Vorticity Profiles Research Articles

CFD Simulation of the Influence of the Type of Gas Distribution in the Burners on Thermal Aerodynamic Processes in the DKVR 10-13 Boiler

Topics related to fuel combustion and its impact on the environment will never lose their relevance, as the issues of efficient combustion and emission reduction are key in power generation and environmental protection. The countries of the European Union are massively abandoning the use of natural gas as a fuel for thermal power stations. However, in Asian countries, the ease of using natural gas as the main fuel and its environmental friendliness compared to coal made it possible to widely use natural gas in industry and energy sector. Comparing natural gas with alternative combustible gases (generator, blast furnace, mine, biogas), the main conclusion that it has the most attractive characteristics for its use in industry, including energy facilities, can be drawn. Therefore, it is impossible to replace it with alternative fuels in the chemical, heavy industry and energy sector in the near future. The paper is devoted to CFD modeling of stabilized combustion without premixing in a burner with low swirl for two operating modes of the boiler unit - nominal one and at 60% capacity. The study was carried out using numerical methods with the ANSYS-Fluent application program package. The object of the study is a burner built according to the technology based on the use of jet-niche systems with gas distribution of fuel by circular jets fed perpendicularly into the flow of the oxidizer through a single-row system of holes. Hydrodynamics and heat exchange processes were chosen as the subject of research, based on the analysis of which a model of NOx generation in jet-niche systems was obtained. The authors of the paper believe that replacing the regular burners of the DKVR-10-13 water heating boiler with a jet-niche ones can contribute to better mixing of fuel and air and ensure more complete combustion. In this paper, two types of burners are considered. In one of the burners, fuel is supplied through rectangular slits, in the other – through round holes arranged in a row. Air is supplied to both burners through rectangular slits. It was determined that gas distribution through round holes increases the spraying of the mixture and increases the area of combustion products spraying. Visualization of the distribution of pressure, temperature, kinetic energy profiles of turbulent pulsations and vorticity was carried out. The obtained results indicate that there are no changes in the flow regime, flame displacement or its instability. It was determined that both the axial velocity and the tangential velocity of the flow affect the distribution of combustion products and harmful impurities such as NOx. Gas distribution in circular jets stabilizes combustion and reduces flame expansion.

Modeling of thermo-aerodynamic and environmental parameters on the example of a two-pipe water heating boiler that has worked out the park resource

Topics related to fuel combustion and its impact on the environment will never lose their relevance, as the issues of efficient combustion and emission reduction are key in power generation and environmental protection. The countries of the European Union are massively abandoning the use of natural gas as a fuel for thermal power station. However, in Asian countries, the ease of using natural gas in industry as the main fuel, its environmental friendliness compared to coal, made it possible to widely use natural gas in industry and energy. Comparing natural gas with alternative combustible gases (generator, blast furnace, mine, biogas), the main conclusion can be drawn that it has the most attractive characteristics for its use in industry, including energy. Therefore, it is impossible to replace it with alternative fuels in the chemical, heavy industry and energy industry in the near future. The presented work is devoted to CFD modeling of stabilized combustion without premixing in a burner with low swirl for two operating modes of the boiler unit - nominal and at 60% capacity. The study was carried out using numerical methods using the ANSYS-Fluent application program package. The object of the study is a burner built according to the technology based on the use of jet-niche systems with gas distribution of fuel by circular jets fed perpendicularly into the flow of the oxidizer through a single- row system of holes. Hydrodynamics and heat exchange processes were chosen as the subject of research, based on the analysis of which a model of NO x generation in SNS was obtained. In this work, two types of burners are considered. In one of the burners, fuel is supplied through rectangular slits, in the other – through round holes arranged in a row. Air is supplied to both burners through rectangular slits. It was determined that gas distribution through round holes increases the spraying of the mixture and increases the area of spraying of combustion products. Visualization of the distribution of pressure, temperature, kinetic energy profiles of turbulent pulsations and vorticity was carried out. The obtained results indicate that there are no changes in the flow regime, flame displacement or its instability. It was determined that both the axial velocity and the tangential velocity of the flow affect the distribution of combustion products and harmful impurities such as NO x . Gas distribution in circular jets stabilizes combustion and reduces flame expansion.

