Von Linstow Research Articles

Acanthocephala of the Genus Moniliformis from Rodents of Egypt with the Description of a New Species from the Egyptian Spiny Mouse (Acomys cahirinus)

Moniliformis acomysi sp. n. is described from Acomys cahirinus (Egyptian spiny mouse) in Egypt. Specimens of Moniliformis moniliformis (Bremser, 1811) from Rattus rattus and Rattus norve- gicus in Egypt are described and variability studies on this species are reported. Analyses of variance have been carried out to determine morphological differences between sexes of worms and differences between worms from the two host species. With regard to sexual dimorphism, significant differences between males and females have been found in the number of proboscis hooks per longitudinal row, size of largest hooks, proboscis size, and body length. With regard to host species, significant differ- ences have been found in the number of longitudinal rows of hooks and the number of hooks per row. Acanthocephala were collected from a num- ber of rodents in Egypt by parasitologists of the U. S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, and forwarded to the writers by Dr. Robert E. Kuntz. The specimens from Rattus rattus and Rattus norvegicus have been identified as Moniliformis moniliformis (Bremser, 1811). The specimens from Acomys cahirinus differ from previously described species of Monili- formis in shape and size of proboscis and in other respects and are therefore described as a new species. It is not surprising that M. moniliformis is a cosmopolitan species since rats, the normal de- finitive host, have been transported by ships to all parts of the world. This species has been reported from Meriones sinaiticus and Scarturus tetradactylus in Egypt and from Erinaceus algirus in Tunis. Other species of Moniliformis have been reported from other parts of Africa, but we have found no records of other species of Moniliformis from Egypt. In 1897 von Linstow described M. ovocristatus from Tenrec ecaudatus, an insectivore, in Madagascar. Re- cently Dollfus and Golvan (1963) received an additional collection of acanthocephalans from this host in Madagascar, and after careful ex- amination recognized that these parasites rep- resented a new genus to which they gave the name Promoniliformis. The genus is charac-

The Influence of Nematode Parasites and Associates on Bark Beetles in the United States

Bark beetles destroy many mil1ions of board feet of timber in the United States each year. Detailed studies have been made, or are being made, on the biology and ecology of the more important economic species. Little is known, however, of the role of nematodes in the ecology of these insects. Nematodes were acknowledged as parasites of bark beetles nearly 75 years ago, when Von Linstow (1880) published on the presence of the genus Allantonema in the body cavity of Ips typographus L. The writer has recovered the parasites from most species of bark beetles examined from various sections of the United States. Many species are infested with two or three separate genera. In numerous cases these parasites appear to be host specific. They have been taken from the abdominal cavities of Orthotamicus ornatus Swaine, which measures approximately 2 mm. in length, and from Dendroctonus valens LeConte and Dendroctonus terebrans (Olivier), measuring up to 9 mm. long. The adult parasites range in length from ½ mm. to 7 mm. They have been collected from entomophagous associates such as Corticeus , and from Coeloides dendroctoni Viereck, a braconid parasite of various species of Dendroctonus and Ips .

Azygia stunkardi sp.nov. (Trematoda: Azygiidae)

The genus Azygia was erected by Looss (1899) for Fasciola tereticollis Rud. (1802) ( = Fasciola lucii Mueller, 1776) from the stomach of Esox lucius in Europe. Other species of the genus were described a few years later, namely, Azygia loossi by Marshall & Gilbert (1905) from Micropterus salmoides, Lucius lucius and Amia calva; A. volgensis by von Linstow (1907) from Lucioperca sandra; A. sebago by Ward (1910) from Salmo sebago and A. bulbosa, and A. acuminata by Goldberger (1911) from Amia calva.

