Finnish Retirement and Aging study. Before and after retirement participants wore an Axivity accelerometer on their thigh and filled in a daily log for at least four days to measure daily time spent sleeping, in sedentary behavior (SED), light physical activity (LPA) and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Also, their body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference were measured repeatedly. Compositional linear regression analysis and isotemporal substitution analysis were used to study associations between one-year changes in 24-h movement behaviors and concurrent changes in BMI and waist circumference.ResultsAn increase in MVPA in relation to sleep, SED and LPA was associated with a decreasing BMI (β = −0.60, p = 0.04) and waist circumference (β = −2.14, p = 0.05) over one year from before retirement to after retirement. In contrast, increasing sleep in relation to SED, LPA and MVPA was associated with an increasing BMI (β = 1.34, p = 0.02). Reallocating 60 min from MVPA to SED or sleep was estimated to increase BMI by on average 0.8–0.9 kg/m2 and waist circumference by 3.0 cm during one year.ConclusionsDuring the transition from work to retirement, increasing MVPA was associated with a slight decrease in BMI and waist circumference, whereas increasing sleep was associated with an increasing BMI. Common life transitions, like retirement, should be considered when giving recommendations and guidance for physical activity and sleep.

Large maternal waist circumference in relation to height is associated with high glucose concentrations in an early-pregnancy oral glucose tolerance test: A population-based study.

To explore the role of maternal anthropometric characteristics in early-pregnancy glycemia, we analyzed the associations and interactions of maternal early-pregnancy waist circumference (WC), height and pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) with plasma glucose concentrations in an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) at 12-16 weeks' gestation. A population-based cohort of 1361 pregnant women was recruited in South Karelia, Finland, from March 2013 to December 2016. All participants had their WC, weight, height, HbA1c , and blood pressure measured at 8-14 weeks' gestation and subsequently underwent a 2-h 75-g OGTT, including assessment of fasting insulin concentrations, at 12-16 weeks' gestation. BMI (kg/m2 ) was calculated using self-reported pre-pregnancy weight. Maternal WC ≥80 cm was defined as large. Maternal height ≥166 cm was defined as tall. Data on gestational diabetes treatment was extracted from hospital records. In the total cohort, 901 (66%) of women had an early-pregnancy WC ≥80 cm, which was associated with higher early-pregnancy HbA1c, higherconcentrationsoffasting plasma glucose and serum insulin, higherpost-load plasma glucose concentrations, higherHOMA-IR indices, higher blood pressure levels, and higherfrequencies of pharmacologically treated gestational diabetes, than early-pregnancy WC <80 cm. Maternal height ≥166 cm was negatively associated with 1- and 2-h post-load plasma glucose concentrations. Waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) >0.5 was positively associated with both fasting and post-load plasma glucose concentrations at 12-16 weeks' gestation, even when adjusted for age, smoking, nulliparity, and family history of type 2 diabetes. The best cut-offs for WHtR (0.58 for 1-h plasma glucose, and 0.54 for 2-h plasma glucose) were better predictors of post-load glucose concentrations >90th percentile than the best cut-offs for BMI (28.1kg/m2 for 1-h plasma glucose, and 26.6kg/m2 for 2-h plasma glucose), with areas-under-the-curve (95% confidence interval) 0.73 (0.68-0.79) and 0.73 (0.69-0.77), respectively, for WHtR, and 0.68 (0.63-0.74) and 0.69 (0.65-0.74), respectively, for BMI. In our population-based cohort, early-pregnancy WHtR >0.5 waspositively associatedwith both fasting and post-load glucose concentrations at 12-16 weeks' gestation and performed better than BMI in the prediction of post-load glucose concentrations >90th percentile. Overall, our results underline the importance of evaluating maternal abdominal adiposity in gestational diabetes risk assessment.

