Wagner Method Research Articles

ОТЗЫВЧИВОСТЬ СОРТОВ ПШЕНИЦЫ ПОЛБЫ НА РАСЧЕТНЫЕ ДОЗЫ И СОЧЕТАНИЕ МАКРОЭЛЕМЕНТОВ В УСЛОВИЯХ ПРЕДКАМЬЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ТАТАРСТАН

In world agriculture, interest in growing filmy wheat varieties is growing from year to year. One of these types is double-grain wheat (Triticum dicoccum) spelt. This is due to the fact that the grain of this crop contains protein, which includes 18 essential amino acids. The aim of the study is to improve the technology of growing spelt varieties, to determine the parameters of removal of macronutrients from gray forest soils, as well as to clarify the calculated norms of fertilizer application. The research was conducted in 2021-2022 in the Republic of Tatarstan. Agrochemical characteristics of the soil of the experimental site: the humus content according to the Tyurin method is 3.6%, mobile phosphorus is 256...270 mg /kg, potassium is within 125...185 mg/kg according to the Kirsanov method. The acidity of the soil is close to neutral, with a pHsol index of 6.2. The object of research was double-layered spring wheat (spelt) of sample k-10456 and the Fleece variety. Experiments with fertilizers were carried out according to a five-step scheme (Wagner's method): 0; N7K15; N7P7; P7K15; N7P7K15. Against the calculated background of NPK nutrition for obtaining an average of 2.5 t/ha of grain in 2021-2022, the yield of spring wheat of the two-grain k-10456 variety was 2.78 t/ha, and the Fleece variety was 2.58 t/ha. The use of fertilizers made it possible to obtain spelt grains of a larger size, compared with the control. In addition, this did not lead to a significant decrease in the protein content of the grain. The use of mineral fertilizers in combination with N7K15, N7P7 and P7K15 contributed to an average yield increase of 9.7%, 10.2% and 14.6%, respectively. The application of N7P7K15 to spelt crops provided the largest increase in yield - by 0.42 t/ha or 18.6%.

Comparative microstructural analysis of V2O5 nanoparticles via x-ray diffraction (XRD) technique

Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) nanoparticles exhibit diverse properties and have been studied for a wide range of applications, including energy storage, catalysis, environmental remediation, and material enhancement. In this work, we have reported the synthesis of vanadium pentaoxide (V2O5) nanoparticles using hydrothermal method. Ammonium metavanadate (NH4VO3) was used as a source of vanadium. These syntheses were carried out at four different concentrations of vanadium source. The hydrothermal reaction was conducted at a temperature of 180 °C for a duration of 24 hours, followed by an additional 24 hours period of natural cooling. Four samples were annealed in air using a muffle furnace at 500 °C for five hours. The x-ray diffraction technique was used to study the structural aspects. A comparative analysis of the microstructure was conducted utilizing the Scherrer method, the Williamson–Hall method and its various models, size-strain analysis, and the Halder–Wagner method. The crystallite size and microstrain were determined using these distinct methods, revealing a systematic correlation between the crystallite size and microstrain obtained through the different techniques.

Reinforcement Learning Approaches for Exploring Discrepancy Variations: Implications for Supply Chain Optimization

Combinatorics discrepancy theory studies the ways in which a given state deviates from the ideal. A set system's disparity in its classical form has been shown to be bound in certain situations. Though they may not hold for other types of discrepancy, no mathematician has been able to produce an example that defies these limits as of yet. Due to the large number of set systems (kmn for m sets and n elements, each choosing one of k possible values), it is not viable to use traditional techniques, such as human reasoning or computer brute forcing, to identify the few set systems with a significant discrepancy. However, in a 2021 preprint, Adam Zsolt Wagner shows how the deep cross-entropy method—a popular Neural Network (NNs)-based Reinforcement-Learning (RL) technique—could effectively find examples that disprove open conjectures in two other combinatorial subfields: pattern avoidance and graph theory. Therefore, in light of these encouraging findings, we wondered if Wagner's method could help us find examples that defy the upper bound of discrepancy variations. To start answering this question, we examined whether Wagner's approach might be extended to find set systems that exhibit significant inconsistencies, either as classical or variant (prefix and fractional in our instance) systems. Our findings could help approximation algorithms, which employ discrepancy theory to tackle certain problems, as well as discrepancy theory itself.