Studies on the Taxonomy and Life History of Echinocephalid Worms (Nematoda : Spiruroidea) with a Complete Description of Echinocephalus pseudouncinatus Millemann, 1951

Third-stage, molting third-stage, and fourth-stage juveniles, and young and mature adults of Echinocephalus pseudouncinatus Millemann, 1951 from the homed shark, Heterodontus francisci, and the bat stingray, Myliobatis californicus, from the Gulf of California, Mexico, are described. During the third molt the number of rows of hooks on the head increases from 8 to the definitive number of approximately 19. The taxonomy of the genus is discussed, and E. spinosissimus (von Linstow, 1905) is reduced to synonymy with E. uncinatus Molin, 1858. The type species E. uncinatus is redescribed and the generic definition is emended. A key to the species of Echinocephalus is presented. The life history of echinocephalids is discussed. It is concluded that the definitive hosts, elasmobranch fishes, may become infected either directly by the ingestion of encysted juveniles in the obligatory intermediate hosts, various mollusks, or indirectly by the ingestion of similar juveniles in transport hosts, various teleost fishes. Millemann (1951) described a new species of Echinocephalus, E. pseudouncinatus, based solely on juvenile worms encysted in the foot of the pink abalone, Haliotis corrugata, from San Clemente Island, California. In 1953 Dr. Clark P. Read collected a large number of echinocephalids from elasmobranchs in the Gulf of California, Mexico, and these specimens were kindly made available to the writer for study. Examination of this material has resulted in the following findings: (1) validation of the species E. pseudouncinatus and extension of the species description to include adult and juvenile stages; (2) clarification of the taxonomy of the genus; and (3) clarification of the life history of these parasites. The present paper is concerned with these observations.

The anatomy of Liga brevis (von Linstow, 1884) Dubinina, 1953, a cyclophllidean tapeworm from the golden-plover. Pluvialis apricaria (L.) and some discussion on the genus Liga Weinland, 1857.

Liga brevis (von Linstow, 1884) Dubinina, 1953, is recorded for the first time in the British Isles.Detailed descriptions are given of the external features, integument and musculature, excretory system, nervous system and reproductive system of Liga brevis.The relationship of Liga brevis to other species of the genus Liga Weinland, 1857, settstt Ransom, 1909, is discussed and new information on the relationship of the genital ducts to the longitudinal excretory vessels in Liga facile (Meggitt, 1927) Szpotańiska, 1931, is given. The systematic position of Liga brevicollis (Fuhrmann, 1907) Sandeman, 1959, is discussed. The value of some of the morphological characters used to differentiate the species of Liga is discussed.A table showing the more important morphological and ecological features of thirteen species ascribed to Liga Weinland, 1857, sensu Ransom, 1909, is given.

Studies on the Larval Morphology of Ascaris laevis Leidy, 1856

Adult nematodes of the genus Ascaris Linn., 1758 are seldomn found in rodents. Four species are listed by Hall (1916): A. castoris Rudolphi, 1809, from Castor fiber; A. laevis Leidy, 1856 from Marmota (Arctomys) monax; A. pigmentata von Linstow, 1897, from Marmota marmota; Ascaris sp., reported by Parona in 1909, from Mus minutoides. Ascaris castoris and Ascaris sp. were inadequately described and A. laevis was recently redescribed by Tiner (1951) from specimens obtained from Pennsylvanian and Alaskan woodchucks. Tiner also considered worms identified as A. columnaris Leidy, 1856 by Linsdale to be variant of A. laevis. Because of certain morphological characteristics possessed by A. pigmentata which resemble those of the subfamily Anisakinae Railliet and Henry, 1912, Hall felt that this species belonged in another genus. He further suggested that perhaps Ascaris sp. and A. castoris were erroneously placed. Ascaris joffi, from Citellus pygmaerus and A. tarbagan, from Marmota sibirica were described by Schultz (1931). Ascaris lumbricoides, genotype, is primarily a parasite of humans and pigs; however, there have been several reports of the accidental occurrence of the species in sciurids (Sciurus niger, by Rausch and Tiner, 1948 and by Thomas (cited by Brown and Yeager, 1945); S. indicus listed by Baylis, 1939) and murids (Ondatra zibethica by Tiner and Chin, 1948). Specimens of A. laevis were collected from several ground squirrels, Citellus undulatus, on St. Lawrence Island, Alaska by Dr. L. J. Thomas and the writer. The range of infection was 2 to 4 worms per animal. Because of the infrequent occurrence of members of the genus in rodents and the lack of adequate information relative to the life history of such forms, experimental studies with the species were undertaken. Pathology in experimentally infected hosts due to A. laevis was reported by the writer (1959) and a paper on the trachealmigration of the species is in press. The present study on larval morphology is primarily based upon material observed in and recovered from experimentally infected hosts (Citellus tridecemlineatus, C. franklini, and Marmota monax).

