Vulnerable Coastal Areas Research Articles

Modelling of coastal area management based on climate change adaptation in Bengkulu City

Climate change has had an impact on the environment and society In Indonesia. Delay in adaptation efforts will result in direct and indirect economic losses in 2100 of 2.5% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Climate change indicators such as surface temperature, rainfall (CH), sea surface temperature (SPL), sea level (TML), extreme climate events (ENSO, IOD/DMI, PIO/IPO), and extreme weather events (heavy rains, strong winds), and storm surges) will have potential impacts on related fields in the national development system, both in terms of economy, livelihoods, ecosystems, and special areas. Another impact is the increasing frequency of hydrometereological disasters. This study focuses on the vulnerability of coastal areas using multiple decision-making methods and geographic information systems and remote sensing. The relationship between demography and climate change is carried out through literature review and observation. Observations were made in 19 sub-districts An appropriate strategy is needed to adapt to vulnerabilities, especially in coastal areas.

Coastal Women’s Resilience Strategy against Climate Change Vulnerability in Makassar, Indonesia

The city’s resilience capacity needs to be carried out to support a broader, planned, and integrated development process. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to obtain the actual condition of the vulnerability of coastal women in facing climate change in the city of Makassar, which includes aspects of individual capacity and organizational capacity, as well as systems in the city of Makassar. To find the ideal strategy to manage the vulnerability of coastal women to disasters and climate change in the city of Makassar. The research method uses a qualitative-exploratory method with a phenomenological approach. The data sources used are primary and secondary data. Data collection techniques through field studies and literature studies. The data analysis technique used is an interactive model. The results of the study show that women’s vulnerability in coastal areas is caused in addition by erratic rainfall as well as policy gaps related to women concerning climate change in the city of Makassar and the government’s commitment to ensuring the protection of women’s rights through a half-hearted urban climate policy. Furthermore, the ideal strategy in ecosystem-based adaptive governance is to manage the vulnerability of coastal women.

Hydrodynamic and Wave Responses During Storm Surges on the Southern Brazilian Coast: A Real-Time Forecast System

Coastal flooding is a global phenomenon that results in severe economic losses, threatens lives, and impacts coastal communities worldwide. While recent developments in real-time flood forecasting systems provide crucial information to support coastal communities during coastal disasters, there remains a challenge to implement such systems in data-poor regions. This study demonstrates an operational real-time coupled surge wave guidance system for the coastal areas of Southern Brazil. This system is based on the recently developed integrated flood (iFLOOD) model, which utilizes the coupled hydrodynamic and phase-averaged ADCIRC–SWAN wave numerical model, driven by astronomical tides and atmospheric forcing from the Global Forecast System (GFS). This numerical modeling framework can simulate water levels and waves with a lead time of 84 h. A version of the coupled ADCIRC–SWAN model calibrated for Brazil, i.e., iFLOOD-Brazil, was operationally implemented (i.e., twice a day) over a period of 4 months (April to September 2020) for normal daily weather validation, as well as during a recent “bomb” cyclone that strongly impacted the southern coast of the country in June 2020. The real-time water levels and waves forecasted by iFLOOD-Brazil showed promising results against observations, with root mean square error (RMSE) values of 0.32 m and 0.68 m, respectively, for normal daily weather. Additionally, the RMSE values were 0.23 m for water levels and 1.55 m for waves during extreme weather, averaged over eight water level and two wave recording stations. In order to improve real-time predictions, a bias correction scheme was introduced and was shown to improve the water level and wave forecasts by removing the known systematic errors resulting from underestimation of astronomical tides and inadequate initial boundary conditions. The bias-corrected forecasts showed significant improvements in forecasted wave heights (0.47 m, 0.35 m) and water levels (0.17 m, 0.28 m) during daily and extreme weather conditions. The real-time iFLOOD-Brazil forecast system is the first step toward developing an accurate prediction model to support effective emergency management actions, storm mitigation, and planning in order to protect these economically valuable and socially vulnerable coastal areas.