X-ray diffraction analysis of orthorhombic SnSe nanoparticles by Williamson–Hall, Halder–Wagner and Size–Strain plot methods

SnSe nanoparticles were synthesized using the sonochemical exfoliation technique, employing SnSe single crystals. Various analysis, including Energy Dispersive Analysis of X-rays-Elemental mapping, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy, Ultra-Violet Diffused Reflectance Spectroscopy-Photoluminescence measurements, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, were conducted to determine the chemical composition, crystalline phase, morphological characteristics, optical properties, vibrational modes, and oxidation states of the synthesized nanoparticles. The XRD peak broadening analysis, specifically employing Williamson–Hall (W-H), Size–Strain Plot (SSP), and Halder–Wagner Method (H-W), was employed to examine particle size and intrinsic strain. Additionally, three models within the W-H method, namely the uniform deformation model (UDM), uniform stress deformation model (USDM), and uniform deformation energy density model (UDEDM), were used to investigate physical and microstructural parameters such as strain, stress, and energy density. A comprehensive comparison of the average particle size results obtained from Williamson–Hall, Size–Strain, and Halder–Wagner Methods, along with results from HR-TEM and Particle Size Analysis, was carried out. The comprehensive comparison of results from different techniques adds credibility to the reported findings.

Gd2O3/CdS Nanocomposites were Synthesized for Photocatalytic Elimination of Methyl Blue (MB) Dye Under Visible Light Irradiation

Water contamination with hazardous dyes is a serious environmental issue that concerns humanity. A green technology to resolve this issue is the use of highly efficient photocatalysts under visible light to degrade these organic molecules. Adding composite and modifying shape and size on semiconductor materials are attempts to improve the efficacy of these compositions. The optical, microstructural and photocatalytic features of the compositions were investigated by several characterization procedures such as XRD, XPS, SEM, and TEM. Here, modifies Scherrer equation, Williamson–Hall (W–H), and Halder–Wagner method (H–W) have been used to investigate the crystal size and the micro-strain from the XRD peak broadening analysis. The average crystal size according to Modified Scherrer’s formula was 6.04–10.46 nm for pristine CdS and CdS/Gd2O3@GO, respectively. While the micro-strain (ɛ) corresponds to 3.88, 4.63, 4.03, and 4.15 for CdS, Gd2O3, CdS/Gd2O3, and CdS/Gd2O3@GO. It was also shown that the modest difference in average crystal size acquired by the Modified Scherrer and Halder–Wagner (HW) forms was related to differences in average particle size classification. As a result, the Halder–Wagner method was accurate in estimating crystallite size for the compositions. The average roughness is slightly changed from 4.4 to 4.24 nm for CdS/Gd2O3 and CdS/Gd2O3@GO, respectively. A kinetics investigation further revealed that the photocatalytic degradation of MB dyes was accompanied by a Langmuir isotherm and a pseudo-second-order reaction rate. The highest adsorption capacity (qe) determined for (type 1) CdS, Gd2O3, CdS/Gd2O3, and CdS/Gd2O3@GO adsorption was 5, 0.067, 0.027, and 0.012 mgg−1, respectively. The R2 values originated from the pseudo-second-order (type 2) for CdS, Gd2O3, CdS/Gd2O3, and CdS/ Gd2O3@GO were 0.904, 0,928, 0.825, and 0.977. As a result, the initial sorption rate (h) is altered between types 1 and 2. In type 2, the pseudo-second-order rate constant (k2) ranges from 0.005 for CdS to 0.011 for CdS/Gd2O3@GO. The Langmuir Hinshelwood and pseudo-second-order kinetic models describe the photodegradation process. The results demonstrate that the developed compositions can be used as a long-term substance for dye removal.

Evaluating the Robustness of Deep Learning Models against Adversarial Attacks: An Analysis with FGSM, PGD and CW

This study evaluated the generation of adversarial examples and the subsequent robustness of an image classification model. The attacks were performed using the Fast Gradient Sign method, the Projected Gradient Descent method, and the Carlini and Wagner attack to perturb the original images and analyze their impact on the model’s classification accuracy. Additionally, image manipulation techniques were investigated as defensive measures against adversarial attacks. The results highlighted the model’s vulnerability to conflicting examples: the Fast Gradient Signed Method effectively altered the original classifications, while the Carlini and Wagner method proved less effective. Promising approaches such as noise reduction, image compression, and Gaussian blurring were presented as effective countermeasures. These findings underscore the importance of addressing the vulnerability of machine learning models and the need to develop robust defenses against adversarial examples. This article emphasizes the urgency of addressing the threat posed by harmful standards in machine learning models, highlighting the relevance of implementing effective countermeasures and image manipulation techniques to mitigate the effects of adversarial attacks. These efforts are crucial to safeguarding model integrity and trust in an environment marked by constantly evolving hostile threats. An average 25% decrease in accuracy was observed for the VGG16 model when exposed to the Fast Gradient Signed Method and Projected Gradient Descent attacks, and an even more significant 35% decrease with the Carlini and Wagner method.

