Vulnerable Victims Research Articles

한국판 스토킹 위험성 평가 도구(K-SAS) 피해자 취약요인을 통한 스토킹 사건 위험성 평가

Recently, in Korea, stalking has been a big social issue, and the way how to
 deal with it and how to support the victims has been also discussed with great
 interest. This study analyzed the scores of the victim vulnerability factors (V
 factors) of the Korean Stalking Assessment Scale (K-SAS) developed by Lee and
 her team(2023) to verify whether the severity of stalking cases is predictable with
 the V factors. To do so, 36 experts in charge of counseling and supporting
 victims at the sexual crime victim support center who had experienced stalking
 victims support evaluated two cases for each, a serious case and a mild case,
 based on the V factors of K-SAS. As a result of the analysis, it was found that
 the total score of the V factors significantly predicted the severity of the stalking
 cases, and as the total score of the V factors increased by 1 point, it is about 1.4
 times more likely to be one of the serious group, R2=.186, OR=1.411, p<.01.
 According to the ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) analysis, the optimal
 cut-point for discriminating the serious cases and the mild cases with the total
 score of the V factors was found to be 7 points (AUC=.653), which means that
 the V factors of the K-SAS can distinguishably predict the severity of stalking
 cases, and that the stalking case with the total score of 7 or more can be
 estimated as a serious case. The results of the correlation analysis between the
 scores of the each item and the total score suggest that the current victim
 protection by criminal justice system do not effectively lower the risk of stalking
 cases, or that the experts in charge of supporting victims regard it like that. And it is also suggested that the economic situation of the victims has a great
 influence on the risk of stalking cases and that the financial support for victims
 may be important to lower the risk of stalking cases.

Psychological violence and intra-family moral abuse: dynamic profiles of deviance. An Italian retrospective

The work deals with the delicate problem of psychological intra-family violence and the consequent moral and psychological abuse that is reflected on the vulnerable victims of ill-treatment, who turn out to be mainly women and children. Therefore, particular attention was paid to the causes that explain the phenomenology of ill-treatment in the family and the effects that manifest themselves on the victims and their family and social relationships. The phenomenon of physical and sexual violence is frequently discussed, although, on the contrary, less attention is paid to psychological violence, which is an emerging crime in today's society and very widespread, especially among women, the protagonists of the victimisation process. It should be remembered that violence is generally not just about beatings; psychological violence is invisible, difficult to perceive because it has no obvious signs, but the effects it produces are destructive. Psychological violence is part of “gender-based violence”, an expression that indicates the set of violence of various kinds perpetrated by men against women as women.

Batı Toplumlarında İslamofobi ve Değerler - İngiltere'deki İslamofobik Saldırıların Müslüman Erkekler Üzerindeki Etkilerinin Analizi

The populations and governments of Western societies are usually proud of the values they claim to be the foundation of their multicultural and pluralistic societies. Over the past few decades, the Western world has witnessed a surge in hate crimes, including racism, discrimination, and Islamophobia. This has sparked discussions about the authenticity of Western societies in upholding universal or Western values. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of Islamophobia on universal or Western values. It is crucial to clarify that the research does not seek to make sweeping generalizations about these values. Instead, its focus is a thorough examination of the decline in the beliefs of Muslim men in these values, particularly in response to the growing incidents of Islamophobic attacks. The study delved into two specific Islamophobic assaults to shed light on the concerning extent of Islamophobia, suggesting a potential threat to both universal and Western values as well as social cohesion in the UK. Through individual semi-structured and in-depth interviews, Muslim men residing in the UK were engaged to explain the repercussions of these distressing Islamophobic incidents on their lives, perspectives, and notably, their beliefs in universal or Western values. The findings of the study revealed that acts of Islamophobic violence, particularly those directed at vulnerable and disabled Muslims, have a detrimental impact on the beliefs of Muslim males in the UK regarding universal or Western principles and values. The Muslim men in the study strongly criticised the bystanders in these incidents, expressing their disappointment in the lack of protection for the vulnerable and disabled victims, while emphasizing the link between “bystander apathy” and societal values. Additionally, participants underscored the importance of incorporating Islamic values into the education of their children.

