Pay Gap Research Articles

ОСНОВНІ ІНДИКАТОРИ РИНКУ ПРАЦІ НІМЕЧЧИНИ: КІЛЬКІСНА ОЦІНКА ВПЛИВУ НА МАКРОЕКОНОМІЧНІ ПОКАЗНИКИ

The study of the German labor market makes it possible to assert that Germany is a model of the employment system in the European Union. In the article, the authors studied the main indicators of the country’s labor market: minimum and average wages, nominal and real wages, unemployment rate, immigration to the country. It was revealed that the size of minimum wage rate is influenced not only by the state, but also by employers and trade unions. Thus, in many industries, the minimum wage is higher than the amount established by the state. In addition, the analysis of the size of the average salary demonstrates an important problem of the German labor market - the gender gap in income. In 2021, men earned approximately €700 more than women for equivalent work. The research examines the reasons for this inequality and offers recommendations for overcoming this contradiction. The article calculated the real wage index and found that starting from 2020, prices in Germany grew faster than wages. So, the real wage index for 2022 is -4.0. The main macro indicator of the labor market was analyzed. This is the level of unemployment, which turned out to be lower than the average indicator in the European Union. In addition, the authors draw attention to the problem of the aging of workers and the uneven distribution of the employed across the country’s regions. Thus, 53% of people over the age of 55 are still working in the economy. This is due to the shortage of specialists with higher education among young people. The article describes the immigration process in Germany and reveals an increase in migrants from countries suffering from war and violence. The influence of the number of immigrants on such macroeconomic indicators as GDP, GDP per capita, unemployment rate, and the size of the average wage was analyzed.

Gender Pay Gap: The Protection of the Right to Equal Pay under the Pay Transparency Directive

The purpose of this article is to comprehend how and to which extent the EU Pay Transparency Directive ensures the protection of the right to equal pay for men and women and how effective it is in addressing the Gender Pay Gap. Firstly, the analysis focuses on the main provisions of the EU Treaties, to identify the legal framework at primary level establishing the right concerned, bearing in mind the case-law of the Court of Justice of the European Union and its guiding interpretation of the meanings arising from the principle of equal pay. Secondly, the article provides an analysis of the novelties introduced by the Pay Transparency Directive, to reduce the root causes of the Gender Pay Gap through transparency and enforcement mechanisms aimed at strengthening the exercise of employees’ right to bring action before national authorities against pay discrimination. Concurrently, the article incorporates a comparison between the different standards of protection established within EU Law and those in the European Social Charter. The results reveal how market-related concerns and considerations prevail in EU social policy, concealing the risk of decreasing the effective implementation of the principle of equal pay.

How the 1963 Equal Pay Act and 1964 Civil Rights Act Shaped the Gender Gap in Pay

How the 1963 Equal Pay Act and 1964 Civil Rights Act Shaped the Gender Gap in Pay

Do Women Pay for Working from Home? Exploring Gender Gaps in Pay and Wellbeing by Work Location in the UK Cohort Studies

Do Women Pay for Working from Home? Exploring Gender Gaps in Pay and Wellbeing by Work Location in the UK Cohort Studies

Does Gender of Firm Ownership Matter? Female Entrepreneurs and the Gender Pay Gap

Does Gender of Firm Ownership Matter? Female Entrepreneurs and the Gender Pay Gap

The Gender Pay Gap at the Early Stages of Academic Careers

The Gender Pay Gap at the Early Stages of Academic Careers

The Rules of Game: Local Wage Bargaining and the Gender Pay Gap

The Rules of Game: Local Wage Bargaining and the Gender Pay Gap

Global Financial Inclusion And Gender Pay Gap In Developed And Developing Countries

Global Financial Inclusion And Gender Pay Gap In Developed And Developing Countries

The Gender Pay Gap: Micro Sources and Macro Consequences

The Gender Pay Gap: Micro Sources and Macro Consequences

Importance of Different Measured Factors in Accounting for the Levels in the Gender Wage Gap in the China Labour Market

Importance of Different Measured Factors in Accounting for the Levels in the Gender Wage Gap in the China Labour Market

The Gender Wage Gap Among PhDs in Italy. Are Research Jobs a Shield Against Wage Discrimination?

The Gender Wage Gap Among PhDs in Italy. Are Research Jobs a Shield Against Wage Discrimination?