Male waist circumference in relation to semen quality and partner infertility treatment outcomes among couples undergoing infertility treatment with assisted reproductive technologies

Male obesity has been related to poor semen quality and may also have a negative effect on assisted reproductive technologies (ART) outcomes. Whether male waist circumference (WC), as a measure of central obesity, impacts a couple's fertility independently of BMI is unclear. To examine the associations of male WC with semen quality and couples' outcomes of infertility treatment with ART. Couples presenting to the Massachusetts General Hospital Fertility Center were invited to participate in the study. Between 2009 and 2019, 269 males provided 671 semen samples and 176 couples underwent 317 ART cycles. Height, weight, and WC were measured on site. We analyzed the association of male WC with semen quality and pregnancy outcomes using cluster-weighted regression models to account for repeated observations while adjusting for potential confounders. Models were also stratified by male BMI (<25 kg/m2 compared with ≥25kg/m2). The median male age, WC, and BMI were 36.1 years, 96.0cm, and 26.8kg/m2, respectively. A 5-cm increase in WC was associated with a 6.3% (95% CI, 2.1-10.5%) lower sperm concentration after adjustment for potential confounders, including BMI. Male WC was also inversely related to the probability of achieving a live birth. For each 5-cm increase in male WC, the odds of a live birth per initiated cycle decreased by 9.0% (95% CI, 1.1%-16.4%) after accounting for several anthropometric and demographic characteristics of both partners. These associations were stronger among males in the normal BMI category (<25kg/m2) than among overweight or obese males. A higher male WC may be an additional risk factor for poor outcomes of infertility treatment, even after accounting for male and female partner BMIs, particularly in couples where the male partner has a normal BMI.

Body mass index and waist circumference in relation to the risk of 26 types of cancer: a prospective cohort study of 3.5 million adults in Spain

BackgroundA high body mass index (BMI) has been associated with increased risk of several cancers; however, whether BMI is related to a larger number of cancers than currently recognized is unclear. Moreover, whether waist circumference (WC) is more strongly associated with specific cancers than BMI is not well established. We aimed to investigate the associations between BMI and 26 cancers accounting for non-linearity and residual confounding by smoking status as well as to compare cancer risk estimates between BMI and WC.MethodsProspective cohort study with population-based electronic health records from Catalonia, Spain. We included 3,658,417 adults aged ≥ 18 years and free of cancer at baseline between 2006 and 2017. Our main outcome measures were cause-specific hazard ratios (HRs) with 99% confidence intervals (CIs) for incident cancer at 26 anatomical sites.ResultsAfter a median follow-up time of 8.3 years, 202,837 participants were diagnosed with cancer. A higher BMI was positively associated with risk of nine cancers (corpus uteri, kidney, gallbladder, thyroid, colorectal, breast post-menopausal, multiple myeloma, leukemia, non-Hodgkin lymphoma) and was positively associated with three additional cancers among never smokers (head and neck, brain and central nervous system, Hodgkin lymphoma). The respective HRs (per 5 kg/m2 increment) ranged from 1.04 (99%CI 1.01 to 1.08) for non-Hodgkin lymphoma to 1.49 (1.45 to 1.53) for corpus uteri cancer. While BMI was negatively associated to five cancer types in the linear analyses of the overall population, accounting for non-linearity revealed that BMI was associated to prostate cancer in a U-shaped manner and to head and neck, esophagus, larynx, and trachea, bronchus and lung cancers in an L-shaped fashion, suggesting that low BMIs are an approximation of heavy smoking. Of the 291,305 participants with a WC measurement, 27,837 were diagnosed with cancer. The 99%CIs of the BMI and WC point estimates (per 1 standard deviation increment) overlapped for all cancers.ConclusionsIn this large Southern European study, a higher BMI was associated with increased risk of twelve cancers, including four hematological and head and neck (only among never smokers) cancers. Furthermore, BMI and WC showed comparable estimates of cancer risk associated with adiposity.

Identification of a TMEM182 rs141764639 polymorphism associated with central obesity by regulating tumor necrosis factor-α in a Korean population.

To investigate the effect of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in transmembrane protein 182 (TMEM182) on the risk of having central obesity and the related phenotype. In total, 2141 subjects with central obesity (n = 827) and normal controls (n = 1314) were included. The most strongly associated SNPs were related to waist circumference, and one SNP, rs141764639, was identified in TMEM182 (p = 7.30E-06, q = 0.0326). The TC genotype was associated with more central obesity; higher levels of blood pressure, glucose-related parameters, and inflammatory markers; abnormal lipid profiles; and smaller LDL particle sizes than the major allele homozygotes in the total population. TNF-α in the TC genotype showed extremely high levels compared to the TT genotype. There were significant interactions between the genotypes and waist circumference in relation to LDL particle size, TNF-α level, and IL-6 level. Compared with the reference group, the odds ratio for central obesity in C allele carriers was significantly increased by 2-fold. The polymorphism of TMEM182 rs141764639 might have an effect on the incidence of central obesity in the Korean population by interacting with the upregulation of TNF-α, a proinflammatory cytokine. Moreover, LDL particle size, which is an atherogenic lipid profile trait, was associated with the TMEM182 rs141764639 genotype.

