Wage Compensation Research Articles

Education and Risk Compensation in Wages: A Quantile Regression Approach

This paper examines the effect of wage variation on individual wages. The results reveal that wage variation by educational classifications positively affects wages, while the skewness has a negative effect. As has been referred in previous literature on the issue, both results are consistent with the notion of wage compensation for risk-averse workers. However, our results show that the impact of wage-variation on wages is not reasonably described by a single parameter for all individuals. Such an effect is heterogeneous and varies throughout the conditional wage distribution. Indeed, the positive effect of dispersion increases, and the negative effect of skewness decreases, as we move up on the conditional wage distribution. Apparently, those at the upper end of the conditional wage distribution have both higher risk-aversion and higher affection for skewness.

The impact of quality rating and improvement systems on families’ child care choices and the supply of child care labor

Quality Rating and Improvement Systems (QRIS) are increasingly deployed by U.S. states to monitor and improve the quality of non-parental child care settings. By making information on program quality accessible to the public, QRIS attempts to alter parental preferences for quality-related attributes and encourage competition between providers. This paper draws on a variety of datasets to empirically characterize the way in which families and providers respond to the enactment of QRIS. Specifically, it exploits the differential timing in states’ QRIS roll-out to examine two sets of outcomes: (i) families’ child care choices and maternal employment and (ii) the supply and compensation of child care labor. Estimates from difference-in-differences models reveal several noteworthy findings. First, although QRIS induces families to shift from parental to non-parental care, economically disadvantaged families are more likely to use informal care, while their advantaged counterparts are more likely to use formal care. Second, QRIS increases the supply of high-skilled labor, particularly within the center-based sector. Third, all but the most highly-skilled child care workers experience rising compensation levels but also greater turnover. Finally, states that administer a wage compensation program alongside their QRIS experience larger increases in child care supply and compensation as well as lower turnover rates than states operating a QRIS in isolation.

Pengaruh Gaji, Stres Kerja, dan Keadilan Interaksional terhadap Perilaku Penyimpangan Pegawai (Employee Deviance) Studi Kasus terhadap Divisi Marketing PT. XYZ

With the high expectation towards quality human resouce. This research was conducted to identify the effect of Wage Compensation, Interactional Justice and Job Stres towards Employee Deviance. The object of this research is PT. XYZ which is one of the most respectable company in Indonesia. This research is a quantitative descriptive research. There were 149 respondents of XYZ’s Marketing Division which were gathered by convenience sampling. The results showed that Wage Compensation, Job Stres, and Interactional Justice has a significant effect towards Employee Deviance.

EVALUATION OF MOTIVATORS AND DEMONSTRATORS OF ACTIVITY OFENTERPRISE EMPLOYEES

The article considers motivation as a process of encouraging employees to carry out effective activities aimed at achieving the goals of the enterprise. The motivational policy of the private JSC “Roshen” is characterized to ensure personnel stability in the organization. It is considered one of the contemporary non-traditional approaches to a material incentives system through the use of compensation wage system models, designed for a long career employee. It is carried out an analysis of the demotivational factors of the corporation “Roshen” employees’ activity, which shows that in today’s working conditions personnel are in urgent need not only in motivational factors but also in hygiene ones such as working conditions, salary, interpersonal relations with a supervisor or peers, the degree of direct control over the work. The main problems of personnel motivation at private JSC “Roshen” are highlighted, and it is revealed that demotivation of employees’ activities can be considered as a significant threat to social and labour enterprise security. The measures to stimulate the employees’ activities are suggested, which will increase the satisfaction of the employees at the enterprise and significantly increase their understanding of their belonging to the entire company performance.

Firm Leverage, Labor Market Size, and Employee Pay

We provide new estimates of the wage costs of firms' debt. Our empirical approach exploits within-firm geographical variation in workers' expected unemployment costs due to variation in local labor market size and uses a large representative sample of public firms. We find that, following an increase in firm leverage, workers with higher unemployment costs experience higher wage growth relative to workers at the same firm with lower unemployment costs. Overall, our estimates suggest that a 10 percentage point increase in leverage increases wage compensation for the median worker by 1.9% and total firm wage costs by 17 basis points of firm value.

Early Prescription Opioid Use for Musculoskeletal Disorders and Work Outcomes: A Systematic Review of the Literature.