Overtopping events on seawall-backed beaches: Santos Bay, SP, Brazil

The overtopping of coastal structures occurs when the free surface of the ocean (total water level – TWL) reaches a maximum elevation that exceeds the crest height of the structures that front the beach. Extreme events increase the TWL due to the combination of astronomical tides, storm surges and wave run-up. In urbanized beaches, such as Santos and Itararé (Santos Bay, São Paulo, Brazil), it is common practice to remove natural protection for the construction of urban infrastructure. This process results in a more vulnerable coastal area that is subjected to overtopping and inundation, leaving low-lying areas at risk. Santos Bay is open to the south, exposing the coastline to the action of more energetic waves associated with cold fronts. In this study, we aim to estimate the most likely scenarios of TWL that result in overtopping at Santos Bay beaches and analyze overtopping events during 2016. The results show that the wider and flatter profiles in the western portion of Santos and in Itararé allow greater protection against storm events and that the steeper eastern stretch of Santos Beach is more exposed to overtopping events. The wave run-up proved to be an important contributor to the TWL. Spring tide conditions also considerably increase the possibility of overtopping in all profiles. The threshold values of the combined wave and sea level are defined to provide predictive estimates of the overtopping and coastal inundation processes.

Coastal Vulnerability and Mitigation Strategies: From Monitoring to Applied Research

This paper intends to offer the readers an overview of the Special Issue on Coastal Vulnerability and Mitigation Strategies: From Monitoring to Applied Research. The main focus of this Special Issue is to provide the state-of-the-art and the recent research updates on the sustainable management strategies for protecting vulnerable coastal areas. Based on 28 contributions from authors from 17 different countries (Australia, China, Ecuador, Germany, Greece, India, Italy, Mexico, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Poland, Spain, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, United Arab Emirates, UK, USA), an ensemble of interdisciplinary articles has been collected, emphasizing the importance of tackling technical and scientific problems at different scales and from different point of views.

Seagrasses and seagrass habitats in Pacific small island developing states: Potential loss of benefits via human disturbance and climate change

Seagrasses provide a wide range of services including food provision, water purification and coastal protection. Pacific small island developing states (PSIDS) have limited natural resources, challenging economies and a need for marine science research. Seagrasses occur in eleven PSIDS and nations are likely to benefit in different ways depending on habitat health, habitat cover and location, and species presence. Globally seagrass habitats are declining as a result of anthropogenic impacts including climate change and in PSIDS pressure on already stressed coastal ecosystems, will likely threaten seagrass survival particularly close to expanding urban settlements. Improved coastal and urban planning at local, national and regional scales is needed to reduce human impacts on vulnerable coastal areas. Research is required to generate knowledge-based solutions to support effective coastal management and protection of the existing seagrass habitats, including strenghened documentation the socio-economic and environmental services they provide. For PSIDS, protection of seagrass service benefits requires six priority actions: seagrass habitat mapping, regulation of coastal and upstream development, identification of specific threats at vulnerable locations, a critique of cost-effective restoration options, research devoted to seagrass studies and more explicit policy development.

Prediction of coastal flooding risk under climate change impacts in South Korea using machine learning algorithms

Coastal areas have been affected by hazards such as floods and storms due to the impact of climate change. As coastal systems continue to become more socially and environmentally complex, the damage these hazards cause is expected to increase and intensify. To reduce such negative impacts, vulnerable coastal areas and their associated risks must be identified and assessed. In this study, we assessed the flooding risk to coastal areas of South Korea using multiple machine learning algorithms. We predicted coastal areas with high flooding risks, as this aspect has not been adequately addressed in previous studies. We forecasted hazards under different representative concentration pathway climate change scenarios and regional climate models while considering ratios of sea level rise. Based on the results, a risk probability map was developed using a probability ranging from 0 to 1, where higher values of probability indicate areas at higher risk of compound events such as high tides and heavy rainfall. The accuracy of the average receiver operating characteristic curves was 0.946 using a k-Nearest Neighbor algorithm. The predicted risk probability in 10 year increments from the 2030s to the 2080s showed that the risk probability for southern coastal areas is higher than those of the eastern and western coastal areas. From this study, we determined that a probabilistic approach to analyzing the future risk of coastal flooding would be effective to support decision-making for integrated coastal zone management.