Sex Differences in Glutathione Peroxidase Activity and Central Obesity in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes at High Risk of Cardio-Renal Disease.

Women with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) have an increased susceptibility of developing cardio-renal disease compared to men, the reasons and the mechanisms of this vulnerability are unclear. Since oxidative stress plays a key role in the development of cardio-renal disease, we investigated the relationship between sex, plasma antioxidants status (glutathione peroxidase (GPx-3 activity), vitamin E and selenium), and adiposity in patients with T2DM at high risk of cardio-renal disease. Women compared to men had higher GPx-3 activity (p = 0.02), bio-impedance (p ≤ 0.0001), and an increase in waist circumference in relation to recommended cut off-points (p = 0.0001). Waist circumference and BMI were negatively correlated with GPx-3 activity (p ≤ 0.05 and p ≤ 0.01, respectively) and selenium concentration (p ≤ 0.01 and p ≤ 0.02, respectively). In multiple regression analysis, waist circumference and sex were independent predictors of GPx-3 activity (p ≤ 0.05 and p ≤ 0.05, respectively). The data suggest that increased central fat deposits are associated with reduced plasma antioxidants which could contribute to the future risk of cardio-renal disease. The increased GPx-3 activity in women could represent a preserved response to the disproportionate increase in visceral fat. Future studies should be aimed at evaluating if the modulation of GPx-3 activity reduces cardio-renal risk in men and women with T2DM.

Waist circumference in relation to outcomes of infertility treatment with assisted reproductive technologies

Many studies have documented a lower likelihood of live birth with increasing body mass index among women undergoing assisted reproductive technology, but few have examined the association with waist circumference, an anthropometric measure that allows assessment of central adiposity. To examine the relation between baseline waist circumference and infertility treatment outcomes among women undergoing treatment with assisted reproductive technology. We followed up 264 women who underwent 445 assisted reproductive technology cycles for infertility treatment at the Massachusetts General Hospital between 2010 and 2017. Waist circumference was assessed at enrollment. We used cluster-weighted generalized estimating equation models to estimate the probability of live birth by tertiles of waist circumference (<77, 77-86, >86 cm), while accounting for multiple treatment cycles per woman and adjusting for age, race, smoking, infertility diagnosis, day 3 follicle-stimulating hormone, body mass index, and height. Mean (standard deviation) waist circumference and body mass index were 83.6 (12.6) cm and 24.1 (4.3) kg/m2, respectively. Waist circumference and body mass index were positively correlated (r= 0.69, P < .0001). Waist circumference was inversely related to the probability of live birth after adjusting for BMI and other confounders. The multivariable adjusted probability of live birth (95% confidence interval) for women in increasing tertiles of waist circumference were 53% (42-65%), 42% (32-53%), and 38% (28-50%) (P, trend= .04). When women were classified in joint categories of body mass index and waist circumference, women with a body mass index ≥25 kg/m2 and a waist circumference ≥77 cm had the lowest live birth rate (38% [27-50%]), whereas women with a body mass index between 18.5 and 25 kg/m2 and a waist circumference <77 cm had the highest (54% [42-66%]). The results were similar using different waist circumference cut-off values. Waist circumference was inversely related to the probability of live birth among women undergoing assisted reproductive technology independently of body mass index.

Waist circumference in relation to outcomes of infertility treatment with assisted reproductive technologies

Waist circumference in relation to outcomes of infertility treatment with assisted reproductive technologies

Waist height ratio and waist circumference in relation to hypertension, Framingham risk score in hospitalized elderly Egyptians

BackgroundHypertension is a public health problem and obesity is becoming an epidemic, increasing the risk of hypertension. Both are risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD).MethodsA case control study recruiting 102 patients aged ≥60 years, divided into 55 cases with hypertension and 47 controls without. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and waist to height ratio (WHtR) were measured as well as lipid profile then Framingham risk score (FRS) was calculated.ResultsOdds ratio (OR) for hypertension and medium to high risk cardiovascular events was the same in female patients using WC and WHtR. In male patients, only WHtR increased the risk for hypertension and for cardiovascular events, OR significantly increased with higher WHtR compared to WC.ConclusionWHtR and WC are strong risk factors for hypertension and cardiovascular events in Egyptian elderly female patients. WHtR is the best anthropometric predictor for hypertension and cardiovascular events in male patients.