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are a common source of work disability. Opioid prescribing for MSDs has been on the rise, despite a lack of data on effectiveness. The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review to determine whether early receipt of opioids is associated with future work outcomes among workers with MSDs compared with other analgesics, no analgesics, or placebo. MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and CENTRAL were searched from inception to 2014 and reference lists were scanned. Studies were included if opioids were prescribed within 12 weeks of MSD onset. Eligible outcomes included absenteeism, work status, receiving disability payments, and functional status. Two reviewers independently reviewed articles for relevance, risk of bias, and data extraction using standardized forms. Data synthesis using best evidence synthesis methods was planned. Five historical cohort studies met the inclusion criteria, all including workers filing wage compensation claims. Four studies demonstrated a significant association between early opioids and prolonged work disability. One study found a shorter time between prescriptions to be associated with shorter work disability. However, all studies were found to be at a high risk of bias and a best evidence synthesis could not be conducted. The main limitations identified were with exposure measurement and control of confounding. Current literature suggests that opioids provided within the first 12 weeks of onset of an MSD are associated with prolonged work disability. However, the conclusions of these studies need testing in a high-quality study that addresses the methodological shortcomings identified in the current review.

Wage compensation for fly‐in/fly‐out and drive‐in/drive‐out commuters

AbstractThe fly‐in/fly‐Out (FIFO) or, drive‐in/drive‐out (DIDO) labour system is a long‐distance commuting work arrangement to attract workers towards remote mineral or fossil fuel extraction areas, where they work in shifts and then return to their usual place of residence located in a different region. Along with more and cheaper transportation alternatives, the use of FIFO/DIDO systems have importantly increased in last decades around the world, which has translated to FIFO/DIDO systems operating even when already established cities are present in extractive regions. This paper uses the case of Chile, one of the most important mining countries in the world, to explore whether and in what extent these labor systems influence wage compensations. We find that FIFO/DIDO commuters obtain an average wage compensation of 2.4 per cent per commuted hour.

FROM THE VAST EXPANCE OF FLEXIBLE CONTRACTS TO THE CORNER O ENTREPRENEURSHIP. AN ENTREPRENEURIAL NARRATION

Abstract.“Small opportunities are often the beginning of great enterprises”. (Demonstene)In the specific study reported here, we targeted the situation of redundant workers in Italy. Following the review of statistical data 30 workers, who were made redundant by their companies, were interviewed. These individuals, who received a wage compensation by the Government for their total or partial loss of work, have attended the new SPAL (Active Labor Policies System) courses carried out by the Province of Rome. The aim of this study was to identify the extent to which the 30 individuals who were interviewed, who had good probabilities of leaving the labor market in adult age, already showed some of the key entrepreneurial characteristics. At the end of this study, these variables helped us to understand if and to what extend those redundant workers over 45 years of age had been inclined to start a new business and therefore how motivated they had been to embrace a new way of living and working, based on the development and launch of a new business. This work will present the results and the conclusions that emerged from the survey that was carried out between July 2012 and July 2013.Keywords: entrepreneurship, case study, redundancy, SPAL project.

Association Between the Type of First Healthcare Provider and the Duration of Financial Compensation for Occupational Back Pain.

Objective To compare the duration of financial compensation and the occurrence of a second episode of compensation of workers with occupational back pain who first sought three types of healthcare providers. Methods We analyzed data from a cohort of 5511 workers who received compensation from the Workplace Safety and Insurance Board for back pain in 2005. Multivariable Cox models controlling for relevant covariables were performed to compare the duration of financial compensation for the patients of each of the three types of first healthcare providers. Logistic regression was used to compare the occurrence of a second episode of compensation over the 2-year follow-up period. Results Compared with the workers who first saw a physician (reference), those who first saw a chiropractor experienced shorter first episodes of 100% wage compensation (adjusted hazard ratio [HR]=1.20 [1.10-1.31], P value<0.001), and the workers who first saw a physiotherapist experienced a longer episode of 100% compensation (adjusted HR=0.84 [0.71-0.98], P value=0.028) during the first 149days of compensation. The odds of having a second episode of financial compensation were higher among the workers who first consulted a physiotherapist (OR=1.49 [1.02-2.19], P value=0.040) rather than a physician (reference). Conclusion The type of healthcare provider first visited for back pain is a determinant of the duration of financial compensation during the first 5months. Chiropractic patients experience the shortest duration of compensation, and physiotherapy patients experience the longest. These differences raise concerns regarding the use of physiotherapists as gatekeepers for the worker's compensation system. Further investigation is required to understand the between-provider differences.

Propuestas de reducción del tiempo de trabajo en Gipuzkoa

Desde el inicio de la recesión se está padeciendo un incremento sostenido del paro de larga duración y del subempleo. En este artículo se estudian políticas de reducción del tiempo de trabajo (RTT) aplicables al caso de Gipuzkoa como vía para reducir el desempleo, abordando cuestiones territoriales, socio-laborales y productivas. Analizamos diferentes propuestas en las que se ha evaluado en qué medida la RTT puede tener efectos positivos de una traslación del tiempo liberado a nuevos puestos de trabajo, así como sus efectos redistributivos en diferentes escenarios de financiación y por sectores productivos. Se ha dado especial importancia a la compensación salarial, siendo nuestra posición partidaria de una RTT sustancial y equitativa, tanto en la creación de puestos de trabajo como en su financiación.