Coastal Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction: A Review of Policy, Programme and Practice for Sustainable Planning Outcomes

Climate change and disaster risk are serious concerns considering the vulnerability of coastal areas and cities to various climate-disaster threats. Hence, the urban populace and planning stakeholders are grappling with the challenges of seeking ways to integrate adaptation measures into human livelihoods and planning systems. However, the synergy between climate change adaptation (CCA) and disaster risk reduction (DRR) remains fragmented and vague. Therefore, this review highlighted recent theoretical and practical methodologies for sustainable planning outcomes in relation to CCA and DRR themes. This paper provides a new model, Problem analysis model (PAM), designed to analyse Origin–Cause–Effect (impacts)–Risks identification and Answers to climate-related disaster at the local or community level. Lastly, three identified enablers were extensively discussed (policy, programme and practice) as a step towards the model implementation and to improve sustainable planning outcomes.

Human adaptation to changing coastal landscapes in the Eastern Adriatic: Evidence from Vela Spila cave, Croatia

In this paper new palaeogeographic and archaeological data from the prehistoric cave Vela Spila on the island of Korčula in Croatia are combined with new realizations of two glacial isostatic adjustment models in order to present relative sea-level change scenarios confronting the inhabitants of the cave at different time slices and to show how they experienced and adapted to sea-level and climate change from the Late Pleistocene through the Holocene. Our results show that from the Late Upper Palaeolithic until the Mesolithic, humans in the study area would have experienced tens of metres of sea-level rise, at rates in some cases up to 12 mm per year, and, owing to the relatively flat morphology of the now submerged plains, hundreds of meters of horizontal coastline change in the plains to the north and south of the island. This evidence supports the hypothesis that the rapid loss of these plains likely contributed to the human abandonment of the cave after the Palaeolithic for about five thousand years, followed by significant changes in lifestyle and diet in the Mesolithic. Our results have important implications for the study of how past human groups, especially in vulnerable coastal areas, were affected by sea level, climate, and other environmental changes. Vela Spila represents a case study of how changing environment and rising seas can force significant alterations in human societies, even when there is no risk of inundation to settlement sites.

Coastal Morphology and Human Intervention in Golfo Nuevo, Patagonia Argentina

Bunicontro, M.P.; Marcomini, S.C., and Lopez, R.A., 2020. Coastal morphology and human intervention in Golfo Nuevo, Patagonia Argentina. Journal of Coastal Research, 36(4), 780–794. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.The Patagonian coastal zone is a complex and dynamic macrotidal environment that is sparsely urbanized, except locally where large cities are located. This human occupation has affected the natural beach dynamics and induced drastic coastal changes in the past 40 years that demand a redirection of initiatives to provide a basis for management efforts. This study analyzes the coastal morphology and beach characteristics of Golfo Nuevo (Chubut, Argentina) for modelling coastal behaviour through field measurements along 17 beach profiles. Beaches were classified into four types according to their sediment grain size, morphology, and morphometric parameters (beach width and gradient). Also, the coast was divided into five categories according to the coastline morphologies and environmental quality: (1) littoral pediments, (2) cliff-top dunes and aeolian ramps, (3) active cliffs, (4) beach ridge terraces, and (5) dunes. Additionally, different human interventions were analyzed to determine how they have affected the natural coastal equilibrium. The coast was divided into low, moderate, and high levels of intervention according to the status of the landscape modification. The most shocking activities were identified as mining (gravel and sand extraction), coastal armouring with hard defences, and urban building. Indeed, the most affected and vulnerable coastal areas have been beach ridge terraces and coastal dunes. It was determined that the coastal extension affected by these human activities reaches at least 37% of the study zone, increasing beach and coastal erosion susceptibility. The coastal classification and the evaluation of human intervention were combined and used to perform an accurate zoning map of the coastal environment. This map represents an essential tool for decision makers of Puerto Madryn city, showing clearly the most vulnerable places where coastal planning strategies urgently need to be applied for a sustainable use of resources.