Analysis of risk factors of infection in diabetic foot patients.

This cross-sectional study assessed the risk factors for infection in 150 diabetic foot patients admitted to the Xiamen University Hospital between October 2020 and October 2022. Patients were categorised as infected (n = 80) or uninfected (n = 70) cohorts. The diabetic foot was evaluated using the American Diabetic Foot Grading system, whereas ulcers were categorised using Wagner's method. Analysed were patient-specific information, clinical data and risk factors including neuropathy, arterial disease and foot deformities. Our findings revealed no statistically significant differences between infected and uninfected cohorts concerning age, body mass index, gender, duration of diabetes or ankle-brachial index values (p > 0.05). However, infected group had a higher proportion of smokers and reduced socio-economic status (p < 0.05). Wagner grades indicated a greater severity in the infected group, with grade 3, grade 4 and grade 5 differing significantly (p < 0.05). Comparative analysis of ulcer characteristics revealed no statistically significant differences in ulcer surface area and depth, but the infected group had a higher prevalence of osteomyelitis and a greater number of ulcers (p > 0.05). Blood vessel complications, retinopathy, the presence of three or more ulcers, osteomyelitis and diabetic nephropathy were substantially more prevalent in the infected group, as determined by univariate analysis (p < 0.05). Subsequent multivariate logistic analysis revealed that patients with blood vessel complications, retinopathy, osteomyelitis, diabetic nephropathy and three or more ulcers were at increased risk for infection (p < 0.05). In addition, lifestyle factors, such as smoking, sedentary behaviour, inadequate foot hygiene, obesity and poor glycaemic control, were also associated with higher infection rates. A multivariate analysis of foot wound factors revealed that deeper, longer and recurrent lesions increased the likelihood of infection. Escherichia coli was the most frequently isolated bacterium from the infected group's bacterial culture, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. The study enhanced our comprehension of the multifactorial risk factors associated with infections in diabetic foot patients, highlighting the need for thorough clinical evaluation, lifestyle modification and vigilant infection control.

Logging Residue Assessment in Salvage Logging Areas

Salvage logging operations often occur after large disturbances and usually leave behind a substantial quantity of residues, which is fundamental for maintaining soil fertility and facilitating ecosystem dynamics. This study aims to estimate the amount of logging residues following salvage operations categorized by two wood harvesting systems: Cut-To-Length (CTL) and Full-Tree System (FT). Logging residues in the harvested areas were sampled using linear transects and the data collected were divided into classes based on diameter. The quantity of residues was estimated using the Brown method for Fine Wood Debris (FWD) and the Van Wagner method for Coarse Wood Debris (CWD). Furthermore, the carbon and nutrient content associated with logging residues were also determined, considering their interaction with the soil organic layer. Overall, a higher quantity of FWD was detected in the sites cleared with the FT system and a higher quantity of CWD in the sites logged with the CTL system. Differences could be observed for all three years and systems considered, but only the third year reported statistically significant results (p&amp;lt;0.01). The soil and residue chemical analysis for carbon and nutrient contents revealed a high amount of carbon stored in a potential layer of 10 cm of soil (up to 85 Mg·C·ha-1), while only up to 15 Mg·C·ha-1 for the woody material.

A Phenomenological Study of Chromium Impurity Effects on Lattice Microstrains of SnO2 Nanoparticles Prepared Using Sol–Gel Technique

