Von Arnim Research Articles

Women of Letters. A Study of Self and Genre in the Personal Writing of Caroline Schlegel-Schelling, Rahel Levin Varnhagen, and Bettina von Arnim (review)

Women of Letters. A Study of Self and Genre in the Personal Writing of Caroline Schlegel-Schelling, Rahel Levin Varnhagen, and Bettina von Arnim (review)

A hitchhiker's guide to the proteasome.

Regulated degradation of proteins is essential for viability and is involved in the control of many signal transduction pathways. von Arnim discusses a new model for how substrates destined for degradation by the 26S proteasome may be presented to the proteasome through a physical interaction between the proteasome and a complex consisting of the substrate and a ubiquitin-ligase. The new model suggests that the SCF (Skp1/cullin/F-box) protein complex may physically associate with the proteasome and that this interaction may be regulated by posttranslational modifications, such as phosphorylation or the covalent attachment of the Nedd8 protein, called neddylation. Additionally, other proteins may compete with the SCF complexes for binding to the proteasome and thus present another layer of regulation for controlling substrate targeting for ubiquitin-mediated degradation.

JAB1/CSN5 and the COP9 signalosome

The Jun activating binding protein (JAB1) specifically stabilizes complexes of c-Jun or JunD with AP-1 sites, increasing the specificity of target gene activation by AP-1 proteins. JAB1 is also known as COP9 signalosome subunit 5 (CSN5), which is a component of the COP9 signalosome regulatory complex (CSN). Over the past year, JAB1/CSN5 has been implicated in numerous signaling pathways including those that regulate light signaling in plants, larval development in Drosophila, and integrin signaling, cell cycle control, and steroid hormone signaling in a number of systems. However, the general role of the CSN complex, and the specific role of JAB1/CSN5, still remain obscure. This review attempts to integrate the available data to help explain the role of JAB1/CSN5 and the COP9 signalosome in regulating multiple pathways (in this review, both JAB1 and CSN5 terminologies are used interchangeably, depending on the source material).

Identification of a structural motif that confers specific interaction with the WD40 repeat domain of Arabidopsis COP1.

Arabidopsis COP1 is a photomorphogenesis repressor capable of directly interacting with the photomorphogenesis-promoting factor HY5. This interaction between HY5 and COP1 results in targeted deg radation of HY5 by the 26S proteasome. Here we characterized the WD40 repeat domain-mediated interactions of COP1 with HY5 and two new proteins. Mutational analysis of those interactive partners revealed a conserved motif responsible for the interaction with the WD40 domain. This novel motif, with the core sequence V-P-E/D-φ-G (φ = hydrophobic residue) in conjunction with an upstream stretch of 4-5 negatively charged residues, interacts with a defined surface area of the ss-propeller assembly of the COP1 WD40 repeat domain through both hydrophobic and ionic interactions. Several residues in the COP1 WD40 domain that are critical for the interaction with this motif have been revealed. The fact that point mutations either in the COP1 WD40 domain or in the HY5 motif that abolish the interaction between COP1 and HY5 in yeast result in a dramatic reduction of HY5 degradation in transgenic plants validates the biological significance of this defined interaction.

Arabidopsis eIF3e (INT-6) Associates with Both eIF3c and the COP9 Signalosome Subunit CSN7

The Arabidopsis COP9 signalosome is a multisubunit repressor of photomorphogenesis that is conserved among eukaryotes. This complex may have a general role in development. As a step in dissecting the biochemical mode of action of the COP9 signalosome, we determined the sequence of proteins that copurify with this complex. Here we describe the association between components of the COP9 signalosome (CSN1, CSN7, and CSN8) and two subunits of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF3), eIF3e (p48, known also as INT-6) and eIF3c (p105). To obtain a biochemical marker for Arabidopsis eIF3, we cloned the Arabidopsis ortholog of the eIF3 subunit eIF3b (PRT1). eIF3e coimmunoprecipitated with CSN7, and eIF3c coimmunoprecipitated with eIF3e, eIF3b, CSN8, and CSN1. eIF3e directly interacted with CSN7 and eIF3c. However, eIF3e and eIF3b cofractionated by gel filtration chromatography in a complex that was larger than the COP9 signalosome. Whereas eIF3, as detected through eIF3b, localized solely to the cytoplasm, eIF3e, like CSN7, was also found in the nucleus. This suggests that eIF3e and eIF3c are probably components of multiple complexes and that eIF3e and eIF3c associate with subunits of the COP9 signalosome, even though they are not components of the COP9 signalosome core complex. This interaction may allow for translational control by the COP9 signalosome.