Assessing the groundwater quality of the coastal aquifers of a vulnerable delta: A case study of the Sundarban Biosphere Reserve, India

The Sundarban Biosphere Reserve (SBR) of India lies in the southwestern part of the Ganges Brahmaputra delta. The SBR, traversed by tidal creeks and rivulets, suffers perennially from the scarcity of freshwater in spite of heavy precipitation in monsoon months. Rivers in Sundarbans are saline in nature with brackish groundwater in the subsurface. Fresh groundwater is mainly available from the confined aquifers and occurs at a depth range of 160–400 m below ground level. The 4.43 million population in the SBR depend fully on deep groundwater to meet their drinking water demand. It is, therefore, necessary to assess the quality of groundwater to fulfil the sustainable development goal. The water quality index (WQI) has been estimated for shallow and deep aquifers based on water quality parameters like pH, TDS, EC, Cl, SO4, HCO3, TH, Ca, Mg and Na. The dominant cations are found in the order Na > Mg > Ca, and dominant anions in the order HCO3>Cl > SO4. The groundwater in the SBR region belongs to NaHCO3, NaCl and mixed type hydro-geochemical facies. The Cl/HCO3 ratio indicates that the shallow aquifers are affected by the saline water intrusion. Following the limit set by the Bureau of Indian Standards, the shallow groundwater in the SBR is found to be unsuitable for drinking. Although the deep groundwater is within the permissible limit of safe drinking water, its quality is poor. The Coastal Regulation Zone notification of 2011 has identified the SBR region as ‘Critically Vulnerable Coastal Area’ and restricted the use of deep freshwater for drinking purpose only. The paper argues that to meet the goal of sustainable development and safe drinking water for all in the future, extensive rainwater harvesting and supply of treated surface water through pipeline and desalination of subsurface brackish water are some of the feasible options in the region.

Assessing and managing design storm variability and projection uncertainty in a changing coastal environment

Coastal urban infrastructure and water management programs are vulnerable to the impacts of long-term hydroclimatic changes and to the flooding and physical destruction of disruptive hurricanes and storm surge. Water resilience or, inversely, vulnerability depends on design specifications of the storm and inundation, against which water infrastructure and environmental assets are planned and operated. These design attributes are commonly derived from statistical modeling of historical measurements. Here we argue for the need to carefully examine the approach and associated design vulnerability in coastal areas because of the future hydroclimatic changes and large variability at local coastal watersheds. This study first shows significant spatiotemporal variations of design storm in the Chesapeake Bay of the eastern U.S. Atlantic coast, where the low-frequency high-intensity precipitations vary differently to the tropical cyclones and local orographic effects. Average and gust wind speed exhibited much greater spatial but far less temporal variability than the precipitation. It is noteworthy that these local variabilities are not fully described by the regional gridded precipitation used in CMIP5 climate downscaling and by NOAA's regional design guide Atlas-14. Up to 46.4% error in the gridded precipitation for the calibration period 1950–1999 is further exacerbated in the future design values by the ensemble of 132 CMIP5 projections. The total model projection error (δM) up to −61.8% primarily comes from the precipitation regionalization (δ1), climate downscaling (δ2), and a fraction from empirical data modeling (δE). Thus, a post-bias correction technique is necessary. The bias-corrected design wind speed for 10-yr to 30-yr storms has small changes <20% by the year 2100, but contains large spatial variations even for stations of close proximity. Bias-corrected design precipitations are characteristic of large spatial variability and a notable increase of 2–5 year precipitation in the future along western shores of the Lower and Middle Chesapeake Bay. All these accounts point to the potential vulnerability of water infrastructure and water program in coastal areas, when the hydrological design basis using regional values fails to account for significant spatiotemporal precipitation variations in local coastal watersheds.

People With Vulnerabilities To Cyclone In The Coastal Area Of Bangladesh: An Overview

Purpose of the study: Cyclone is a common disaster in Bangladesh because of affecting the coastal area almost every year. The intention of this paper is to explore the vulnerability to cyclone and the possible way of mitigating vulnerability in the coastal area of Bangladesh.&#x0D; Methodology: This study is a content analysis of qualitative research and has been conducted on the basis secondary data, collected through content analysis and historical method of data collection on the basis of title and objectives.&#x0D; Main findings: Only socio-economic factors aren’t responsible for making and rising vulnerability in coastal areas, rather physical, environmental, geographical setting and cultural factors are responsible. Besides, after cyclone there are various problems to take proper steps, the author has discussed a process of emergency action after cyclone and argued that the collaboration between government and NGOs can mitigate vulnerability.&#x0D; Applications of the study: This study is useful for them who want to know about vulnerability to cyclone in the coastal area of Bangladesh and the Governmental and Non-governmental organizations.&#x0D; Originality of the study: The author has concluded that this study will help to take step to reduce vulnerability to cyclone and to whom who would like to help to vulnerable people of the coastal area of Bangladesh and study on vulnerability.