In this study, the effect of chromium impurities on the crystal structure and lattice microstrains of tin oxide nanoparticles was investigated. Pure SnO2 nanoparticles were synthesized and subjected to calcination at different temperatures. Additionally, various concentrations (5%, 8%, 10% and 15%) of Cr-doped SnO2 nanoparticles were prepared using the sol–gel technique and subsequently calcined at 550 °C. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques were utilized to examine the structure and morphology of the doped nanoparticles. The XRD patterns of tin oxide nanoparticles with different percentages of chromium impurities showed a tetragonal structure without any additional phase. The TEM images of pure SnO2 nanoparticles showed a uniform distribution of size and shape, with relatively smaller sizes compared to Cr-doped nanoparticles. To investigate the peak broadening of Cr-doped SnO2 nanoparticles, the Halder–Wagner method and Williamson–Hall models were employed to examine the effects of crystallite sizes and lattice strain. The results showed that increasing the impurity has a dual effect on nanoparticle sizes. Increasing the chromium impurity up to 8% led to an increase in compressive stress caused by the substitution of Sn ions with Cr ions on the crystal structure of rutile, resulting in an increase in the magnitude of lattice strain. However, when the chromium impurity was increased up to 15%, interstitial doping was preferred over substitutional doping. The compressive stress was subsequently converted to tensile stress, requiring the system to spend some of its energy to overcome the compressive stress, with the remaining energy reflected in the form of tensile stress. Furthermore, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra were obtained for all of the samples, confirming the XRD analyses.

Impedance spectroscopy investigation and structural characterization of yttrium and lithium modified Barium Strontium Titanate composite

Structural and Dielectric characterization of lead free (Y0.5Li0.5)0.1Ba0.7Sr0.2TiO3 electro-ceramic is reported in this communication. The solid solution was synthesized using carbonates and oxides via a solid-state mixed oxide technique. Calcination was carried out at 1400 °C for 12 h and XRD measurement was carried out to confirm the crystal phase. Lattice parameter were calculated from the refined X-ray diffraction data and the crystallite size was calculated following Debye Scherrer’s equation, Williamson Hall and Haldar Wagner Method. Calcined powder was pelletized and sintered at 1400 °C for 2 h for further dielectric measurements. Dielectric characterization was carried out on the sintered sample from room temperature to 350 °C to investigate the ferroelectric to paraelectric phase transition characteristics. Activation energy (Ea) and ionic conductivity (σ̥) of the Y and Li co-modified Barium Strontium Titanate at discrete frequencies are discussed.

Understanding Interfacial Reactions in Ti-Ni Diffusion Couple.

The diffusion phenomenon in the Ti-Ni binary system was investigated at a temperature of 1173 K. Microstructure and texture analysis revealed the formation of three stable intermetallic compounds, namely Ti2Ni, TiNi, and TiNi3, as well as two metastable intermetallic compounds, including Ti3Ni4 and Ti2Ni3, at the interfacial diffusion zone. The nucleation surface energy increase was analytically estimated, and marker experiments were conducted using thoria particles, both of which showed that Ti2Ni was the first compound to form at the Ti-Ni diffusion interface. At a temperature of 1173 K, using the Wagner method, the integrated diffusion coefficients for the Ti2Ni, TiNi, and TiNi3 phases were calculated to be 3.53 × 10-12, 18.1 × 10-15, and 6.2 × 10-15 m2/s, for, respectively.

Quantitative analysis of diffusion kinetics of intermetallic formation in Ni–Ti system

The diffusion couple method is an appreciated experimental approach in taking in phase relations in multi-component systems. To investigate the growth mechanism of the phases and the diffusion of the components, Ni–Ti diffusion couple experiments are carried out at four different temperatures of 750, 800, 850, and 900 °C up to 24 h. Microstructural observations using scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy at the interface of the nickel-titanium indicates formation of three major intermetallic compounds by the sequence of NiTi2, Ni3Ti and NiTi. Using typical marker tests with incremental diffusion couples, data about mobilities of elemental type intermetallic phase media can be attained, and tracer diffusion coefficients can be presumed. By using of cerium oxide particles as an inert marker, it is shown that the diffusion of nickel atoms toward titanium is faster than the diffusion of titanium atoms through the compound layers. The marker plane is detected at the interface of Ni/Ni3Ti.The ratio of intrinsic diffusivities indicates that Ni is the predominant diffusing element in this system. The activation energies for the formation and growth of NiTi2, NiTi, Ni3Ti, and the total interfacial layers are found to be respectively 204, 151, 38, and 154 kJ/mol. In addition, the integrated diffusion coefficients are calculated by use of Wagner method. The activation energies for the integrated diffusion coefficient of NiTi2, NiTi and Ni3Ti are calculated as 168,149 and 78 kJ/mol, respectively.