Trafficking In Persons, Especially Trafficking In Women As Prostitutes

Trafficking in persons, particularly trafficking in women for prostitution, is a troubling crime that violates human rights. This paper aims to delve deeper into the phenomenon of trafficking women for prostitution, the factors influencing this practice, and the efforts that have been made to address this problem. The research method is comprehensive and descriptive, involving literature studies, accurate case analysis, and interviews with various related parties. The results of this study are expected to provide a more complete picture of the problem of trafficking women for prostitution, as well as develop more effective recommendations in the fight against this cruel practice and protect vulnerable victims. Through deeper understanding, it is hoped that concrete action can be taken to end trafficking in persons and restore the dignity of victims caught in this cruel trap.

INTEGRATING PRACTITIONER KNOWLEDGE INTO AN ALGORITHM TO IDENTIFY CASES FOR REVIEW BY AN ADULT MALTREATMENT MDT

Abstract Case review multidisciplinary teams (MDTs) bring together professionals from health, social service, and justice systems to address complex cases of elder abuse, neglect, self-neglect, and maltreatment of younger adults with disability or vulnerability. MDTs are a promising intervention, but MDTs nationwide face challenges identifying cases for review. In partnership with San Francisco Adult Protective Services (APS), we developed an algorithm-driven process to systematically identify APS cases that appear appropriate for MDT review. To construct the algorithm, a retrospective analysis of APS case data was augmented by insights received during six listening sessions held with 48 study partners (MDT members and APS staff). These sessions gauged perspectives on cases’ suitability for MDT review. Listening session transcripts were coded using constant comparative analysis, revealing themes of Client, Case Details, and Service Utilization Patterns. Client included physical or cognitive impairment, high-risk of abuse or other harms, need for assistance from multiple service systems, and limited motivation to make changes. Case Details referred to aspects of the abuse such as concurrent self-neglect, client protectiveness of the suspected abuser, client denial of the abuse, and limited evidence of criminal conduct. Service Utilization Patterns were recurrence within APS, attempting multiple solutions, inability to provide services, and referral by medical professionals, fire departments, or paramedics. These topics guided the inclusion of variables in the project’s algorithms. This mixed-methods approach provides an example of community-engaged research being applied to develop knowledge and guide the practice of service delivery for vulnerable older adults and other victims of adult maltreatment.

What’s not measured still does not get done: An empirical exploration of the police response to rogue trading incidents

This paper explores the police response given to rogue trading doorstep crime incidents. Using a mixed-methods Applied Thematic Analysis of a year’s records of the Thames Valley Police force’s crime recording database, the research draws upon police officers’ own accounts to illustrate the way the crimes are recorded and investigated. Despite rogue trader criminality meeting a number of police priorities, including protecting vulnerable victims and tackling organised crime, the findings reveal a widespread failure to identify, record, and fully investigate criminal offences. It identifies a lack of consideration of the relevant legal requirements and a failure to investigate the ‘work’ undertaken by suspects to victims’ homes. Discussing these findings within the wider framework of fraud and white-collar crime, this paper proposes that the substandard police response may result from negative organisational cultures as well as a lack of training or familiarity with this crime type.

Improved outcomes for depressed elder abuse victims with video-delivered psychotherapy during COVID-19

Objective: There is a lack of evidence-based scalable therapies for elder abuse victims, with no current remotely delivered tailored psychotherapy. The purpose of this manuscript is to (a) examine the effectiveness of a brief therapy for depression for elder abuse victims, and (b) to compare remote intervention delivery via phone or video to the traditional in-person delivery. Method: PROTECT, Providing Options to Elderly Clients Together, is a brief therapy developed in collaboration with partners at the Department for the Aging (DFTA) of New York City. During the COVID-19 outbreak, PROTECT delivery shifted from in-person to phone or video delivery. Depression severity was tracked using the Patient Health Questionaire-9 (PHQ-9). Reduction in depression severity was evaluated using a linear mixed effects model with non-inferiority test to compare the effectiveness of video vs in-person delivery of PROTECT. Results: PROTECT reduced depression (average 5.15 PHQ-9 points). Video and phone delivery were non-inferior to in-person delivery. The video group completed therapy more quickly than the in-person group and had a more rapid improvement in depression symptoms. Conclusions: PROTECT therapy delivered remotely reduces depression among diverse elder abuse victims. Video delivery of PROTECT could increase reach and scalability to serve more vulnerable older depressed victims.