Multi-field coupling in the scrape-off layer of tokamak plasma

Abstract We study a reduced electrostatic fluid model for the tokamak scrape-off layer (SOL), which incorporates temperature gradient and vorticity gradient as two free energy fields. Two scenarios of field coupling are addressed: (1) sheath condition; (2) vortex wave coupling. For the sheath condition induced field coupling, the poloidal E×B flow shear is coupled with the temperature gradient. Combining an eigenmode analysis and the nonlinear phase dynamics approach, our findings indicate that in the absence of a vorticity gradient, the overall effect of the sheath condition induced flow shear can either stabilize or destabilize the interchange mode, depending on the competition between the flow shear suppression and the temperature gradient driving. This is different from the case where the gradient drive and shear damping are decoupled. When the field coupling is mediated by wave interactions, by setting an idealized step-like temperature and vorticity profiles, a joint mode forms through resonant interaction between the interfacial waves driven by the temperature and vorticity gradients, respectively. Near the phase locking condition, the joint mode can be more unstable than pure temperature gradient driven mode.

Turbulence scaling from deep learning diffusion generative models

Complex spatial and temporal structures are inherent characteristics of turbulent fluid flows and comprehending them poses a major challenge. This comprehension necessitates an understanding of the space of turbulent fluid flow configurations. We employ a diffusion-based generative model to learn the distribution of turbulent vorticity profiles and generate snapshots of turbulent solutions to the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. We consider the inverse cascade in two spatial dimensions and generate diverse turbulent solutions that differ from those in the training dataset. We analyze the statistical scaling properties of the new turbulent profiles, calculate their structure functions, energy power spectrum, velocity probability distribution function and moments of local energy dissipation. All the learnt scaling exponents are consistent with the expected Kolmogorov scaling This agreement with established turbulence characteristics provides strong evidence of the model's capability to capture essential features of real-world turbulence.

Vortex splitting in two-dimensional fluids and non-neutral electron plasmas with smooth vorticity profiles

Initially, elliptical, quasi-two-dimensional (2D) fluid vortices can split into multiple pieces if the aspect ratio is sufficiently large due to the growth and saturation of perturbations known as Love modes on the vortex edge. Presented here are experiments and numerical simulations, showing that the aspect ratio threshold for vortex splitting is significantly higher for vortices with realistic, smooth edges than that predicted by a simple “vortex patch” model, where the vorticity is treated as piecewise constant inside a deformable boundary. The experiments are conducted by exploiting the E × B drift dynamics of collisionless, pure electron plasmas in a Penning–Malmberg trap, which closely model 2D vortex dynamics due to an isomorphism between the Drift–Poisson equations describing the plasmas and the Euler equations describing ideal fluids. The simulations use a particle-in-cell method to model the evolution of a set of point vortices. The aspect ratio splitting threshold ranges up to about twice as large as the vortex patch prediction and depends on the edge vorticity gradient. This is thought to be due to spatial Landau damping, which decreases the vortex aspect ratio over time and, thus, stabilizes the Love modes. Near the threshold, asymmetric splitting events are observed in which one of the split products contains much less circulation than the other. These results are relevant to a wide range of quasi-2D fluid systems, including geophysical fluids, astrophysical disks, and drift-wave eddies in tokamak plasmas.

Effect of topographical pattern on vortex shedding and heat transfer phenomena in power-law fluid flow around a rotating cylinder

The present numerical investigation studies the momentum and heat transfer phenomena from a heated rotating patterned cylinder in the vortex shedding regime. In particular, the effect of surface patterns ( ω , δ ), fluid behavior ( 0.4 ≤ n ≤ 1.6 ), cylinder rotation speed ( 0.5 ≤ α ≤ 2 ), and Prandtl number ( 1 ≤ Pr ≤ 100 ) at Reynolds number 100 on the force coefficients and Nusselt number are studied. Vorticity and isotherm profiles demonstrate the flow dynamics and heat transfer characteristics. According to the findings of this study, the formation of the vortex (including its size, shape, and number of vortices) and the time period during which the vortex shedding pattern repeats itself demonstrates a dependency on the shape of the cylinder, fluid behavior, and rotating speed. It has been noted that a significant decrease in the frequency of vortex shedding occurs on adding topographical patterns. Additionally, it has been noticed that on increasing rotational speed, vortex shedding can be suppressed for all fluid behaviors. Numerical simulation results reveal that the average drag coefficient ( C ¯ D ) for a rotating patterned cylinder decreases with increasing rotational speed ( α ), and it further reduces on increase in pattern frequency ( ω ) and amplitude ( δ ) compared to a smooth circular cylinder. The shear-thinning fluid behavior helps to dissipate the heat from the cylinder to the surrounding fluid. Conversely, shear-thickening fluid behavior exhibits the opposite trend.