Straightforward route for terbium oxide powders: synthesis, morphology, and microstructural parameters

Abstract The goals of this study lie in the endeavour to synthesise terbium oxide powders, calculation of the average crystallite size, lattice parameter, lattice strain and dislocation density by using X-ray diffraction peak broadenings and, particularly, examination of the effects of precursor molarity on morphology, microstructural parameters and crystal imperfections. The X-ray diffraction patterns demonstrated that the powders had pure cubic bixbyite body-centred phase with high crystallinity. The crystallite size values varied between 21.05 and 31.45 nm depending on both precursor molarity and four different calculation methods, i.e. Debye–Scherrer, modified Debye–Scherrer, Williamson–Hall and Halder–Wagner methods. It was found that regardless of the calculation method, there was a positive relationship between the average crystallite size values and the precursor molarity, and it was concluded that the crystallinity was improved. The lattice strain values calculated by both the Williamson–Hall analysis integrated with the uniform deformation model and the Halder–Wagner methods showed that the tensile stress in the structure became more effective with increasing precursor molarity. The lattice strain values calculated using the Halder–Wagner method were approximately 10 times higher than those of the Williamson–Hall method because of reflections at low and mid angles in X-ray diffraction data. The dislocation density values calculated using the Williamson–Smallman method demonstrated that a decrease in crystal defects occurred with increasing molarity, that is, the crystallinity was enhanced. The presence of Tb–O bonds was proved by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis showing that terbium carbonate powders were converted into terbium oxide by the calcination process. A nearly round morphology of produced terbium oxide powders were clearly shown in scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy images. Increasing positive tensile stress in the lattice increased the particle size and changed the powder morphology from agglomerated nearly round grains to rod-like bundles.

Mechanosynthesis of carbonate and lithium co-substituted hydroxyfluorapatite

The presence of fluoride, lithium and carbonate group within hydroxyapatite occurring naturally within the body provides the basis for investigating the sintering ability of co-substituted hydroxyfluorapatites nanopowders for use as biomaterials. Ca10-xLix(PO4)6-x(CO3)x(OH)F nanopowders, with x equal to 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5 were prepared using mechanosynthesis and their extensive characterization was realized. Substitution causes contraction of the unit hexagonal cell along the a-axis and elongation along the c-axis, as well as a decrease in the degree of crystallinity of the powders, and an increase of the amounts of unreacted calcium and lithium carbonates. Crystallite sizes and strains, determined by the Halder & Wagner method, remain the same whatever x. Spectroscopic analyses show that B-type carbonated apatite is formed. Annealing at 500 °C improves the crystallinity of the apatite phase with low percentages of calcite and lithium phosphate as secondary phases (x ≤ 2). Transmission electron microscopy observations show that untreated and calcined powders consist mainly of spherical nanoparticles. As-mechanosynthesized Ca9Li(PO4)5(CO3)(OH)F powder, sintered by Spark Plasma Sintering, densifies in the temperature range of 580 to 650 °C. The crystallite size remains the same than that of the untreated-powder (about 15 nm).

Determination of the Effects of Copper (Cu) and Lead (Pb) Heavy Metals on Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Mineralization

Heavy metal (HM) pollution has become one of the most important environmental problems of the present day, as a result of the developing industrial activities. Accordingly, it is important to understand microorganism activities in soil ecosystems that have been exposed to HMs for a long time. The aim of this study was to show the potential effects of ores on soil carbon and nitrogen mineralizations which were taken from copper (Cu) and lead (Pb) mines in Balıkesir-Balya and Kastamonu-Küre districts in Turkey. The carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) mineralizations were determined by using the CO2 respiration method (30 days) and the Parnas Wagner method (42 days) under the controlled laboratory conditions (28 °C, 80% of field capacity), respectively. It was observed that carbon mineralization decreased depending on the dose increase. 250 mg kg-1 treatment with Pb was lower than the control and there was a significant difference between them (P &lt; 0.001). In terms of nitrogen mineralization rate (%), there was no significant difference among all treatments. According to the results, Pb affected microorganisms more negatively; however, the presence of Cu slightly decreased its negative effect. It is possible to conclude that carbon mineralization can be indicator for HM pollution in the soil. However, nitrogen mineralization was not a determining factor at HM pollution in this study.