International Law Enforcement Observer XII

Aim: Issue XII of the Observer covers topics that could have a significant impact on both public safety strategy and the future development of criminal justice policy. There is no doubt that the strengthening of constitutional values and the need to make the functioning of state power more effective are new challenges for law enforcement. The following reviews report on research from abroad that can serve the development of policing, law enforcement and criminal justice.Methodology: In addition to the traditional jurisprudential methodology, the literature increasingly draws on political science disciplines with a global perspective. A good example is Tamás Suszter’s paper, which gives us a picture of how the situation of NGOs in some countries has been assessed in recent times. Róbert Berei also reports on ground-breaking research in his report on the organisational culture of the Metropolitan Police Service in London in 2023. BernadettBacsó’s analysis is not far behind, confronting the reader with the lessons of the so-called German police family model. Typical criminological reactions are highlighted by Barbara Mágó when she notes that ‘the majority of narratives on human trafficking focus on criminals exploiting vulnerable victims’.Findings: One of the findings of the study analysing the situation of NGOs is that, ‘It is important to note, however, that although the laws against NGOs do not appear to be a cause of wider human rights repression in the period under review, this does not mean that they do not have a deterrent effect on the functioning of NGOs.’ A new feature in the criminological analysis of trafficking is the analysis from the perspectives of consent, coercion and fraud, which ‘... provides a somewhat more nuanced view of the rigid legal definition, and empirical studies present a less hostile picture of trafficking. The approach of the study can thus be considered as a niche one.’ Róbert Bogotyán cites a US example from the field of penitentiary law when he states, ‘The late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries saw a dramatic jump in parole revocations: both new offenses and parole violations were now sufficient to contribute to the increase in American incarceration.’Value: Despite the diversity of the reviews in the fields of constitutionalism, public security, law enforcement, criminal justice and prison culture, they are united in their defence of human values. From civilian control to the reintegration of those serving their sentences, the common theme is the effective and humane service of public order and public safety.

The poetics of identity making: precarity and agency in Tahmima Anam’s The Good Muslim

ABSTRACT Bangladesh experienced a massive surge in humanitarian crises after the 1971 Liberation War due to the systematic use of violence at both public and private spheres. Fictional accounts of the post-conflict period depict women as subjected to institutionalised sexism and aggravated physical and mental violence. Critical studies on such narratives often reiterate a stereotypical and essentialising discourse surrounding women’s identity, characterising them as helpless and passive victims of discrimination and exploitation. Drawing upon Judith Butler’s notions of precarity and agency, we argue that the Bangladeshi-born British writer Tahmima Anam’s The Good Muslim transcends victimhood narratives by creating a more nuanced image of woman as vulnerable victims and resisting subjects at the same time. The novel is preoccupied with notions of vulnerability, violence, religious zealotry, and family estrangement. The findings reveal that the precariousness of women in the post-war period is caused and aggravated by violence and oppression perpetrated at political, social, and religious spheres. Female characters like Maya and Piya are presented as empowered agents of transformation when it comes to vulnerable situations that render them as insignificant and precarious. The study concludes that the novel contests and alters the stereotypical representations of women embedded in normalising and hegemonic discourses.

The Urgency of the Bantul Regional Disaster Management Agency in Increasing Disaster Awareness among Women’s Community

Women are included in the list of vulnerable victims of disaster due to their lack of skills and lower physical strength than men. The role of the Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD) as a communicator or messenger is required in the efforts to increase disaster awareness and information among women's community. This urgency is supported by the condition of the area which has a high risk of disaster as well as the fact that the total female population outnumbers the males. This research aims to find out how the BPBD of Bantul Regency uses social media to promote disaster awareness and information to the women's community. In the digital era, social media is considered capable of channeling messages more widely to reach underserved communities. This research used a qualitative method with a case study approach. The research results show that the BPBD of Bantul Regency have made some efforts to increase disaster awareness and information among women's community by involving direct participation. In carrying out the role, the communicator has a structured information delivery and processing chain by involving Pusdalops (the Operational Control Center) and teams from each field. This results in messages wrapped in the form of social media content, even though the disaster narrative does not yet represent efforts to increase disaster awareness and information for women's community. The target of this social media communication is the general public, both men and women. The existence of a structured information delivery and processing chain as well as mastered materials can make the messages reach the women's community. The researchers propose an alternative model for disaster communication through social media as an effort to increase disaster awareness and information among women's community without changing existing disaster information communication patterns. The researchers propose this model to fill the gap in the role of teams in each field who should have knowledge capacity related to the disaster awareness and information among women's community