Women of Letters: A Study of Self and Genre in the Personal Writing of Caroline Schlegel-Schelling, Rahel Levin Varnhagen, and Bettina von Arnim

Daley, Marymargaret. Women of Letters: A Study of Self and Genre in the Personal Writing of Caroline Schlegel-Schelling, Rahel Levin Varnhagen, and Betting von Arnim. Columbia, SC: Camden House, 1998. 135 pp. $55.00 hardcover. As the subtitle of this small volume indicates, the focus is a study of self and genre in three of the most prominent women writers of the nineteenth century, Caroline Schlegel-- Schelling, Rahel and Bettina von Arnim. In particular, the author Marymargaret Daley explicates the personal writings of these women by analyzing how they expand the boundaries (ix) of writing, with self-discovery the goal. Daley maintains that Schlegel-Schelling defines herself as a woman intellectual against the radical backdrop of the French Revolution, that describes yearning for sublime transcendence, and that von Arnim produce[s] an idealized expression of Romantic love (x), all quest[s] for self-vision (xii). The thesis of the study is that writing is uniquely suited for an exploration of the self in progress (1). The reason given for this uniqueness is that pressures from gendered social definitions of the self and the contradictions of identity and audience give voice to the discovery of an identity that emanates from epistolary intercourse made (2). An important characteristic of writing that Daley emphasizes near the beginning of her analysis is its oral semblance and its potential for creative literary production. It is then not surprising that all three women, either independently or together with their spouses, hosted various types of salons. Daley mentions this but does not unmask any deeper correlation between the oral salon tradition and the writings of these three women, which would strengthen this study's argument. For example, Daley maintains that Bettina von Arnim seemed to enjoy turning her meetings into autobiographical monologues (52). This would be an important point to develop further in supporting the thesis of Daley's book. However, neither is this assertion documented, nor is it used in the broader line of argument. In Daley's review of the publication of Schlegel-Schelling's writings, it becomes clear how fragile these personal writings are. The way in which editors compromise and sometimes destroy the authenticity of personal writing is often overlooked. Daley, through the example of Schlegel-Schelling, illustrates the significance of this fact in her study of the role of gender and genre in women's writing during an era of male predominance. Schlegel-Schelling, with her biography of social and political connectedness, can be read most productively a series of reflections on the changing role of a woman's private life in a time of political and cultural tumult (45). In contrast to Schlegel-Schelling, who created a signed private voice and made a conscious choice not to publish her writings, created a public voice but chose to remain anonymous in her publications. Daley argues that arrive[s] at a sublime level of contemplation (56) in her writings of self-discovery. While this is by no means inaccurate, it does appear to be a bit presumptuous to claim that It]he vast majority of readers have not yet learned how to read Varnhagen in this regard (56). Daley references some of the recent literary critics who have helped us to read Varnhagen-Katherine Goodman and Elke Frederiksen, to name just two. Moreover, Daley seems to contradict herself on this point when in the same chapter she states, Her [Varnhagen's] proclivity for self-reflection pinpoints a moment of conflict that is intriguing to critical and casual readers alike [. …

Wolfgang Bunzel , Konrad Feilchenfeldt , Walter Schmitz (review)