Estudio salarial de las micro y pequeñas empresas del municipio de Restrepo, Meta, Colombia

Este artículo presenta los resultados de la investigación realizada al sistema de compensación salarial de las micro y pequeñas empresas del municipio de Restrepo-Meta; los hallazgos serán de utilidad para la comunidad empresarial porque fortalece sus conocimientos frente los sistemas de compensación. Para el desarrollo de esta investigación se aplicó un instrumento que contenía preguntas referentes a la contratación, el salario, los aumentos salariales e incentivos. En cuanto a los resultados, en la contratación se pudo determinar que el tipo de contrato más usado es el verbal, el cual se utiliza para vincular laboralmente personal de tiempo completo y en la mayoría de los casos dicho contrato termina por la decisión de alguna de las partes. En lo que respecta a los salarios se encontró principalmente que un poco más de la mitad paga un SMMLV, este salario es fijo, pagado quincenalmente y en efectivo, y su establecimiento en su mayoría es por criterio personal, es decir del propietario. Frente a los aumentos salariales se encontró que un poco menos de la mitad no realizan ningún aumento salarial, y para quienes lo realizan, el factor más influyente al momento de determinarlo es el desempeño del trabajador. Y por último, sobre los incentivos laborales se pudo concluir que estos se otorgan principalmente por el cumplimiento de metas y fechas especiales; y los otorgados con una mayor frecuencia son tiempo y dinero.

Framing Leave for Fathers in Norway and Poland: Just a Matter of Gender Equality?

How has leave for fathers been framed during periods of intensive public debates in Norway and Poland? Recognizing that childcare policy is one of the key aspects of social citizenship, the article examines justifications for adopting paternity and parental leave schemes by mapping master and minor frames in various policy documents and newspaper articles. In Norway, periods of leave earmarked for fathers have been in operation for more than 20 years and comprise 10 weeks with full wage compensation in 2016. In Poland a two-week period of paid leave for fathers with full compensation was introduced in 2010. In both countries, fathers are also entitled to share parental leave with mothers. Our argument is that despite the different political, financial, and social context in the two countries, the discussions in Norway and Poland reveal certain similarities with regard to framing fathers’ leave as a degenderizing policy tool. In both countries, leave periods for fathers have been promoted as a means for changing masculinity and fatherhood, as well as a measure for advancing gender equality in the labour market. However, the analysis also shows that there are differences. While in Norway fathers’ schemes are increasingly seen as a tool to close the gendered pay gap, their potential for responding to demographic challenges has been central in Polish debates.

Added Worker Effect Revisited: The “Aubry’s Law” in France as a Natural Experiment

&lt;p&gt;The Added Worker Effect (AWE) refers to an increase in the labor supply of secondary earners in a household in response to a decrease in the income of the primary earner. Most empirical research on the AWE has focused on increases in the labor force participation of married women when their husbands experience unemployment spells, but recent government-mandated decreases in standard hours in several European countries provide an alternative source of exogenous decreases in the work hours of married men. Empirical research in evaluating the effectiveness of such policy, mostly investigated the impact on the workers who were directly affected by the policy. A model of household decision making suggests that work hour restrictions without full wage compensation should have spillover effects on the labor supply of other household members, but little is known about this possible spillover effect. This is the first attempt which empirically investigates the existence of AWE using mandatory reduction in standard working hours in France (&lt;em&gt;Aubry’s Law 1998&lt;/em&gt;) as a natural experiment. The results show that the exogenous reduction in standard work hours for husbands does not lead to any unemployment to employment transition of wives but increases the number of hours worked by wives who are already in the market and are not affected by the law themselves. It is also found that in terms of hours worked, AWE is more prominent in low income families and for families with more members as family size is positively correlated with the degree of credit constraint.&lt;/p&gt;

Employability and Wage Compensation in an Asian Economy: Evidence for Female College Graduates in Taiwan

The purpose of this study is to analyze the influence of employability skills on wage compensation for female college graduates in Taiwan. We find that employability skills can explain some variation in wage compensation whether we include conventional human capital variables or not. For example, the career management skills category exhibits a consistent and significant influence on wage compensation and could raise the earnings level by 5–6 percent. In addition, employability skills have more diverse effects on wage compensation across various occupations, while conventional human capital variables are shown to have more consistent effects on wage compensation across occupations.