THE MORPHOLOGY AND LIFE-HISTORY OF THE DIGENETIC TREMATODE, ASYMPHYLODORA AMNICOLAE N. SP.; THE POSSIBLE SIGNIFICANCE OF PROGENESIS FOR THE PHYLOGENY OF THE DIGENEA

Previous articleNext article No AccessJournal ArticlesTHE MORPHOLOGY AND LIFE-HISTORY OF THE DIGENETIC TREMATODE, ASYMPHYLODORA AMNICOLAE N. SP.; THE POSSIBLE SIGNIFICANCE OF PROGENESIS FOR THE PHYLOGENY OF THE DIGENEAHORACE W. STUNKARDHORACE W. STUNKARDU. S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts Search for more articles by this author U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MassachusettsPDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Biological Bulletin Volume 117, Number 3December 1959 Published in association with the Marine Biological Laboratory Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2307/1538867 Views: 43Total views on this site © 1959 Marine Biological LaboratoryPDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

The life history and development of Toxascaris leonina (von Linstow 1902) in the dog and cat.

1. The nomenclature and host specificity ofToxascaris leoninais reviewed and the conclusion reached that this parasite occurs in a wide range of feline and canine hosts. Notice is given of application to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, for the suppression ofAscaris leptopteraRudolphi 1809 andA. micropteraRudolphi, 1819, which appear to be senior synonyms ofToxascaris leonina. The synonyms and hosts ofT. leoninaare tabulated.2. The distribution and growth of the larvae ofT. leoninain experimentally infected mice, cats, and dogs is reported. A feline and a canine strain were used for these infections and infection of cats and dogs was produced both by feeding the eggs containing second-stage larvae and by feeding mouse tissues containing third-stage larvae.

The Effects of Low Temperatures on Larval Cestodes and Other Helminths in Fish

Our knowledge of the resistance of larval cestodes and other helminths to low temperatures has been derived mainly from the efforts of European investigators. In Russia, Titova (1955) employed two temperatures, -6? and -18?C, to determine the freezing time required to kill plerocercoid larvae of Diphyllobothrium latum L. in pike (Esox lucius). Her findings suggest that the time of freezing required to kill the larvae is roughly proportional to the weight of the fish. For example, at -6?C, 7 days of freezing were required to kill larvae in a 9 kg fish, whereas only 2 days were needed to accomplish similar results in a 700 gm fish. The Italian workers Scolari and Monzini (1954), using yellow perch (Perca fluviatilis) of comparatively uniform weight (70 gm), were able to kill encysted plerocercoid larvae of Diphyllobothrium latum by exposing the hosts to the following temperatures: 0?C for 20 days, -5?C for 72 hours, -15?C for 8 hours, -40?C for 2 hours. These findings led the writer to attempt to determine the survival capabilities during subjection to various low temperatures of some of the larval helminths occurring in fresh-water fishes of Alaska. Such determinations would le of interest for two reasons. (1) Knowledge of the comparative effect of temperature, limited to 1 species at present, would be extended to include several species of Diphyllobothrium, 1 of Triaenophorus, and ascarids (Porrocaecum sp.). (2) The information might prove useful to public health workers interested in preventing fish tapeworm infections among the Eskimos of central and western Alaska. These peoples habitually consume raw or partially cooked fishes carrying the larvae of these tapeworms. In a recent study of enteric infections in the Bethel-Napaskiak area, Fournelle and Wallace (1958) found ova of Diphyllobothrium spp. in about 30 per cent of the human stool specimens examined, while a similar investigation by Rausch (unpublished data) at Hooper Bay in 1957 showed approximately the same rate of infection. Since it is generally suspected by medical investigators, both in this country and Europe, that tapeworms compete with their hosts for certain nutrients, such as vitamin B12, the development of a preventive measure which would destroy the larval cestode in fishes used as foods would be of particular value for the native peoples of western Alaska. This investigation included the following hosts and their helminth larvae: blackfish (Dallia pectoralis Bean), Diphyllobothrium dalliae Rausch and Triaenophorus sp.; whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus pidschian (Gmelin)), Diphyllobothrium sp.; red salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum)), Diphyllobothrium ursi Rausch; rainbow smelt (Osmerus dentex Steindachner), Diphyllobothrium osmeri von Linstow and Porrocaecum sp.; rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson),