Operationalizing Sustainable Development Goals in Vulnerable Coastal Areas of Ecuador and Pakistan: Marginalizing Human Development?

Drawing on multi-sited ethnographic fieldwork in socially and ecologically vulnerable coastal areas of Ecuador and Pakistan, we focus on Chinese-funded investment projects to analyze how SDGs are susceptible to be instrumentalized in the context of exploitative economic dependencies, as well as national development agendas. In our case studies, forced displacement of vulnerable inhabitants during the post-earthquake recovery in coastal Ecuador and displacement of small-scale fishers in coastal Pakistan are justified by SDG implementation. We identify a techno-managerial approach to SDGs in order to discuss its effects in terms of endangering ecosystems and human freedoms, increased social vulnerability and dependence on wage labour. Despite contextual differences, both case studies reveal a similar pattern of intervention under the pretext of SDGs where human freedoms and capabilities are severely undermined by large-scale projects of territorial and social securitization.

PERUBAHAN LUAS LAHAN MANGROVE DAN PENGIKISAN PESISIR JEPARA MENGGUNAKAN ANALISIS KOMPONEN UTAMA SPEKTRAL PENGINDERAAN JAUH

Konversi mangrove menjadi wilayah terbangun di sepanjang pesisir Kecamatan Kedung, Jepara menyebabkan kerentanan wilayah pesisir tersebut terhadap abrasi Laut Jawa. Abrasi telah mengikis wilayah daratan dan menggeser garis pantai. Perubahan luas lahan mangrove dan pergeseran garis pantai dideteksi dengan mengunakan kombinasi kanal merah, NIR, dan SWIR serta rasio kanal merah/SWIR dan SWIR/NIR dari citra Landsat 5 TM, Landsat 7 ETM+, dan Landsat 8 OLI multitemporal 1995-2017. Analisis komponen utama dari semua kanal dan rasio kanal tersebut yang dikombinasikan dengan teknik klasifikasi terbimbing dipilih untuk mengklasifikasikan tutupan lahan, termasuk membedakan vegetasi mangrove dengan vegetasi non mangrove serta membedakan wilayah daratan dengan wilayah lautan. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa perubahan tutupan lahan mangrove menurun sebesar 668,95 ha atau sebesar 55% selama 1995-2017. Penurunan ini diikuti dengan meningkatnya luasan badan air atau laut akibat abrasi dan kawasan tambak. Laju penurunan tutupan lahan mangrove sebesar 30,7 ha/tahun, sedangkan laju peningkatan kawasan tambak sebesar 31,98 ha/tahun dan laju perubahan tutupan lahan pemukiman berkurang sebesar 15,6 ha/tahun. Akibat abrasi, garis pantai di sepanjang pesisir Kecamatan Kedung bergeser dengan laju 12,6 meter per tahun ke arah darat.

Removal of Positive Elevation Bias of Digital Elevation Models for Sea-Level Rise Planning

Digital elevation models (DEMs) based on LiDAR surveys provide critical information for predicting the vulnerability of coastal areas to sea-level rises. Due to the poor penetration of LiDAR pulses in marsh vegetation, bare-earth DEMs for coastal wetlands are often subject to positive elevation bias, and thus underestimate vulnerability. This data publication includes comprehensive elevation surveys from seven coastal wetlands in coastal New Jersey, and an evaluation of the accuracy and positive elevation bias of each publically available DEM. Resampling the DEMs at a coarser resolution, replacing cell values using the minimum value in a wider search window (4 m), removed this positive elevation bias with no loss of accuracy.

Area development based on conservation and ecotourism on the Cemara Beach (Pine Trees Beach), Pakis, Banyuwangi, East Java Province, Indonesia

Cemara Beach (Pine Trees Beach) is one of the important and vulnerable coastal areas with ecotourism development potential in Banyuwangi Regency. Along the coastline of Cemara Beach with tropical weather and black sandy areas is a perfect place for nesting of two endangered species, are the Olive Ridley turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea) and the Green Sea Turtle (Chelonia mydas). The purpose of the development plan of Cemara Beach is to provide the framework and a strategy which guides all new development in Cemara Beach based on conservation and ecotourism. Researchers used the descriptive method in this study. The primary data were collected throughout a field visit and interviews to understand the current situation and the real condition in Cemara Beach. Additionally, the concept of shared-learning and Focus Group Discussion are used to develop strategies and action plans. The development strategies are: 1) Environmental aspects included the prevention of environmental pollution due to industrial waste, the prevention of damage to coastal ecosystems, erosion control, and sedimentation; 2) Improvement of people's welfare; 3) Regulation and law enforcement; 4) Capacity building and human resources; 5) Increased infrastructure; 6) Development institutional of the management area.