Abstract 5316: Recreational physical activity, body mass index, and waist circumference in relation to lung cancer incidence in a large US prospective cohort

Abstract Background: Physical activity has been associated with lower lung cancer risk in numerous studies with estimates ranging from 20-50% lower risk in the most versus the least active study participants. Underweight and obesity have also been associated with lower lung cancer risk, with a nonlinear, inverted U-shaped relationship. The associations between physical activity and obesity with lung cancer are likely significantly confounded by smoking since individuals who smoke are generally less active and leaner than non-smokers. However, few studies have been able to examine these associations stratified by smoking status. Objective: To examine in detail whether an association between physical activity, BMI, and lung cancer exists in the absence of residual confounding by smoking. Methods: Using data 118,225 men and women who were cancer-free at enrollment (1992) in the American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study-II Nutrition Cohort, we examined associations between recreational physical activity (MET-hours per week; none, 0.1-&amp;lt;8.75 (reference), 8.75-17.4, 17.5+ MET-hours/week), body mass index (BMI, weight (kg)/height (meters)2; &amp;lt;18.5, 18.5-22.0 (reference), 22.1-24.9, 25.0-29.9, 30.0+ kg/m2), and waist circumference (measured in 1997; sex-specific quartiles) in relation to lung cancer risk stratified by smoking status and years since quitting among former smokers (never, current, former &amp;lt;10 years, former, 10-19 years, former 20+ years). Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to compute hazard rate ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) while adjusting for potential confounders. Results: Follow-up included 2,384,545person-years during which 4,669 men and women were diagnosed with lung cancer (453 among never smokers; 1,452 among current smokers; 1,194 among former smokers &amp;lt;10 years since quitting; 725 among former 10-19 years; and 845 among former 20+ years). Physically activity was not associated with lung cancer risk for any of the smoking strata except in former smokers less than 10 years since quitting (RR=0.78; 95% CI 0.68-0.91 for 17.5+ MET-hours/week). Similarly, BMI was inversely associated with lung cancer only in former smokers less than 10 years since quitting (RR=0.74; 95% CI 0.60-0.92 for 30+ kg/m2). Waist circumference was not associated with lung cancer risk in any smoking category. Conclusion: While being physically active and maintaining a healthy body weight are important for prevention of various types of cancer, our results suggest that neither physical activity, body mass index, or waist circumference are associated with lung cancer risk, regardless of smoking status. Whether the associations between physical activity, BMI and lung cancer in ex-smokers who have recently quit are due to chance, confounding or reverse causality warrants further investigation. Citation Format: Alpa V. Patel, Brian D. Carter, Victoria L. Stevens, Peter T. Campbell, Susan M. Gapstur. Recreational physical activity, body mass index, and waist circumference in relation to lung cancer incidence in a large US prospective cohort [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5316. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-5316

Longitudinal analysis of changes in weight and waist circumference in relation to incident vasomotor symptoms: the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN).

Greater body mass index (BMI) and body fat are associated with vasomotor symptoms (VMS). Thus, weight loss may prevent VMS. We analyzed whether concurrent BMI or waist circumference and/or changes in weight or waist circumference predicted incident VMS and whether these relations differed by menopause stage or race/ethnicity. Data from 10 follow-up visits for 1,546 participants in the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation who reported no VMS at baseline were modeled for time to first symptomatic visit in relation to concurrent BMI and waist circumference and change in weight and waist circumference during early and late menopause using discrete survival analyses, adjusting for covariates. Greater concurrent BMI and waist circumference were significantly related to greater any and frequent (≥6 d in the last 2 wk) incident VMS in early menopause and lower VMS risk in late menopause. Percentage weight change since baseline and since the prior visit was unrelated to incident any VMS in either menopause stage. Percentage weight change since baseline had a significant shallow U-shaped association with incident frequent VMS in early menopause (P = 0.02), a shallow inverse U-shape in late menopause (P = 0.02), and a significant interaction with menopause stage (P = 0.004) but not with race/ethnicity. Recent weight change was unassociated with incident VMS in either menopause stage. Results were similar for waist change. Concurrent BMI and waist circumference were positively related to incident VMS in early menopause and negatively related in late menopause. Maintaining healthy weight in early menopause may help prevent VMS.