Numerical analysis of thermal characteristics for micropolar fluid flux close to an isothermal vertical plate inward porous region

The merit of this manuscript is to examine numerically a heated vertical plate with uniform temperature subjected to a steady, viscous, incompressible micro-polar fluid flow that is situated inside a saturated porous medium with permeability and porosity. Similarity variables have been applied to convert coupled of constrained partial differential equations that describe physical problem into coupled of constrained nonlinear ordinary differential equations, which in turn allows for the reliable numerical solution of the problems. Finite difference and shooting methods coupled with Runge-Kutta scheme have been implemented by Matlab function bvp4c to solve equations numerically. The graphical findings showed the impact of emerging dimensionless physical parameters for micro- polar liquid on non-dimensional velocity, temperature, and micro-rotation distributions. The latest findings exhibit a high degree of agreement with the findings from earlier research. Elevating parameter values drive to an increase in the velocity profile values, but a decrease in the temperature distribution values. The benchmarks parameters of this research are modified vortex viscosity and micro-inertia density. The high porosity in the range of 0.7–0.9 is considered the noteworthy limitation of the current study. Furthermore, increasing the material's physical characteristics cause the micro-rotation vorticity profile's curvature to flip.

Taylor–Couette flow and heat transfer in an elliptical enclosure with a rotating inner cylinder

We numerically investigate Taylor–Couette flows within a system consisting of an elliptical outer cylinder and a rotating inner circular cylinder, with particular emphasis on the behavior of Taylor cells. The three-dimensional unsteady Navier–Stokes equations are solved under the assumption of axial periodicity. Also, a scalar transport equation is solved for the heat transfer. Our methodology employs a Fourier-spectral meshless discretization technique, which interpolates variables at scattered points using polyharmonic splines and appended polynomials. A pressure-projection algorithm achieves the time advancement of the flow equations. We present findings for an elliptical enclosure with an aspect ratio of two, examining a range of Reynolds numbers (Re) from subcritical to 300. Our analysis includes streamlines, axial velocity contours, pressure, vorticity, and temperature profiles. The results indicate that the flow remains steady up to Re≈300 before transitioning to an unsteady state at Re≈350.

Effects of Different Motion Parameters on the Interaction of Fish School Subsystems.

For a long time, fish school swimming has attracted a great deal of attention in biological systems, as fish schools can have complex hydrodynamic effects on individuals. This work adopted a non-iterative, immersed boundary-lattice Boltzmann method (IB-LBM). A numerical simulation of two-dimensional three-degree-of-freedom self-propelled fish, in side-by-side, staggered, and triangle formations, was conducted by adjusting spacing and motion parameters. A comprehensive analysis of individual speed gains and energy efficiencies in these formations was carried out. Furthermore, an analysis of the hydrodynamic characteristics of fish schools was performed, using instantaneous vorticity profiles and pressure fields. Certain studies have shown that passive interactions between individuals cannot always bring hydrodynamic benefits. The swimming efficiency of side-by-side formations in the same phase gradually increases as the distance decreases, but it also brings certain burdens to individuals when the phases are different. This paper also shows that the roles of passive interactions, spacing, and deflections affect fish school subsystems differently. When the low-pressure areas created by a wake vortex act on one side of an individual's body, the tail-end fish are good at gaining hydrodynamic benefits from it. This effect is not universal, and the degree to which individuals benefit from changes in exercise parameters varies. This study provides a theoretical basis for bioinspired robots, as well as providing certain insights into the mechanism of collective biological movement.

Annular self-organization of the two-dimensional vorticity condensate

Self-organization of the vorticity condensate of forced two-dimensional turbulence is examined in analogy with the mixing of a background planetary vorticity gradient in geophysical flows. Starting from the theoretical vorticity profile of the condensate, different scenarios are illustrated by the construction of idealized angular momentum conserving rearrangements of vorticity into a staircase profile similar to the potential vorticity staircase of $\beta$ -plane turbulence. Two sets of numerical experiments are then presented that illustrate a similar self-organization of the background vorticity gradient in fully turbulent flows. In the first set of experiments, the flow is initialized with a laminar vortex dipole corresponding to the theoretical condensate vorticity profile. A fluctuation vorticity field is then induced by a stochastic forcing at smaller scales, which induces an azimuthally symmetric self-organization of the laminar flow into distinct annular bands. In the second set of experiments, the flow is initialized from rest with stochastic forcing generating a turbulent inverse energy cascade, out of which emerges the condensate in a self-consistent evolution as the turbulent energy accumulates at the domain scale. A self-organization of the condensate is again observed, giving a distinct annular structure on top of the theoretically predicted condensate profile. A major difference from the potential vorticity staircase of geophysical flows is the emergence in many cases of significantly non-monotonic radial vorticity profiles.