Sinking Tide Gauge Revealed by Space-borne InSAR: Implications for Sea Level Acceleration at Pohang, South Korea

Vertical land motion at tide gauges influences sea level rise acceleration; this must be addressed for interpreting reliable sea level projections. In recent years, tide gauge records for the Eastern coast of Korea have revealed rapid increases in sea level rise compared with the global mean. Pohang Tide Gauge Station has shown a +3.1 cm/year sea level rise since 2013. This study aims to estimate the vertical land motion that influences relative sea level rise observations at Pohang by applying a multi-track Persistent Scatter Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PS-InSAR) time-series analysis to Sentinel-1 SAR data acquired during 2015–2017. The results, which were obtained at a high spatial resolution (10 m), indicate vertical ground motion of −2.55 cm/year at the Pohang Tide Gauge Station; this was validated by data from a collocated global positioning system (GPS) station. The subtraction of InSAR-derived subsidence rates from sea level rise at the Pohang Tide Gauge Station is 6 mm/year; thus, vertical land motion significantly dominates the sea level acceleration. Natural hazards related to the sea level rise are primarily assessed by relative sea level changes obtained from tide gauges; therefore, tide gauge records should be reviewed for rapid vertical land motion along the vulnerable coastal areas.

EFFECTS OF STORM SURGE ON WATER LEVELS OF THE LAGOON SYSTEM OF JACAREPAGUÁ – RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL

The Lagoon System of Jacarepaguá is the most vulnerable coastal area of Brazil due to its high population density and important economic activities. Severe meteorological conditions due to climate changes are more likely to affect the lagoon system in the future, increasing the exposure of the area and the probability of flooding of the low-lying surrounding areas. To determine the vulnerability of the area to diverse agents, this work addressed the impact of different combinations of sea level rise, heavy rainfall and storm surges. The study cases considered two different bathymetry conditions, the actual silting bathymetry, and the resulting bathymetry after a planned dredging project. Tidal prism, the maximum water elevations and the time of occurrence were analyzed. The main results showed that storm surge has the most impact on the maximum water elevations, overcoming the impact of an increase in the sea level, river flow and changes in bathymetry. The results of time lags comparing the time of occurrence of maximum elevation recorded at the open sea and the time of occurrence of maximum elevation on the north margin, the most populated area, of the lagoon system showed a time lag of 13-17h. The benefits of the planned dredging project would be mostly to allow a better water renovation in the lagoons, due to a higher tidal prism.

Long-Term GIS Analysis of Seaside Impacts Associated to Infrastructures and Urbanization and Spatial Correlation with Coastal Vulnerability in a Mediterranean Area

The relationship between the impacts of coastal perimeter transformations derived from human activity and coastal vulnerability is not easy to assess. The impacts associated with coastal dynamics are phenomena that usually develop very extensively over a considerable time. These are transformations that cause significant environmental damage in vulnerable coastal areas, but whose results are very often not really visible until 10, 20, or even 40 years have elapsed. In addition, the analysis and quantification of the current context in complex territories is particularly difficult, since the spatial feedback of various issues and its consequences can generate an uncertain scenario with many interrelated variables. In this field, the use of GIS tools can be of great help to objectively analyze the relationship between coastal anthropization and its impact on its vulnerability in order to correct wrong inertias in vulnerable coastal areas. To this end, a long-term GIS analysis has been carried out of the impacts from urbanization and seaside infrastructures suffered by a complex Mediterranean coastal area in Spain. This territory, with singular elements such as dune ridges, beaches located in protected areas, and a coastal lagoon, will be evaluated using GIS spatio-temporal indicators over the last 90 years and geostatistical correlation methods. This approach will allow us to better understand the relationship between territorial transformations on the coast and the current coastal vulnerability of this area.