Vortex Electric Field Research Articles

On the issue of capacitively coupled circuits using to explain the mutual influence of wires

The wire, as a separate element, is practically never sanctified in the literature. There is no radio-electronic device without a wire. It is the frequency characteristics of the wire impedance that limit the frequency characteristics of the inductor impedance, i.e. limit the frequency range of the radio interference filter. Therefore, it is important to understand the physics of the processes occurring in the wire. In addition, it is important to understand how the wire “parasitic” parameters affect the other elements “parasitic” parameters. An explanation for the presence of capacitance in a wire equivalent circuit through the skin effect phenomenon is proposed in this article. The using of the concept of capacitively coupled circuits as a dual analogue of inductively coupled circuits is proposed. It is shown that the duality of inductively coupled circuits and capacitively coupled circuits is possible only due to the duality of the alternating vortex magnetic field and the alternating vortex electric field. The viability of using the concept of capacitively coupled circuits is shown using the example of the measured impedance of two wires in various variants of parallel connection.

Study on the Static and Dynamic Characteristics of Vortex Electric Field in Electromagnetic Flowmeter and its Role in Attenuating Slurry Noise

Study on the Static and Dynamic Characteristics of Vortex Electric Field in Electromagnetic Flowmeter and its Role in Attenuating Slurry Noise

Anisotropic metadielectric converter

Purpose. Investigation of the peculiarities of the electric field energy conversion by an anisotropic meta-medium with a negative value of the dielectric constant in one of the selected main crystallographic directions. Methodology. Research was carried out using methods of physical and mathematical modeling of anisotropic metadielectric converter; using methods to optimize the function of the dependence of the conversion factor m, anisotropic metadielectric converter, on the angle α between one of the crystallographic axes and the edge of the platinum a, at fixed anisotropy coefficients of metadielectric material. Findings. For the first time, the peculiarities of the electric field transformation by an anisotropic meta-medium with a negative value of the dielectric constant in one of the selected main crystallographic directions were studied. It is established that at the moment of application to the upper and lower faces of the anisotropic metadielectric plate, which is the basis of the anisotropic metadielectric converter, some potential difference leads to polarization of its volume and the emergence of both longitudinal and transverse components of the vortex electric field. This situation leads to axial folding of its internal field, which in turn causes the appearance of micro-vortices of the electric field, given by the expression , where - the circular time of rotation of the micro-vortex, and signs "+" and "-" - indicate the direction of its rotation. Such axial electric micro vortices are an efficient mechanism that pumps energy between the physical vacuum and, in our case, the anisotropic metadielectric plate of the transducer. The dependence of the transformation coefficient m of this medium on the value of anisotropy is analyzed. Studies have shown that in the interval the value of m is characterized by a negative value, and in the interval – positive, this allowed us to determine the areas of stable existence of different types of energy. The use of metadielectric material in comparison with the classical one is characterized by values of m>1. Note that in some cases there is an abnormal increase in the coefficient. Originality. Using the representations of vortex electrodynamics, the mechanism of energy interaction between the vortex electric field of an anisotropic metaenvironment and the physical vacuum is proposed. Practical value. A model of the original design of an anisotropic metadielectric converter is proposed. Areas of its practical use in the form of generators of electricity, heat and cold are determined, calculated expressions for their efficiency are in the range η = 0.5 ÷ 0.98, and the cooling temperature can reach the temperature of liquid helium.

On the Influence of a Faraday Shield on the Vortex Electric Field in a Radio-Frequency Plasma Generator

On the Influence of a Faraday Shield on the Vortex Electric Field in a Radio-Frequency Plasma Generator

Radial component of vortex electric field force

he differential equations of motion of electrically charged bodies in an uneven vortex electric field at all possible range of velocities are obtained in the article. In the force interaction, in addition to the two components – the Coulomb and Lorentz forces – the third component of a hitherto unknown force is involved. This component turned out to play a crucial role in the dynamics of movement. The equations are written in the usual 3D Euclidean space and physical time.This takes into account the finite speed of electric field propagation and the law of electric charge conservation. On this basis, the trajectory of the electron in an uneven electric field generated by a positively charged spherical body is simulated. The equations of motion are written in vector and coordinate forms. A physical interpretation of the obtained mathematical results is given. Examples of simulations are given.