The Impact of Quality Rating and Improvement Systems on Families' Child Care Choices and the Supply of Child Care Labor

Quality Rating and Improvement Systems (QRIS) are increasingly deployed by states to monitor and improve the quality of non-parental child care settings. By making information on program quality accessible to the public, QRIS attempts to alter parental preferences for quality-related attributes and encourage competition between providers. This paper draws on a variety of datasets to empirically characterize the way in which families and providers respond to the enactment of QRIS. Specifically, it exploits the differential timing in states' QRIS roll-out to examine two sets of outcomes: (i) families' child care choices and maternal employment and (ii) the supply and compensation of child care labor. Estimates from difference-in-differences models reveal several noteworthy findings. First, although QRIS induces families to shift from parental to non-parental care, economically disadvantaged families are more likely to use informal care, while their advantaged counterparts are more likely to use formal care. Second, QRIS increases the supply of high-skilled labor, particularly within the center-based sector. Third, all but the most highly-skilled child care workers experience rising compensation levels but also greater turnover. Finally, states that administer a wage compensation program alongside their QRIS experience larger increases in child care supply and compensation as well as lower turnover rates than states operating a QRIS in isolation.

Factores determinantes del salario del sector privado en el Ecuador para el año 2014: un caso de estudio en la ciudad de Guayaquil

In Ecuador, wage compensation for private sector workers has become a difficult problem to deal with and conciliate throughout history. The current Ecuadorean Constitution approved in Montecristi in 2008 strongly protects labour rights; however, many companies do not obey the law. This study investigates the variables that are significant to address private-sector wages in Guayaquil city. An analysis of the results in the previous literature and a review by Mincer (1974) suggest these variables: years of work experience, education, gender of the employee, position, seniority in the company, and marital status. Interactive and quadratic variables were also included. The inference methodology selected was ordinary least squares (OLS) with robust standard errors of White, and taking into account the sample bias correction proposed by Heckman (1979). The results show that the significant variables concerning human capital depend on the type of company they are working for and its interaction with other variables. Thus, empirical evidence was found to support that small companies are not paying their labour force in terms of productivity, specifically to new employees.

Wage compensation for risk: The case of Turkey

In this article, I estimate the premium associated with fatal and non-fatal risk within broad industry categories, using official figures provided by the Ministry of Labor and Social Security and wage data from the 2010 and 2011 Household Labor Force Surveys. The results show only positive and significant fatal risk premiums in the manufacturing sector, whereas injury risk premiums exist in both the manufacturing and industry-wide samples. When wage heterogeneity is allowed, fatal risk compensation increases along the distribution, while that of injury risk follows an inverse-u pattern. Compared to similar country cases, the VSL and VSI estimates are relatively small and not significant for low wage earners. Industry averages show that longer working hours are correlated with accidents rates which implies the importance of firm heterogeneity and institutional factors on the high level and variance, particularly for Turkey.

The Welfare Costs of Skill-Mismatch Employment

Skill-mismatch employment occurs when high-skilled individuals accept employment in jobs for which they are over-qualified. These employment relationships can be beneficial because they allow high-skilled individuals to more rapidly transition out of unemployment. They come at the cost, however, in the form of lower wage compensation. Moreover, an externality arises as high-skilled individuals do not take into account the effect that their search activity in the market for low-tech jobs has on low-skilled individuals. This paper presents a tractable general equilibrium model featuring mismatch employment and on-the-job search to articulate these tradeoffs. We derive a set of efficiency conditions that describe the labor market distortions associated with these two model features and illustrate how they alter the standard notion of the labor wedges inherent in general equilibrium search models. Finally, we calibrate the model to U.S. data and show that the distortions associated with mismatch employment are largely distributional and can be quantitatively large.

0182 Predictors of Workers’ Compensation Claim Duration among Workers Disabled Due to Low Back Pain

ObjectivesLow back pain (LBP) is a common complaint among workers receiving Workers’ Compensation wage replacement benefits. We used the administrative data from the Ontario Workplace Safety and Insurance Board (WSIB)...

The Welfare Costs of Skill-Mismatch Employment

Skill-mismatch employment occurs when high-skilled individuals accept employment in jobs for which they are over-qualified. These employment relationships can be beneficial because they allow high-skilled individuals to more rapidly transition out of unemployment. They come at the cost, however, in the form of lower wage compensation. Moreover, an externality arises as high-skilled individuals do not take into account the effect that their search activity in the market for low-tech jobs has on low-skilled individuals. This paper presents a tractable general equilibrium model featuring mismatch employment and on-the-job search to articulate these tradeoffs. We derive a set of efficiency conditions that describe the labor market distortions associated with these two model features and illustrate how they alter the standard notion of the labor wedges inherent in general equilibrium search models. Finally, we calibrate the model to U.S. data and show that the distortions associated with mismatch employment are largely distributional and can be quantitatively large.