Experimental and computational investigation of the vortical structures generated from a blended-wing-body UAV model

The current study presents a combination of experimental and computational investigations of a scaled-down Blended Wing Body (BWB) Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) model. The BWB model features highly swept wings. The experiments are conducted in a subsonic windtunnel in the Laboratory of Fluid Mechanics and Turbomachinery, in the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. More specifically, surface oil flow visualization and Laser-Doppler Anemometry (LDA) are employed to investigate the vortical structures emanating from the leading edge and the wingtips of the model and provide the corresponding velocity and vorticity profiles. Using the windtunnel measurement data as a reference point, both steady-state and transient computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analyses are also conducted. The flow around the BWB scaled-down model is modeled by adopting four turbulence models, three of them based on the concept of the eddy-viscosity and one, on the Reynolds-stress transport equation modeling. The modeling results are compared to the experimental measurements, emphasizing on the streamwise and spanwise velocity profiles, axial vorticity profiles and separation patterns. The results of this study provide insight on the vortical phenomena dominating the flowfield over and around BWB configurations and conclusions concerning the tradeoffs between accuracy and computational efficiency are drawn.

The Assimilation Effect of Multi-New Types Observation Data in the Forecasts of Meiyu-Front Rainstorm

Meiyu-front rainstorm is one of the main disastrous weather events in summer in East China. In this study, seven assimilation experiments of multi-type observation data such as wind profile data, microwave radiometer data and radiosonde sounding data are designed to forecast the Meiyu-front rainstorm on 15 June 2020. The results show that the seven experiments can basically simulate the orientation of rain belt. The comprehensive experiment which assimilates all types of observations performs the best in simulating the location of heavy rainstorm and shows good performance in simulating the precipitation above moderate rain. For the comprehensive experiment, the forecast deviation of rainstorm and heavy rainstorm is small, and the equitable threat score has also been greatly improved compared with other experiments. It is found that the convective available potential energy is enhanced after the assimilation of surface observation data. In addition, the wind convergence and water vapor transportation are modified after assimilating wind profile data. Accordingly, the precipitation efficiency is improved in the comprehensive experiment. The profiles of pseudo-equivalent potential temperature, vorticity and divergence show that, the assimilation of new-types observation data from wind profiler radar and microwave radiometer increases the instability of atmospheric stratification and enhances the ascending motion in the heavy precipitation center. The above results show that the introduction of various some new-type data before the numerical simulation can reduce the forecast deviation. In addition, the combined assimilation of microwave radiometer and sounding data presents better performance than single data assimilation, which indicates that data mutual complementation is essential to improving forecast accuracy.

Forecasting Precipitation from Radar Wind Profiler Mesonet and Reanalysis Using the Random Forest Algorithm

Data-driven machine learning technology can learn and extract features, a factor which is well recognized to be powerful in the warning and prediction of severe weather. With the large-scale deployment of the radar wind profile (RWP) observational network in China, dynamical variables with higher temporal and spatial resolution in the vertical become strong supports for machine-learning-based severe convection prediction. Based on the RWP mesonet that has been deployed in Beijing, this study uses the measurements from four triangles composed of six RWP stations to determine the profiles of divergence, vorticity, and vertical velocity before rainfall onsets. These dynamic feature variables, combined with cloud properties from Himawari-8 and ERA-5 reanalysis, serve as key input parameters for two rainfall forecast models based on the random forest (RF) classification algorithm. One is for the rainfall/non-rainfall forecast and another for the rainfall grade forecast. The roles of dynamic features such as divergence, vorticity, and vertical velocity are examined from ERA-5 reanalysis data and RWP measurements. The contribution of each feature variable to the performance of the RF model in independent tests is also discussed here. The results show that the usage of RWP observational data as the RF model input tends to result in better performance in rainfall/non-rainfall forecast 30 min in advance of rainfall onset than using the ERA-5 data as inputs. For the rainfall grade forecast, the divergence and vorticity that were estimated from the RWP measurements at 800 hPa show importance in improving the model performance in heavy and moderate rain forecasts. This indicates that the atmospheric dynamic variable measurements from RWP have great potential to improve the prediction skill of convection with the aid of a machine learning model.