STUDIES ON STRONGYLOIDES OF PRIMATES: V. SYNONYMY OF THE SPECIES IN MONKEYS AND APES

A study of the comparative morphology and life history of S. fülleborni, S. cebus, and S. simiae in both the parasitic and free-living generations under different environmental conditions, and their comparison with the free-living stages from faeces of Old World and New World primates has led to the conclusion that the three species should be synonymized into one, for which the name Strongyloides fülleborni von Linstow (1905) has priority.

STUDIES ON STRONGYLOIDES OF PRIMATES: I. MORPHOLOGY AND LIFE HISTORY OF STRONGYLOIDES FÜLLEBORNI VON LINSTOW, 1905

A detailed description is given of the parasitic females and free-living stages of Slrongyloides fiilleborni von Linstow, 1905, from Indian rhesus monkeys.

Studies on the Helminth Fauna of Alaska. XXXII. Hymenolepis echinorostrae n. sp., a Cestode from the Lesser Scaup, Aythya affinis (Eyton)

Five species of cestodes were obtained by the writer from 3 adult lesser scaup ducks, Aythya affinis (Eyton) collected at Amchitka Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska, on June 13, 1952. These birds (1 female, 2 males) were heavily parasitized with the following species: Diorchis acuminata (Clerc, 1902) ; Fimbriaria fasciolaris (Pallas, 1871) ; Hymenolepis arcuata Kowalewski, 1904; Hymenolepis macracantha (von Linstow, 1877); and a species of the genus Hymenolepis, heretofore unknown, which is described herein.

THE MORPHOLOGY AND LIFE-HISTORY OF THE DIGENETIC TREMATODE, AZYGIA SEBAGO WARD, 1910

A chronological account of the genus Azygia discloses discordant observations and divergent opinions. Dawes (1946) recognized only a single species, A. lucii, in Europe. In it he included A. robusta Odhner, 1911, which reaches a length of 47 mm. and Ptychogonimus volgensis von Linstow, 1907, which measures 5 to 6 mm. in length and had been transferred to Azygia as a valid species by Odhner (1911). In America several species have been described, but there is no agreement on the number that are distinct and valid. In fact, there is no adequate information on the extent of variation that occurs in a natural species, and consequently on the features that can be relied on to distinguished between species. This situation is not peculiar to Azygia, but obtains in many genera. It is the natural result of development by members of a parasitic species in different hosts, invertebrate and vertebrate, often of different taxonomic groups, which differ in their nutritional and other physiological conditions, and accord...

On the family Parasubuluridae van den Berghe & Vuylsteke, 1938, and the subfamily Numidicinae López-Neyra, 1945 (Nematoda).

1. Oxynema crassispiculum (Sonsino, 1889) has been redescribed and shown to possess two spicules.2. The genus Numidica Barreto, 1919 has been shown to be synonymous with the genus Oxynema von Linstow, 1899.3. The genus Oxynema has been redefined and a synonymic list is given of the species that it now contains.4. Oxynema typicum Kreis, 1940 is considered to be a species incertae sedis.5. Baylisnumidica petrodromi (Baylis, 1934) has been redescribed and shown to belong to the genus Parasubulura Berghe & Vuylsteke, 1938.6. The family Parasubuluridae is reduced to subfamily rank, and placed in the family Subuluridae.