Residential proximity to urban centres, local-area walkability and change in waist circumference among Australian adults

Consistent associations have been observed between macro-level urban sprawl and overweight/obesity, but whether residential proximity to urban centres predicts adiposity change over time has not been established. Further, studies of local-area walkability and overweight/obesity have generated mixed results. This study examined 4-year change in adults' waist circumference in relation to proximity to city centre, proximity to closest suburban centre, and local-area walkability. Data were from adult participants (n=2080) of a cohort study on chronic conditions and health risk factors in Adelaide, Australia. Baseline data were collected in 2000–03 with a follow-up in 2005–06. Multilevel regression models examined in 2015 the independent and joint associations of the three environmental measures with change in waist circumference, accounting for socio-demographic covariates. On average, waist circumference rose by 1.8cm over approximately 4years. Greater distance to city centre was associated with a greater increase in waist circumference. Participants living in distal areas (20km or further from city centre) had a greater increase in waist circumference (mean increase: 2.4cm) compared to those in proximal areas (9km or less, mean increase: 1.2cm). Counterintuitively, living in the vicinity of a suburban centre was associated with a greater increase in adiposity. Local-area walkability was not significantly associated with the outcome. Residential proximity to city centre appears to be protective against excessive increases in waist circumference. Controlled development and targeted interventions in the urban fringe may be needed to tackle obesity. Additional research needs to assess behaviours that mediate relationships between sprawl and obesity.

Association of adiposity, measured by skinfold thickness, with parental history of diabetes in a South Indian population: data from CURES-114

Purpose of the studyTo look at the association of central and peripheral skinfold thickness with parental history of diabetes in subjects without diabetes.MethodsSubjects with no parental history of diabetes (n=1132),...

Obesity and dyslipidemia in patients with psoriasis treated at a dermatologic clinic in Manaus

BACKGROUND Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease of multifactorial etiology, with participation of genetic, autoimmune and environmental factors. Recent studies have demonstrated the role of inflammatory cells and mediators in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, which is now defined as a systemic and autoimmune inflammatory disease that may be associated with other diseases of inflammatory nature. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the occurrence of obesity and dyslipidemia in patients with psoriasis treated at a dermatology clinic in Manaus. METHODS We performed a prospective descriptive study to assess the prevalence of obesity and dyslipidemia in patients with psoriasis. Besides the recommended dermatological care, a physical examination was performed to measure weight, height and waist circumference. RESULTS We included 72 patients, 44 (61.1%) female and 28 (38.9%) male, with a mean age of 51.0 years ± 15.9 years. As for body mass index (BMI), 16 (22.2%) were overweight and 20 (27.8%) were obese. In the analysis of waist circumference in relation to gender, we found that 79.5% of women surveyed had central obesity, a percentage statistically higher than that observed among men (42.9%) at the 5% level of significance (p = 0.001). Regarding the diagnosis of dyslipidemia, 29 (65.9%) females and 22 (78.6%) males showed alterations in lipid profile. CONCLUSIONS The occurrence of dyslipidemia and obesity in patients with psoriasis can affect life quality and expectancy, increasing the risk of systemic and metabolic diseases, which makes periodic investigation of these comorbidities in patients with psoriasis mandatory.

A new obesity measure based on relative waist circumference – how useful is it?

A new obesity measure based on relative waist circumference – how useful is it?

Adherence to a snacking dietary pattern and soda intake are related to the development of adiposity: a prospective study in school-age children.

Snacking has been related to increased prevalence of overweight among school-age children in cross-sectional studies. It is uncertain, however, whether snacking influences the development of adiposity over time. We examined whether adherence to a snacking dietary pattern was associated with greater increases in children's BMI, subscapular:triceps skinfold thickness ratio and waist circumference over a median 2·5-year follow-up. Dietary patterns were identified through principal component analysis of an FFQ administered at recruitment in 2006. Anthropometric follow-up was conducted annually. Linear mixed-effects models were used to estimate rates of change in each indicator according to quartiles of adherence to the snacking pattern. We also examined change in BMI, subscapular:triceps skinfold thickness ratio and waist circumference in relation to intake of the food items in the snacking pattern. Children (n 961) 5-12 years of age. Public schools in Bogotá, Colombia. After adjustment for age, sex, total energy intake and socio-economic status, children in the highest quartile of adherence to the snacking pattern had a 0·09 kg/m2 per year higher BMI gain than children in the lowest quartile (P trend = 0·05). A similar association was observed for mean change in subscapular:triceps skinfold thickness ratio (highest v. lowest quartile difference = 0·012/year; P = 0·03). Of the food items in the snacking pattern, soda intake was positively and significantly associated with change in BMI (P trend = 0·01) and waist circumference (P trend = 0·04) in multivariable analysis. Our results indicate that snacking and soda intake are associated with development of adiposity in school-age children.