Study on the Mechanism of Excitation Switching Process in Electromagnetic Flowmeter to Overcome Slurry Noise

The electromagnetic flow meter (EMF) is one of the most suitable flowmeter for slurry measurement. It is an important research point of electromagnetic flowmeter to overcome slurry noise in slurry measurement. The main approach to overcome slurry noise is to modify the excitation method and to improve the signal processing method. The novelty of this paper is the first study on the mechanism of excitation switching process to overcome slurry noise. The vortex electric field generated during excitation switching is theoretically analyzed and simulated based on Maxwell’s equations. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the vortex electric field to overcome the slurry noise, an experiment based on the step excitation signal is proposed. The results of the slurry noise power spectrum show that the increase of the excitation switching process can effectively suppress the slurry noise. The experimental results are consistent with the simulation results. On this basis, the stepwise excitation EMF was developed. Comparison results with conventional three-value excitation EMF show that increasing of excitation switch can effectively suppress slurry noise in real industrial measurement scenarios.

Lorentz force in vortex electric field

In our time, the functions of the law of interaction of moving charged bodies have been taken over entirely by the relativistic theory under the guise of a pseudo-slogan about the inability of Galileo's transformations. In contrast, the article adapts the Lorentz force to the case of moving charges in the all-possible range of velocities in the usual three-dimensional Euclidean space and time. This takes into account the finite rate of propagation of an electric field and the law of conservation of elect­ric charge. On this basis, the trajectory of the free motion of electron in a non-uniform electric field generated by a positively charged spherical body is simulate

Charge Trajectories in a Cylindrical Beam with Allowance for Variable Magnetic Induction and Vortex Electric Fields

The study analyzes trajectories in a cylindrical beam taking into account variable magnetic induction and vortex electric fields. It is shown that the inclusion of vortex fields during simulation stabilizes a trajectory.

Study of the Ability of an Electromagnetic Flowmeter Based on Step Excitation to Overcome Slurry Noise

An electromagnetic flowmeter (EMF) can be used to measure the speed of slurry fluid. In this paper, according to Maxwell’s equations and the dB/dt vortex electric field, a step excitation scheme is proposed. The original excitation process of the primary excitation current rise time is divided into a two-step excitation process. Without increasing the excitation current rise time, the equivalent excitation frequency is increased by increasing the primary dB/dt . This method can enhance the EMF’s ability to overcome slurry noise. The paper analyzes the design parameters of the step excitation scheme and designs the software and hardware. After that, the paper compares the step excitation scheme with the three-value rectangular wave excitation scheme based on wavelet transform signal processing. Experiments show that the step excitation EMF has a lower steady-state fluctuation rate when measuring mortar and has a stronger ability to overcome slurry noise. Additionally, the step excitation EMF and Yokogawa AXF 040G EMF are compared experimentally. Through flow calibration, clean water measurement, mortar measurement and dynamic response experiment, it is verified that the step excitation EMF has the ability to enhance the resistance to slurry noise at the same excitation frequency.

Experimental Ferrogravitational Field around Untwisting Closed Superconductor

The study by the author of magnetic scattering neutrons in the structures of ferrimagnets, as well as his experiments with the separation of magnetic charges in dipole pairs ±g in magnetic field, showed that fundamental magnetic particles (magnetic charges) are real structural components of atoms and substance. It is the magnetic poles, and not the moving electric charges are the direct sources of all magnetic fields and magnetic manifestations in Nature. Basic reasons of ignoring the magnetic fundamental particles by world physical theory, for almost 150 years, are the ultra-harsh confinement of these particles in substance which radically is different from the confinement electrons, as well as the vicious concept of the electric magnetism Maxwell. Rotating magnetic dipoles in conductors which are untwisted by electric current, are direct sources of the vortex magnetic field rotH. One should also expect the formation of a vortex electric field rotE forming by rotating electric dipoles which are untwisted by the current of magnetic charges. This article provides an experimental answer to the question: what field is formed around a conductor if joint direct currents of electric Je and magnetic Jg charges are passed through it? The author’s experiments have shown that in this case the vortex electromagnetic current is realized which manifests itself as the vortex electromagnetic (gravitational) field. It is possible to implement such a process, according to the results of the author’s research, exclusively in superconductors. The vector character of the gravitational field is in many respects similar to the vortex magnetic field which makes it possible to introduce such it states as paragravitation and ferrogravitation into representations. To create joint currents of electric and magnetic charges, the author used the inertial forces of these particles under conditions of acceleration and deceleration of the rotational motion of the closed lead superconductor. The result of this experiment was the gravitational, as it turned out later, the ferrogravitational field, which was detected by effect repulsion of trial cargos from the coil with a superconducting winding at the stage of its untwist. The latter process is defined by the author as an effect of the gravitational (ferrogravitational) levitation. The values of ferrogravitational (levitational) forces noted in this experiment were: 120 mg for a tungsten trial cargo and 50 and 25 mg for a lead cargo with an error of ±15 mg. The values of ferrogravitational (levitational) forces noted in this experiment are: 120 mg for from tungsten trial cargo and 50 and 25 mg for a cargo from lead, with an error of ±15 mg. The “anomaly” noted by the author in this study was in the absence of any absence of a gravitational effect on stage a braking of the coil. Probable cause of the noted “anomaly” is discussed in the Discussion of Results chapter.