Strain and Grain Size Determination of CeO2 and TiO2 Nanoparticles: Comparing Integral Breadth Methods versus Rietveld, μ-Raman, and TEM

Various crystallite size estimation methods were used to analyze X-ray diffractograms of spherical cerium dioxide and titanium dioxide anatase nanoparticles aiming to evaluate their reliability and limitations. The microstructural parameters were estimated from several integral breadth methods such as Scherrer, Monshi, Williamson–Hall, and their variants: (i) uniform deformation model, (ii) uniform strain deformation model, and (iii) uniform deformation energy density model. We also employed the size–strain plot and Halder–Wagner method. For this purpose, an instrumental resolution function of an Al2O3 standard was used to subtract the instrumental broadening to estimate the crystallite sizes and strain, and the linear regression analysis was used to compare all the models based on the coefficient of determination. The Rietveld whole powder pattern decomposition method was introduced for comparison purposes, being the best candidate to fit the X-ray diffraction data of metal-oxide nanoparticles. Refined microstructural parameters were obtained using the anisotropic spherical harmonic size approach and correlated with the above estimation methods and transmission electron microscopy images. In addition, μ-Raman spectra were recorded for each material, estimating the mean crystallite size for comparison by means of a phonon confinement model.

Distance Wagner tree refinement as a heuristic approach to character-based initial tree construction.

The distance Wagner procedure of Farris (American Naturalist, 1972, 106, 645), in its original or random addition sequence form, is a rapid method of tree construction. The original formulation did not allow for refinement of tree hypotheses via common trajectory search operations (e.g. SPR, TBR). Here, the distance Wagner method is extended to allow for refinement of initial trees produced via the four-point condition (Mathematics and the Archeological and Historical Sciences, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 1974). The performance of the extended distance Wagner as a heuristic search procedure is evaluated with several unaligned sequences and combined source datasets within the parsimony framework. Distance Wagner both with and without refinement is shown to be a rapid and useful heuristic method to generate initial trees for further, character-based, analysis.

Interdiffusion kinetics and solid-state reaction mechanism between Cr2O3 and calcium ferrite based on diffusion couple method

The presence of Cr2O3 was found to reduce the quality of sinter from high-chromium vanadium-titanium magnetite obtained by a blast furnace-basic oxygen furnace process. The kinetics and reaction mechanism of the solid-state reaction between Cr2O3 and calcium ferrite (CF) were studied by a diffusion couple method. The phase of the product and the change in the concentration of Ca and Cr across the diffusion layers were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy disperse spectroscopy (EDS). Based on the concentration profile of Cr element, the interdiffusion coefficient in different stages of the Cr2O3-calcium ferrite system which were affected by temperature and atmosphere were calculated by the Wagner method. The results indicated that the interdiffusion coefficient increases from 1373 K to 1473 K. The interdiffusion coefficient in the diffusion product (CaCr2O4) layer was the largest. At 1373–1473 K, the interdiffusion coefficient of the system was in the order of 10-12~10-10 cm2/s in air. The diffusion activation energy ED in air ranged from 25.78 kJ/mol to 123.26 kJ/mol.The thickness of the product layer and the interdiffusion coefficient in N2 were smaller than those in air. A hypothesis in which oxygen participates in the mass transfer is proposed.

Diffusion coefficients in multiphase Ni80Cr20-Ti system

In this paper, the reactive diffusion in Ni80C20r?Ti ternary system is discussed at 1173K. The diffusion couple was prepared and annealed for 100 h. The two intermetallic phases and two two-phase zones occurred, namely: Ti2Ni, TiNi, TiNi+Cr, and TiNi3+Cr. Based on the experimental results (molar fractions, thicknesses of the intermetallic phases), the intrinsic diffusion coefficients of all components in each phase were numerically approximated. The Wagner method was used in the pure intermetallic phases. In the two phase zones the approximation was based on the generalized Darken and Wagner methods. The presented methods allowed for determination of the effective diffusion coefficients in each presented phase.

Investigation on effects of springing and whipping on fatigue damages of ultra-large container ships in irregular seas

Springing and whipping play an important role in determining the fatigue damages of ultra-large container ships in waves, and it is widely acknowledged that the separation of the contributions of springing and whipping on fatigue damages is difficult. In this paper, the effects of springing and whipping on a targeted 21,000 TEU container ship are numerically investigated. The springing responses are calculated based on the linear 3D frequency domain hydroelasticity theory, while a 3D nonlinear time domain hydroelasticity formulation which couples the 3D hydrodynamic theory, 1D Timoshenko beam theory, 2D generalized Wagner method and 1D green water theory, is adopted to obtain the slamming-induced whipping response. Spectral analysis method is analyzed and compared with an indirect time domain method. Through investigating the characteristics of the accumulated fatigue damages with respect to the significant wave heights and characteristic wave periods of short-term sea states, the contributions from springing and whipping to the accumulated fatigue damages are generally separated for most short-term sea states. In addition, several short-term sea states are chosen to present detailed information on the extents to which springing and whipping increase the fatigue damages relative to the low-frequency structural responses counterpart.