New wine into old wineskins: A theological reflection on police brutality in South Africa

South Africa is one of the most violent countries in the world with different types of violence associated with crime, gender-based violence, and sexual violence amongst others. While the South African Police Service (SAPS) is supposed to protect the most vulnerable victims of violence in communities, they are also the perpetrators of violence in various forms of police brutality such as using excessive force and torture which leads to death in some cases. Police brutality is not a new phenomenon in South Africa; the South African Police (SAP) during apartheid was para-military and known for its brutality. It was transformed into SAPS in democratic South Africa to regard human dignity in policing. However, police brutality is still a major problem, especially towards the poor in society. This was also evident during the COVID-19 lockdown as South Africa was one of the top countries that had the most brutal lockdown enforcement in the world. This article provides a theological reflection on police brutality from the biblical text Mark 2:18-22 ‘…no one pours new wine into old wineskins…’ This article argues that the SAPS has not transformed regarding policing that upholds human dignity. It argues that SAPS is losing confidence in communities as wounds of the past are re-emerging. This article proposes Ubuntu in the SAPS for its transformation and emphasises collaborative efforts to combat police brutality, heal wounds, and restore human dignity.

Profile and characteristics of violence against older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic.

to identify the sociodemographic profile and the characteristics of interpersonal violence against older adults during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic in a capital city from the Brazilian Southeast region. a descriptive and exploratory research study with a cross-sectional design based on the notifications of suspected or confirmed cases of violence against older adults between March 2020 and March 2021. A univariate statistical analysis and Fisher's exact test (p<0.05) were performed. a total of 2,681 notifications were recorded during the period. The main victims were individuals aged between 60 and 64 years old, female, white-skinned and with low schooling levels. The instances of violence were more frequent in the victims' homes. Physical and psychological violence predominated, through physical force/beatings and threats, respectively. Most of the aggressors were male, younger than the victims and generally their children or intimate partners. The aggressions were perpetrated more than once and were driven by generational conflicts. There was low referral to entities for the protection of older adults. the sociodemographic profile found evidences vulnerable victims, subjected to many types of violence, and at a potential risk against their overall health.

Origin stories: Framing 25 years of Dutch political discourse on child sexual exploitation by tourists and travelers

Sexual exploitation of children in the context of travel and tourism (SECTT) has been described as a serious and growing problem. This study critically analyzes political debates and policy measures proposed by the Dutch government between 1995 and 2020 to combat SECTT. To understand how SECTT is framed in Dutch political discourse, Bacchi's ‘what's the problem represented to be?’ approach guided a systematic critical discourse analysis of over 200 political documents. Our analysis shows that SECTT has, over time, predominantly become framed as a crime problem. Offender detection, international cooperation, awareness raising, public–private partnerships, and prevention targeted at known sex offenders are the most commonly proposed solutions. Despite the focus on apprehending offenders, the political discourse offers no concrete clues as to who they are; still, conducting research or evaluating policies' effects is seldom proposed as a response. This problem representation overlooks the connections of SECTT with structural issues, such as victim vulnerabilities, colonization, and global inequality on the one hand, and mental health, sexual expression, and cultural values on the other.

“Can I Have a Look?”: The Discursive Management of Victims’ Personal Space During Police First Response Call-Outs to Domestic Abuse Incidents

The complexities of domestic abuse as both a lived experience and a crime generate unique communicative challenges at the scene of emergency police call-outs. Space is a prominent and complex feature of these ecounters, entailing a juxtaposition of the institutional and the private, whereby frontline officers seek evidence of abuse from victims in the same space in which the abuse occurred. This paper explores how speakers manage one evidentially salient aspect of these encounters: officers’ advancement into victim’s immediate personal space to inspect and photograph their injuries. As compared with the attention dedicated to preserving vulnerable victims’ personal ‘bubble’ of space in formal investigative interviews, first response guidelines allow participants more leeway to adapt their behaviour according to the unpredictable demands of each situation. I present two case studies here which form part of a wider study of first response call-outs to domestic abuse incidents reported to a UK police force. The audio data have been extracted from police body-worn video footage and transcribed, with visual information represented intralinearly. Through conversation analysis, I examine the microinteractional means by which personal space is made relevant and consequential to the unfolding talk, with a focus on how ownership rights and control over the space are (re)constructed discursively. Analysis demonstrates that entering victims’ personal space can be managed in ways that either reinforce their disempowered position or afford them some control. The findings have implications in relation to victims’ potential vulnerability, police-victim relations and the nature of the evidence produced.