Applying a finite difference scheme to the flow field analysis of rotating detonation engines using multiple fuels

The objective of this study is to apply the finite difference method (FDM) scheme to generate profiles of velocity, vorticity, pressure, temperature, and density of the flow field inside the chamber of a rotating detonation engine. In addition, this study discusses the Kuo's algorithm used in the computation of Chapman-Jouguet (CJ) variables. A new computational algorithm is introduced to compute the CJ variables, the shock, and the post-shock conditions. Five different fuels are tested, H2–O2, H2-air, CH4-air, C2H6-air, and C2H2-air. The results show good performance for the FDM scheme, and the new algorithm is adopted in this study to perform all CJ calculations. The new algorithm's results are compared with the experimental data available for the tested fuels and show close results. Another important result is that the highest vorticity forms along the slip line of the combustion chamber, then it gradually shrinks along the path of the slip line.

Longitudinal velocity profile of flows in open channel with double-layered rigid vegetation

Aquatic vegetation of different heights is widely scattered in natural rivers and is conducive to their environmental function while affecting the flow hydrodynamic conditions. A semi-analytical velocity model is constructed and used to study the longitudinal velocity profile in open channel flow through double-layered rigid vegetation. The double-layered vegetation flow is separated into three zones according to the velocity profile: 1) nearly uniform distributed velocity zone 1A in the lower region of the short vegetation layer, 2) a mixing layer zone B, 3) uniform distributed velocity zone 2A in the upper region of the tall vegetation layer. Two force equilibrium equations about the gravity-driving and vegetation drag are solved to obtain the uniform velocity distribution equations in zone 1A and 2A. The velocity of zone 1A and B is further modeled as a linear superposition of two concepts: the uniform velocity distribution term of zone 1A and a hyperbolic tangent profile. Meanwhile, longitudinal velocity and the lateral vorticity profiles of open channel flow through double-layered rigid vegetation are studied by laboratory flume tests of different vegetation arrangements exposed to two water depths and three slopes. The experimental results show that the longitudinal velocity increases with the slope increase. The verification of the velocity model is based on the instantaneous velocity measured by Acoustic Doppler Velocimetry (ADV), which shows acceptable agreement, indicating that the model can give a reference to the longitudinal velocity of multi-layered vegetation flow in some cases. The effects of wake vortices and boundary friction on the model are further explored in the discussions. The results presented in this study could contribute to the management of aquatic vegetation configurations and the restoration of freshwater ecology.

Numerical simulation of transport phenomena and its effect on the weld profile and solute distribution during laser welding of dissimilar aluminium alloys with and without beam oscillation

Remote Laser Welding (RLW) of Aluminium alloys has significant importance in lightweight manufacturing to decrease the weight of the body in white. It is critical to understand the physical process of transport phenomena during welding which is highly related to the mechanical performance of the joints. To investigate the underlying physics during welding and to understand the influence of beam oscillation on heat transfer, fluid flow and material mixing a transient three-dimensional Finite Element (FE) based Multiphysics model has been developed and validated from the experiments. The effect of welding speed, oscillation amplitude and oscillation frequency on the fusion zone dimensions, flow profile, vorticity profile, cooling rate and thermal gradient during the butt welding of Al-5754 to Al-6005, with sinusoidal beam oscillation, is analysed. It was found that one additional vortex is formed during beam oscillation welding due to the churning action of the oscillating beam. With the increase in oscillation amplitude, welds become wider and the depth of penetration decreases. An increase in oscillation frequency leads to an increase in the flow rate of the molten metal suggesting that the beam oscillation introduces a churning action that leads to an increase in mixing. It was highlighted that the material mixing depends on both diffusion and convection.

Computational analysis of human upper airway aerodynamics.