Frequency of Prediabetes in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

In approximately 50-70% of all women with PCOS (Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome) may be found lower or higher degree insulin resistance, while insensitivity to insulin cells very likely contributes hyperandrogenaemia which is responsible for the symptoms and signs of PCOS. Insulin resistance, PCOS and prediabetes are linked. This research is retrospective-prospective, clinical, comparative and descriptive. The study included 60 women with PCOS, aged 20-40 years, with no acute or chronic diseases, divided into two groups: PCOS women with elevated body weight and PCOS women with normal body weight. The control group is consisted of 30 female subjects without PCOS, aged 20-40 years. The research is conducted at the Clinic for Endocrinology and Diabetes and the department of diagnostic and outpatient clinics at CCU Sarajevo and in BKH Niedernbayern. In all subjects the following will be performed: clinical evaluation, laboratory tests and ovarian echosonography. Subjects with PCOS had significantly higher values of body weight, BMI and waist circumference in relation to a group of healthy subjects. Disturbance of the menstrual cycle was present in 57% of women with PCOS. Disturbance of the menstrual cycle was more common in PCOS patients with elevated body weight in relation to PCOS patients with normal body weight. Progesterone values showed that in the PCOS group, 85% of anovulatory cycle in contrast to the control group, where 7% of anovulatory cycle were recorded. Hirsutism, seborrhea, acne and alopecia were more common in PCOS patients with elevated body weight in relation to PCOS patients with normal body weight. The values of total cholesterol in our study did not differ significantly between the groups with PCOS and control group but we found a statistically significant difference in the group with PCOS between patients with increased and normal weight (p = 0.03). The analysis of HDL cholesterol did not show any statistically significant difference between the group with PCOS and control group as well as in the group with PCOS between patients with increased and normal weight. LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels were statistically significantly different between the group with PCOS and control group (p = 0.03), as well as in the group with PCOS between patients with increased and normal weight (p = 0.02). The emergence of prediabetes is significantly correlated with insulin resistance as confirms the impact of the insulin resistance degree to the emergence of prediabetes. Knowledge about the existence of high prediabetes prevalence in women with PCOS will help in the decision on mandatory screening, more prompt diagnosis and treatment, which could prevent or delay the onset of the formation of clinically manifested diabetes. Prediabetes can be a reversible process with improved metabolic control and the use of metformin in prediabetes in women with PCOS may prevent or slow down the onset of type 2 diabetes.

Relation Between Abdominal Obesity, Insulin Resistance and Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Diagnosed by Electrocardiogram and Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Hypertensive Patients

Obesity is related to left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). Whether LVH on electrocardiography (ECG-LVH) is a result of increased cardiac electrical activity or due to increased left ventricular mass (LVM) remains to be determined. The aims of the present study were to investigate the relation between obesity and ECG-LVH and LVM by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI-LVM) in patients with hypertension and to investigate the relation of insulin resistance (IR) and LVH. Patients with hypertension (n = 421) were evaluated using Sokolow-Lyon voltage, Cornell voltage, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Waist circumference was used as a measure of abdominal obesity. Linear regression analysis revealed an inverse relation (adjusted β = -0.02, 95% confidence interval -0.02 to -0.01) between waist circumference and Sokolow-Lyon voltage, indicating a decrease of 0.02 mV per 1-cm increase in waist circumference. There was a positive relation between waist circumference and MRI-LVM (β = 0.49, 95% confidence interval 0.32 to 0.67). Patients in the highest quartile of LVM had a worse metabolic profile than patients with the Sokolow-Lyon voltage criterion. The relations of IR with ECG-LVH and MRI-LVM were similar to those of waist circumference in relation to ECG-LVH and MRI-LVM. In conclusion, there is an inverse relation between waist circumference and ECG-LVH and a positive relation between waist circumference and MRI-LVM. This study indicates that obesity has a different relation to voltage criteria for LVH compared to anatomic criteria for LVH, supporting the hypothesis that IR decreases electrocardiographic voltages, despite an increase in MRI-LVM. The clinical implication is that especially in patients with IR, Sokolow-Lyon voltage is low in contrast to high MRI-LVM.