Unionising Sex Workers and Other Feminists

A minor movement of strippers and sex workers are unionising as the Sex Workers’ Union (SWU) branch of the Bakers Food &amp; Allied Workers Union. SWU have produced a counter hegemonic perspective on law and society in the process of class struggle. This perspective demystifies the view that strippers and sex workers are free workers and enterprising subjects, or unfree vulnerable victims in need of state protection. SWU's counter hegemonic perspective inverts this common-sense assumption and posits that strippers and sex workers are unfree workers and free sexual subjects. This demystification is evident in SWU's ‘feminist law work’, which demands decommodification and decriminalisation for all sex workers by working within, and against, official law. In conclusion, I argue that there are at least three reasons why other feminists should support SWU by ceasing eradication of sex work via criminalisation and closure campaigns. This would open space for a politics of solidarity between sex workers and other feminists, centred on the conditions within which sex workers’ labour is commodified.

Resisting the binary: reconciling victimhood and agency in discourses of sexual violence

Queer, post-colonial and Black feminist scholars and activists have long cautioned against the dangerous exclusions and complicities entailed in even the best-intentioned efforts to counter sexual violence. The rhetoric of protecting women from sexual violence is frequently and effectively invoked in order to rehabilitate old colonial projects and justify new ones that persecute sexual dissidents, police gender, sexual and caste transgressions and re-inscribe neoliberal and neo-conservative rationalities across the globe. This article argues that many of the exclusionary, violent and coercive consequences of efforts to protect women from sexual violence are rooted in mischaracterisations or mis-descriptions of the subject of sexual violence, and enabled by particular (mis)orientations towards this subject. Specifically, I suggest that the imagination and representation of the subject of sexual violence is subtended by a politically dangerous and conceptually untenable victim/agent binary. Mediated by rationalities of caste, race, class and religion, women are imagined either as vulnerable victims in need of protection, or as capable (even culpable) agents, but never simultaneously both. The failure to reconcile victimhood and agency within discourses of sexual violence is precisely the condition of possibility for a range of violent, exclusionary and regulatory outcomes. This article tracks the effects of the victim/agent binary in dominant responses to sexual violence, before assembling the foundations from which to rethink victimhood and agency away from their binary orthodoxy, drawing centrally on the radical subjectivity of pain.

Dismantling Deficit Thinking in Library Instruction for International Students

Deficit thinking, or a “blame the victim” mentality for academic failure, continues to plague higher education since it often requires specific training to recognize. International students are particularly vulnerable victims of instructors exhibiting a deficit viewpoint. Instruction librarians can break out of the deficit mindset by acknowledging the actual issues that impact international students, critically examining their own teaching background and identity, demonstrating cultural humility, employing culturally responsive teaching methods, and intentionally designing classroom experiences that will equip international students with the tools they need to succeed.