Longitudinal electric fields in the OH and ECRH heating modes of the L-2M stellarator

The soft X-ray spectra were measured at the L-2M stellarator in the OH and ECRH modes, which occurred to be considerably non-Maxwellian. In the OH mode, the SXR spectra considerably deviate not only from the Maxwellian spectrum, but also from the model bremsstrahlung spectrum of plasma in the longitudinal electric field. This can be due to the fact that, under ohmic heating conditions, plasma waves can be excited and absorbed by plasma electrons. In the OH mode, the radial distribution of the longitudinal electric field was determined, which turned to be almost uniform over the radius. It was hypothesized that, in the ECRH experiments, the deviations of the measured SXR spectra from the Maxwellian spectrum are also caused by the presence of the longitudinal electric fields in plasma. These fields are the longitudinal vortex electric fields generated in plasma during the current drive.

ON THE COVARIANT REPRESENTATION OF INTEGRAL EQUATIONS OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD

Gauss integral theorems for electric and magnetic fields, Faradays law of electromagnetic induction, magnetic field circulation theorem, theorems on the flux and circulation of vector potential, which are valid in curved spacetime, are presented in a covariant form. Covariant formulas for magnetic and electric fluxes, for electromotive force and circulation of the vector potential are provided. In particular, the electromotive force is expressed by a line integral over a closed curve, while in the integral, in addition to the vortex electric field strength, a determinant of the metric tensor also appears. Similarly, the magnetic flux is expressed by a surface integral from the product of magnetic field induction by the determinant of the metric tensor. A new physical quantity is introduced - the integral scalar potential, the rate of change of which over time determines the flux of vector potential through a closed surface. It is shown that the commonly used four-dimensional Kelvin-Stokes theorem does not allow one to deduce fully the integral laws of the electromagnetic field and in the covariant notation requires the addition of determinant of the metric tensor, besides the validity of the Kelvin-Stokes theorem is limited to the cases when determinant of metric tensor and the contour area are independent from time. This disadvantage is not present in the approach that uses the divergence theorem and equation for the dual electromagnetic field tensor. A new effect is predicted, according to which the circulation of magnetic field can appear even in the absence of electric current and with a constant electric field through the contour, if the area of this contour would change. By analogy with electromagnetic induction, for the magnetic field circulation to appear it is important that electric field flux that passes through the area of the contour would change over time.

Development of special fabrics protecting from electromagnetic radiation

The influence of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) on a person is connected with the existence of electromagnetic field - a special form of matter which conducts the effect of electrically charged particles. The causes of electromagnetic field formation are defined by the fact that the occurrence of electric field changing in time is the reason of magnetic field formation and magnetic field occurrence is the cause of vortex electric fields; both fields change in time and excite each other. Electromagnetic waves formed during these processes exist irrespective of a source of their initiation. Continuous impact of electromagnetic radiation on a person negatively affects various organs of human body. EMR leads to headaches, fatigue of the organism, disorders of the body. The maximum influence of EMR occurs on “blood and eyes, the incidence of cancer and cataract increases, the number of people suffering from skin diseases increases”. An important area today is the creation of fabrics protecting from electromagnetic radiation.

COMPETENCE APPROACH TO THE TRAINING OF ELECTRICAL AND RADIO ENGINEERING SPECIALISTS IN THE STUDYING OF THE GENERAL PHYSICS COURSE

The method of the competence approach in the study of some issues of electrodynamics and the key patterns of its applied nature of use is considered in the paper, not based on the mathematical formalism of the analysis of differential Maxwell equations. Proceeding from the many years of experience in teaching the theory of electromagnetic field at the technical university, it is highly recommended, in the authors' opinion, to apply didactic technology of visual representation and graphic modeling of the processes of formation of electrical oscillations in the LC- circuit, as well as the formation and propagation of electromagnetic waves in space. A visual technique of the comparative characteristics of the electrostatic and vortex (induction) electric fields and the graphical interpretation of the causes of the electromotive force induction and self-induction origin are proposed. The presented variants of the visual mechanism of the formation of an electromagnetic wave as the propagation in the space of the process of mutual generation of alternating electric and magnetic fields. In the context of the competence teaching methodology, a variant of the complex task for independent consideration of the properties of electromagnetic waves is presented that stimulates students' ability to independently analyze the problem, formulate the problem, and solve it, on the basis of the independent use of informational tools and self-education as key components of the professional competence of the respective direction.