Studies on the Helminth Fauna of Alaska. X. Morphological Variation in Hymenolepis horrida (Von Linstow, 1901) (Cestoda: Hymenolepididae)

Specific identification of hymenolepidid cestodes whose life cycles are unknown is, of necessity, based upon morphological characters which are frequently subject to variation. Cestodes of the genus Hymenolepis Weinland, 1858, parasitic in certain rodent groups, are especially difficult to differentiate if they do not possess scolex armature; such characters as number, size, and shape of hooks are relatively stable. Any attempt toward the establishment of valid differential taxonomic characters for these may present problems which often appear insurmountable because of intersegmental and interstrobilar morphological variation. With the possible exception of intersegmental variation in certain specimens, the differences between strobilae of the same occurring together in a single host individual are generally slight. However, differences may appear to be marked when comparisons are made of specimens from a large series of conspecific host animals. Individual differences often become apparent in such specimens if the hosts represent widely separated geographical localities. In cestode which do not evidence very strict host specificity, it is possible that morphological variation may be more pronounced than in with more rigid host specificity. The possible influence of the host species, however, cannot be evaluated at present, since the phylogenetic relationships of most unarmed hymenolepidid cestodes, together with their ecological associations within either the definitive or the intermediate host, are too poorly known to permit any judgment. In order to better understand the taxonomic status of a given and those forms most closely resembling it morphologically, it is essential to ascertain the significance of the morphological differences and determine the limits of variation. Only an abundance of material, collected from various host over a wide geographical range, affords the best opportunity for determination of the extent of variation, and the consequent recognition of a completely graded series. Results obtained through a critical analysis of variable may broaden the species-concept as established by the original description, making necessary a revision of the diagnosis. This knowledge should preclude the description of additional new species which are too often based on material representing only an unknown in the pattern of variation of an already described species. During the course of routine identification, certain morphological differences were observed in a number of specimens of Hymenolepis horrida (von Linstow, 1901). The writer has attempted to determine the significance of these differences with regard to speciation, through a critical study of a series of cestodes from various microtine rodents (Table 1) collected over a wide geographical range. It is the purpose of this paper to present data derived from this study and to apply resulting information toward the clarification of the taxonomic status of H. horrida.

Pseudoporrorchis teliger, a new species of acanthocephala from Java

Joyeux & Baer, in 1935, recognized a new genus when they described Pseudoporrorchis houdemeri, a new species of Acanthocephala taken from the intestine of Centropus sinensis intermedius at Tonkin, Indo-China. They reviewed the literature and assigned four additional species to this genus as follows: Echinorhynchus rotundatus von Linstow, 1897; E. centropi Porta, 1910; E. bulbocaudatus Southwell & Macfie, 1925; and E. centropusi Tubangui, 1933. These same authors presented a tabular comparison of the five species, based upon all of the usual morphological details utilized in formulating specific descriptions. Morphologically the five species show close conformity in all essential features. In their host relations they are equally uniform in that each species utilizes some species of the avian genus Centropus as its definitive host. In the present paper a sixth species of this genus is described in which the same adherence to general morphological pattern is observed, although the definitive hosts are mammals instead of the customary bird hosts.

The Genus Anonchotaenia (Cestoda: Dilepididae) from North American Birds, with the Description of a New Species