Access to justice for war victims in Ukraine

The ongoing war in Ukraine is a test for rule and law and justice. Mass atrocities and scale of destruction during the full-scale phase of armed aggression against Ukraine inevitably bring up the issue of a real embodiment of the rule of law. The article examines the issue of access to justice as one of the necessary elements of the rule of law with particular attention to the access to justice for victims of war in Ukraine. The author emphasizes that the concept of access to justice has been developed in the English-speaking environment, where «fairness in the way people are dealt with» and «the system of laws in a country that judges and punishes people» are denoted by the same word – justice. This fact explains the attractiveness of «access to justice» as a catchphrase. The concept of access to justice is perceived primarily as an important element of the rule of law which enables individuals to protect themselves against infringements of their rights and to remedy civil wrongs and not just access to a court as an institution. Considering the role of the judiciary to apply the law in accordance with an appropriate, that is to say, sufficiently transparent and predictable, interpretative methodology, the author concludes that the absence or inconsistency of terminology used in normative acts can be considered as one of the indicative examples of regulatory obstacles to access to justice. Thus, the use and correlation of the concepts (and hence the terms) «victim» (zhertva), «injured person» (postrazhdala osoba) and «victim (in criminal proceedings)» (poterpilyi) has been analyzed – both in national legislation and in translations of international treaties valid for Ukraine, where the concept of victim is used. In addition to regulatory ones, there may also be institutional obstacles, i.e., the criminal justice system traditionally pays more attention to the rights of the accused than to the victim of a crime. Both types of obstacles (regulatory and institutional) acting cumulatively may lead, i.e., to secondary victimization in the treatment of vulnerable victims and witnesses. It is emphasized that in the conditions of full-scale armed aggression against Ukraine, the approach of national courts is undergoing changes. There is a tendency of Ukrainian judiciary to be more victim-oriented in criminal as well as civil cases. Analysis of verdicts concerning Art. 438 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine (CCU) (violation of the laws and customs of war) issued after the beginning of the full-scale invasion and available in the State registry of court decisions shows that the courts take into account the vulnerability of the victims, explicitly mentioning it in the verdicts. Considering a civil case filed by a widow of a military serviceman who died during a combat mission in 2014 in the Luhansk region (who acts in her own interests and in the interests of minor children) against the Russian Federation, the Supreme Court ruled that Ukrainian courts have the right to ignore the immunity of Russian Federation and consider civil cases of compensation for damage caused to an individual as a result of armed aggression of the Russian Federation. Key words: access to justice, rule of law, victim, war crimes, gender-based violence, vulnerable persons, victims of war, reparations.

A taxonomy of groomer profiles: Comparisons of in-person, online, and mixed groomers through the examination of Canadian judicial decisions

BackgroundSexual grooming in cases of child sexual abuse (CSA) has captured the attention of researchers over the past decades. While early research focused on offenders who groomed children in person, our knowledge of online groomers has begun to increase. However, there has not been a concomitant increase in understanding of groomers who use both in-person and online grooming strategies (i.e., mixed groomers); it is not clear if mixed groomers more closely resemble in-person groomers, online groomers, or if they are their own distinct groomer type. ObjectiveThe current study creates the first taxonomy of in-person, online, and mixed groomer profiles through the empirical analysis of Canadian judicial decisions. Participants, setting, and methods180 Canadian judicial decisions from 153 cases of CSA involving grooming were extracted from the Canadian Legal Information Institute and coded for information related to grooming strategies, the accused, the complainant, and the alleged offence. ResultsMixed groomers used more grooming strategies per case than in-person and online groomers. Mixed groomers initiated contact online with complainants less often than online groomers, but identified more vulnerable victims, engaged in more non-sexual yet inappropriate conversations, and used more gain cooperation strategies than in-person groomers. Online groomers were older and had shorter delays to criminal proceedings than mixed and in-person groomers. Complainants groomed in person were younger and abused for longer durations than mixed and online complainants. ConclusionsThe proposed taxonomy of groomer profiles can inform education and prevention programs about the heterogeneous nature of grooming. Those who groomed children in-person, online, or using a mixture of both methods varied greatly in their grooming strategies, victim age preferences, relationship to the child, and pathways to disclosure.

CLIMATE CHANGE: ADAPTATION AND PERCEPTION AT COASTAL REGIONS PERIPHERAL TO THE SUNDARBANS, BANGLADESH

This study demonstrates the adaptation and perception to the climate change by focusing the community’s views and experience. This study suggests that majority (90%) of the coastal community proximity to the Sundarbans is experienced to adaption with changing environmental vulnerabilities but the major challenge they face is limitation of financial support. At the same time, most of the community (79%) has no knowledge about climate change but the rest have medium or little knowledge (21%). Results revealed that financial and insufficient livelihood support (76%), overlooking the needs of local communities are the key problem of climate change adaptation and perception. At the same time, most of the respondents are middle aged, less literate, and fishing is the primary occupation, while wood is the main source of their energy. Besides, geographical location, natural and anthropogenic challenges, lack of in-depth knowledge towards climate change adaptation and its vulnerabilities, and inadequate integration of policies and programs are hindering sustainable adaptation. The study suggests that information and knowledge must be improved within the community to find out and practice local scale adaptation options like livelihood diversification, diversify use of resource, community based co-management and financial support. Similarly, relevant training and awareness program could be effective to reduce the vulnerability of most innocent victims of the coastal area