Possible New Astrophysical Effects of the Gravitational Interaction of Stationary Vortex Electric and Magnetic Fields

Possible realistic means of formation of wormholes are considered and investigated. As a realization of such, it is proposed to apply self-gravitating physical fields having a vortex character. In the present paper, we consider using a stationary vortex electric field. We show that within the framework of Einstein’s theory of gravitation, a self-gravitating vortex electric field can induce the formation of wormholes. We also show that the combined use of a vortex electric field and a vortex magnetic field improves the traversability of the obtained wormholes since their throat radii are significantly increased.

Runaway electron studies with hard x-ray and microwave diagnostics in the FT-2 lower hybrid current drive discharges

Studies of the super-thermal and runaway electron behavior in ohmic and lower hybrid current drive FT-2 tokamak plasmas have been carried out using information obtained from measurements of hard x-ray spectra and non-thermal microwave radiation intensity at the frequency of 10 GHz and in the range of (53 ÷ 78) GHz. A gamma-ray spectrometer based on a scintillation detector with a LaBr3(Ce) crystal was used, which provides measurements at counting rates up to 107 s−1. Reconstruction of the energy distribution of RE interacting with the poloidal limiter of the tokamak chamber was made with application of the DeGaSum code. Super-thermal electrons accelerated up to 2 MeV by the LH waves at the high-frequency pumping of the plasma with low density ~ 2 × 1013 cm−3 and then up to 7 MeV by vortex electric field have been found. Experimental analysis of the runaway electron beam generation and evolution of their energy distribution in the FT-2 plasmas is presented in the article and compared with the numerical calculation of the maximum energy gained by runaway electrons for given plasma parameters. In addition, possible mechanisms for limiting the maximum energy gained by the runaway electrons are also calculated and described for a FT-2 plasma discharge.

The eddy current probe array for Keda Torus eXperiment.

In a reversed field pinch device, the conductive shell is placed as close as possible to the plasma so as to balance the plasma during discharge. Plasma instabilities such as the resistive wall mode and certain tearing modes, which restrain the plasma high parameter operation, respond closely with conditions in the wall, in essence the eddy current present. Also, the effect of eddy currents induced by the external coils cannot be ignored when active control is applied to control instabilities. One diagnostic tool, an eddy current probe array, detects the eddy current in the composite shell. Magnetic probes measuring differences between the inner and outer magnetic fields enable estimates of the amplitude and angle of these eddy currents. Along with measurements of currents through the copper bolts connecting the poloidal shield copper shells, we can obtain the eddy currents over the entire shell. Magnetic field and eddy current resolutions approach 2 G and 6 A, respectively. Additionally, the vortex electric field can be obtained by eddy current probes. As the conductivity of the composite shell is high, the eddy current probe array is very sensitive to the electric field and has a resolution of 0.2 mV/cm. In a bench test experiment using a 1/4 vacuum vessel, measurements of the induced eddy currents are compared with simulation results based on a 3D electromagnetic model. The preliminary data of the eddy currents have been detected during discharges in a Keda Torus eXperiment device. The typical value of toroidal and poloidal eddy currents across the magnetic probe coverage rectangular area could reach 3.0 kA and 1.3 kA, respectively.

Single-step propagators for calculation of time evolution in quantum systems with arbitrary interactions

We propose and develop a general method of numerical calculation of the wave function time evolution in a quantum system which is described by Hamiltonian of an arbitrary dimensionality and with arbitrary interactions. For this, we obtain a general n-order single-step propagator in closed-form, which could be used for the numerical solving of the problem with any prescribed accuracy. We demonstrate the applicability of the proposed approach by considering a quantum problem with non-separable time-dependent Hamiltonian: the propagation of an electron in focused electromagnetic field with vortex electric field component.

Mechanical properties of electron vortices

It is shown how the quantum mechanical mass flux and the electromagnetic fields of an electron Bessel vortex mode generate its intrinsic linear momentum and angular momentum properties. Although the corresponding volume density vectors due to the mass flux contain transverse vector components, their volume integrals are shown by explicit analysis to yield null results. The total linear and angular momenta are thus purely axial vectors. There are additional contributions associated with the vortex electric and magnetic fields and these too are shown to be purely axial vectors. Order of magnitude estimates are made in the context of a suggested experiment on the rotation of an optically levitated nanoparticle subject to an electron vortex.

Noninductive plasma generation and current drive in the Globus-M spherical tokamak

Experimental results on the generation and maintenance of the toroidal current in the Globus-M spherical tokamak by using waves in the lower hybrid frequency range without applying an inductive vortex electric field are presented. For this purpose, the original ridge guide antennas forming a field distribution similar to that produced by multiwaveguide grills were used. The high-frequency field (900 MHz) was used for both plasma generation and current drive. The magnitude of the generated current reached 21 kA, and its direction depended on the direction of the vertical magnetic field. Analysis of the experimental results indicates that the major fraction of the current is carried by the suprathermal electron beam.