Cestodes of the genus Anonchotaenia Cohn, 1900 have been little studied and in general are not well known in North America. The purpose of this paper is to review briefly the literature, with special reference to North American forms, and present a description of a new species. A key to the species and a parasite-host list which includes several new hosts are also presented. The genus Anonchotaenia was proposed by Cohn (1900) for a cestode from Parus c. caeruleus, with A. clava as the type species. Von Linstow (1879) described Taenia Rudolphiana (syn. T. Loxiae recurvirostrae Blumenbach, 1779), T. globata, and T. breviceps, which Fuhrmann (1908) recognized to be synonymous with A. clava. Fuhrmann also selected A. globata as the most suitable for the type species. The description of the genus Anonchotaenia was not complete, and Fuhrmann (1901) proposed the name Anurina with A. longiovata as the type. A nurina inermis was mentioned as a further species, but no qualifying description was given. Fuhrmann (1901), in a correction, indicated that Anurina should have been written Amerina. Cohn (1901) gave a complete redescription of Anonchotaenia clava, which definitely established the characters of the genus. Clerc (1902) described Amerina inermis n. sp. from Sitta uralensis Licht., but in a later paper (1903) gives Fuhrmann credit for the species. Clerc (1903) recognized that the species he assigned to Amerina inermis was an undescribed species, and consequently redescribed it under the name Anonchotaenia bobica. Diamare (1901) makes a brief reference to the genus as Anurina. Both Anurina and Amerina must be considered synonyms of Anonchotaenia. The genus Zosteropicola was erected by Johnston (1912) for a cestode from Zosterops lateralis (Lath.), with Z. clelandi as type. Fuhrmann (1918) considered this genus to be identical with Anonchotaenia, and was dubious as to the existence of an armed rostellum, which was described for Z. clelandi. Fuhrmann (1918) did not think it justifiable to create a new genus for this species, even though an armed rostellum might exist, since it apparently agreed in all other respects with the characters of Anonchotaenia. A. clelandi is not included in the key or host list given below. Until more evidence is presented, or the type reexamined, this species must remain doubtful. There are now apparently 15 valid species in the genus Anonchotaenia: (1) A. globata (von Linstow, 1879) (syn. T. Rudolphiana von Linstow, 1879;

Studies on the Life History and Development of Macracanthorhynchus ingens Meyer, 1933, with a Redescription of the Adult Worm

This worm was first described by von Linstow (1879) as Echinorhynchus ingens. Travassos (1917) placed it in the genus Prosthenorchis. Meyer (1933) removed it from Prosthenorchis and included it in the genus Macracanthorhynchus on the basis of the large size of the body and the nature of the outer shell of the egg. Meyer's description of the species, taken from von Linstow's original description, contains only the following meager data: Body 145 mm long, 3 mm wide, irregularly wrinkled. Proboscis with 6 rows of hooks (transverse rows), hooks 0.23 mm long. Eggs 0.098 mm long, 0.056 mm wide, dark-brown in color and ellipsoidal in shape and have a double shell the outer of which is characterized by a fine network of ridges. Recorded from Procyon lotor lotor L. Since this description is inadequate in many respects, the following more extended description is given:

Studies on Cercaria szidati sp. nov., a New Furcocercous Cercaria of the Vivax Type

A new longifurcous, pharyngeate cercaria of the Vivax type has been found to develop in Campeloma sp. collected from the Tippecanoe River, near Lafayette, Indiana. Although about fifteen species of Vivax larvae have been described, C. kentuckiensis Cable, 1935, has been the only fresh water representative of the group reported from the United States. Cable (1938) extended his brief description of this species and gave a comprehensive review of the group in a paper to which the reader is referred. The present species is named in honor of Professor L. Szidat who found a very similar cercaria in East Prussia and determined it to be the larva of Linstowiella viviparae (von Linstow, 1877). Snails were collected during the summers of 1942-43 and examined for emerging cercariae which were studied alive, both unstained and with the aid of supra-vital dyes. Measurements were taken from larvae killed in hot 10% formalin because living cercariae were so active that they could not be measured without excessive cover-glass pressure. A few infected mollusks were crushed to obtain sporocysts and observe the development of cercariae. This investigation was carried out under the direction of Dr. R. M. Cable, whom I wish to thank for his interest, criticism, and suggestions.

Notes on the cestode parasites of English sparrows in Indiana

One hundred and ninety-seven English sparrows collected in the vicinity of Lafayette, Indiana, have been examined for cestode parasites. The species recovered and incidences of infection are as follows: Hymenolepis passeris (Gmelin), 2·5%; Choanotaenia passerina (Fuhrmann) provis, 3·5%; Anonchotaenia globata (von Linstow), 2·5%. Of these, Hymenolepis passeris is reported for the first time from North America. The name Haploparaxis linstowi is proposed for Aploparaksis fringillarum von Linstow nec Rudolphi. Additions are made to the present descriptions of the species observed.