There is a considerable interest in understanding transient human upper airway aerodynamics, especially in view of assessing the effects of various ventilation therapies. Experimental analyses in a patient-specific manner pose challenges as the upper airway consists of a narrow confined region with complex anatomy. Pressure measurements are feasible, but, for example, PIV experiments require special measures to accommodate for the light refraction by the model. Computational fluid dynamics can bridge the gap between limited experimental data and detailed flow features. This work aims to validate the use of combined lattice Boltzmann method and a large eddy scale model for simulating respiration, and to identify clinical features of the flow and show the clinical potential of the method. Airflow was computationally analyzed during a realistic, transient, breathing profile in an upper airway geometry ranging from nose to trachea, and the resulting pressure calculations were compared against in vitro experiments. Simulations were conducted on meshes containing about 1 billion cells to ensure accuracy and to capture intrinsic flow features. Airway pressures obtained from simulations and in vitro experiments are in good agreement both during inhalation and exhalation. High velocity pharyngeal and laryngeal jets and recirculation in the region of the olfactory cleft are observed. Graphical Abstract The Lattice-Boltzmann Method combined with Large Eddy Simulations was used to compute the aerodynamics in a human upper airway geometry. The left side of this graphical abstract shows the velocity and vorticity (middle figure in bottom row, and right figure of the right bottom figure) profiles at peak exhalation. The simulations were validated against experiments on a 3D-print of the geometry (shown in the top figures on the right hand side). The pressure drop (right bottom corner) shows a good agreement between experiments and simulations.

Computational investigation of magneto-hydrodynamic flow of newtonian fluid behavior over obstacles placed in rectangular cavity

The magneto hydro-dynamic flows are of great importance in the industries such as food processing, power generation and in investigating the behavior of boundary layer convection. In this article, the magneto hydrodynamic flow of Newtonian fluid in rectangular cavity under the effect of applied magnetic filed is investigated. In the rectangular cavity, three semi circular cylinders are placed as obstacles to create unsteadiness in the flow path. Computational fluid dynamics model is built to analyze and observe the flow behavior in presence of 10 Ampere per meter. Furthermore, velocity profiles in vertical and horizontal directions, streamlines patterns, pressure distribution profile, vorticity profile, and viscous stress are presented. These profiles are discussed with and without the presence of strong magnetization force and flow behavior is investigated. The model is designed and compute in COMSOL-Multiphysics. It is concluded that presence of high magnetization force enhance the surface velocity to 1.87 m/s in horizontal direction and 0.86 m/s in vertical direction. Swirling flow pattern in streamlines increase with high magnetic force. The exerted pressure on wall of cavity has augmented to 2.39 Pa with increment in magnetic field. Moreover, obtained results are in complete agreement with already published work.

Conjugate point criteria on the area-preserving diffeomorphism group

This paper answers some questions about conjugate points along the geodesics corresponding to steady 2D Euler flows, posed by a paper of Drivas-Misiołek-Shi-Yoneda. We present a new sufficient criterion for the existence of conjugate points, which improves on the criterion of Misiołek. It applies in any rotational cell of a steady 2D Euler flow, and in case of rotational symmetry it captures all known conjugate points. We give a general construction of the surfaces that admit a steady fluid with given area form, velocity profile, and vorticity profile, and from this we show how to detect conjugate points in a single rotational cell of a steady flow. When the velocity profile has a local extremum, the criterion becomes particularly simple. Several examples are provided, and in an appendix we use the Misiołek criterion to give some new examples of conjugate points along Kolmogorov flows on the torus.

Effect of the Richardson Number on Flow and Heat Transfer in a Cylinder Filled with Cu-Water Nano-fluid at Different Nanoparticle Concentrations

Fluid circulation and thermal exchange properties via integrated natural and artificial convection within a container have attracted considerable interest due to its many industrial uses. This present work concentrates on determining the effect of the Richardson number on flow and heat transfer in a cylinder filled with Cu-Water nanofluid at different nanoparticle concentrations. The governing equations: continuity and Navier Stoke fields were discretized using the finite difference approach and simulated in C++ programming language. In this work, the Richardson parameter ranged from 2.6*104 to 2.8*104, while the concentration of Cu nanoparticles ranged from 1% to 10%, and the results are presented as Nusselt number, vorticity, and stream function profiles. The results reveal that the maximum Richardson value is 2.76 x 104 at the nanoparticle volume of 0.04, resulting in a considerable increase in the convective heat transfer rate. Furthermore, as the Richardson parameters increase, the Nusselt number in the nanofluid increases exponentially while the local drag coefficient decreases. The stream function, longitudinal velocity and circulation increase as the Richardson parameters grow. The technical design for air turbulence prediction involves an understanding of the Richardson-driven connection as a mix of wind speed and convective stability variables.