Gender Earnings Gap among African Immigrants In US Labour Market

Gender Earnings Gap among African Immigrants In US Labour Market

Gender Earnings Gap Among African Immigrants In US Labour Market

Gender Earnings Gap Among African Immigrants In US Labour Market

İSTANBUL İŞ PIYASASINDA TOPLUMSAL CINSIYET EŞITLIĞI PERFORMANSININ DEĞERLENDIRILMESI

OBJECTIVES: The study aims to analyze the Istanbul labor market from a gender equality perspective and to provide relevant recommendations. METHODS: To achieve results, this research has applied a systematic approach. Prisma Guidelines are followed to report the research findings. This paper selected 13 studies that are relevant to the research questions. Critical Appraisal Skills Program (CASP) was also employed in this research. RESULTS: The research systematized the factors that determine gender inequality in the Istanbul labor market, including religious aspects and cultural pattern, access to education for women, differentiation in educational levels, lack of work-life balance, and lack of necessary professional skills in women. It was shown that historically, the gender income gap was mostly explained by differences in education and occupational choice. The conducted research forms the range of issues of individual motivational professional preferences of women’s employment while maintaining a stable trend of maximally reducing gender segregation to a conditional threshold level of gender professional preferences. CONCLUSIONS: This paper would serve policymakers in Turkey in identifying the potential gender gaps and their underlying causes in the labor market and help in formulating laws and policies that can enhance gender equality in the Istanbul labor market. NOVELTY/ORIGINALITY: The paper provided a novel approach to a comprehensive understanding of gender equality in the Istanbul labor market. This study is the first research that has employed a systematic research approach along with the integration of PRISMA guidelines and CASP for investigating gender equality in the Istanbul labor market. Keywords: career development, gender equality, labor market, wage gap.

Effect of Neo-Liberal Globalisation on Women in Garment Industries: AThird World Perspective

The garment industry has significantly contributed to the economic growth of many developing countries,with women constituting a large percentage of the labour force. However, gender inequality persists in thissector, manifesting in inadequate safety standards, wage disparities, and lack of maternity benefits andproper compensation packages. Despite efforts by international organizations to promote decent workingconditions, the effectiveness of these initiatives has been limited due to a lack of understanding of thegendered aspects of these issues. This research aims to shed light on the consequences of patriarchalstructures within organizations in comprehending the challenges faced by women in the garment sector andthe development of appropriate policies. The study assumes that women's voices and concerns areinsufficiently represented in policy-making processes, necessitating a gendered perspective on thedevelopment, implementation, and monitoring of policies related to the garment industry. Thisunderstanding will enhance awareness of the working conditions of women in the garment industry andhighlight the impact of global policies on the female labour force. The study examines the historical aspectsthat contribute to globalisation, subsequent policies, and their impact on women, particularly in the contextof export-oriented garment industries.

Unveiling the Gap: Exploring Gender Inequality in Economic Empowerment Across India

Gender inequality in economic empowerment remains a pervasive issue across the globe, manifesting in various forms such as unequal pay, limited access to economic resources, and disparities in employment opportunities and career advancement. This systemic imbalance stifles not only individual potential but also hampers overall economic growth and development. While this inequality exists universally, it is particularly pronounced in Indian society, rooted in deeply embedded cultural norms and historical gender roles. Traditionally, women's subordinate position has deprived them of asset ownership and participation in financial decision-making. Additionally, they have been denied employment opportunities and face discrimination in the labor market. These factors have led to a significant gender gap in economic participation at both household and societal levels. In this context, this study attempts to examine the gender inequality in economic empowerment in India through the lens of asset ownership, wage disparity, and labor force participation. This study is based on secondary data taken from the reports of the National Family Health Survey and the Periodic Labour Force Survey of the Government of India. The study found that, the female labour force participation rate was 46.2 per cent less than the male labour force participation rate and on an average, women earned Rs. 136.32 less than men in daily wage earnings. The study concludes that addressing gender inequality in economic empowerment requires a comprehensive approach at the policy, organizational, and societal level, including implementing and enforcing gender-sensitive labor laws, promoting equal pay for equal work, and providing affordable childcare and parental leave to level the playing field.

One Cohort at a Time: A New Perspective on the Declining Gender Pay Gap

One Cohort at a Time: A New Perspective on the Declining Gender Pay Gap

What Determines the Gender Pay Gap in Academia? 

What Determines the Gender Pay Gap in Academia? 

One Cohort at a Time: A New Perspective on the Declining Gender Pay Gap

One Cohort at a Time: A New Perspective on the Declining Gender Pay Gap

Equal Pay for Better Health: The Health Cost of the Gender Wage Gap

Equal Pay for Better Health: The Health Cost of the Gender Wage Gap