Thomas Kopfermann looks at Ernst Jandl's critical deformations of linguistic material provided by Goethe (in his 'ein gleiches' and 'UBE!'), and ideological material provided by those claiming to be the guardiansof his inheritance (in the play diehumanisten). Jobst Sch6ne edits and comments on the rental contract for Goethe's house on the Frauenplan;we learn that in i782 the rent for it was the equivalent of DM 1200 per month. Anne Frommanncloses the volume with some aphoristicreflectionson education promptedby passagesfrom Goethe's lettersand conversations. ST PETER'S COLLEGE, OXFORD K. F. HILLIARD Schnittpunkt Romantik. Text-undQuellenstudien zurLiteratur des19. Jahrhunderts: Festschrift fur SibyllevonSteinsdorff Ed. by WOLFGANG BUNZEL,KONRADFEILCHENFELDT and WALTERSCHMITZ.Ttibingen: Niemeyer. I997. viii + 354 pp. DM I54. The scope of this collection of essays ranges from the early Goethezeit through the nineteenth century, alwayswith referenceto Romanticism. There are two kindsof contribution, editorial and interpretative,and the strengthof the volume lies in its presentation and commentary of new or relativelyunknown source material. The few textual interpretations,of DasMarmorbild (byHeide Hollmer and AlbertMeier) and Derarme Spielmann (byKonrad Feilchenfeldt),produce no startlingnew insights: the ambivalence of Christianityand Greek antiquityin the former and the debate aboutprose and poetry in the latterarefamiliarground. HartmutReinhardtargues for Egmont as a latentlyRomantic text, thus revisitingthe debate on Classicismand Romanticism, and Martin Huber draws attention to Jean Paul's Schulmeisterlein MariaWutzas a mainstreamtext within the author'soeuvre.The aim, to reinterpret compositional weak points as meta-reflection, is not, however, sustained. More substantial is Gerhard Lauer's analysis of Bettine von Arnim's representation of Jews, which represents a notable contribution to the interpretation of her work. With reference to the Dimonenbuch, an ambivalence towardsthe question ofJewish emancipation is identified and seen as symptomaticof the failurein the firsthalf of the century to come to terms with the issue. Bettine's work is unsuccessfulas she triesto romanticizeafterRomanticism. Bettine is the subject of several contributions in the volume, a reflection of the increasing interest in her person and writing. Ingrid Leitner describes light constellations in her Goethes Briefwechsel miteinemKindeas attempts to confuse the reader and convey insight in an intuitive, poetic way. Like Lauer, Leitner argues that Bettine poeticizes reality in a radical way. This argument is well known, particularlywith reference to her relationship with Goethe, and it is balanced in Bettine scholarship, and in this volume, against the view of Bettine as pragmatic social reformer (a view that Lauer addresses and rebuts with reference to the Damonenbuch). Heinz Hartl edits some of the correspondence andjournalisticwork from the period 1844-I 848, left out of the most recent edition of Bettine'swork, to illustrateher social role, and his commentary provides useful contextual material. Renate Moering traces the differentstages in the creation of a published fictional text by Achim von Arnim to which Bettine contributed. In her commentary Moering highlights the significance of these stages by investigating diverging authorial intention. Further editing work on Bettine has been done by Matthias Ferber,who reproduces an extract from Poetische Frauenbilder, a text published by August Nodnagel that is not easily accessible and therefore not widely known, describing his reaction to Bettine among other women. Her reaction is also Thomas Kopfermann looks at Ernst Jandl's critical deformations of linguistic material provided by Goethe (in his 'ein gleiches' and 'UBE!'), and ideological material provided by those claiming to be the guardiansof his inheritance (in the play diehumanisten). Jobst Sch6ne edits and comments on the rental contract for Goethe's house on the Frauenplan;we learn that in i782 the rent for it was the equivalent of DM 1200 per month. Anne Frommanncloses the volume with some aphoristicreflectionson education promptedby passagesfrom Goethe's lettersand conversations. ST PETER'S COLLEGE, OXFORD K. F. HILLIARD Schnittpunkt Romantik. Text-undQuellenstudien zurLiteratur des19. Jahrhunderts: Festschrift fur SibyllevonSteinsdorff Ed. by WOLFGANG BUNZEL,KONRADFEILCHENFELDT and WALTERSCHMITZ.Ttibingen: Niemeyer. I997. viii + 354 pp. DM I54. The scope of this collection of essays ranges from the early Goethezeit through the nineteenth century, alwayswith referenceto Romanticism. There are two kindsof contribution, editorial and interpretative,and the strengthof the volume lies in its presentation and commentary of new or relativelyunknown source material. The few textual interpretations,of DasMarmorbild (byHeide Hollmer and AlbertMeier) and Derarme Spielmann (byKonrad...

Christiane und Goethe: Eine Recherche , and: Behalte mich ja lieb! Christianes und Goethes Ehebriefe (review)

Goethe Yearbook 295 WUUams's conclusion offers an exceUent reception history, with special emphasis on Britain. Nevertheless, we finish our reading dissatisfied , and there is reason to conclude that the basic problem derives from WUUams's decision to subordUiate Goethe's Ufe and person to his work, subdivided into genres. What a dtfferent, upbeat story WiUiams might have told, had he ended his Life of Goethe, as Goethe himself did, with Faust: Part II. In conclusion, however, yet another reversal is requüed. With aU its flaws, including the (Usted and unUsted) errata, and just because of its informative detail, this is a book we'U find it necessary to own. It is indispensable as a tight compendium of biographical and Uterary facts. George Mason University Irmgard Wagner Sigrid Damm, Christiane und Goethe: Eine Recherche. Frankfurt /Main, Leipzig: Insel Verlag, 1998. 540 pp. —, ed., Behalte mich ja Heb! Christianes und Goethes Ehebriefe. Frankfurt/Main, Leipzig: Insel Verlag, 1998. 116 pp. The older Goethe scholarship devoted absurd amounts of attention to the women Ui the poet's Ufe, with the notable exception of Christiane von Goethe, née Christiana Vulpius—the now standard misspeUing of her name typifies the neglect. Yet she was the one with whom he maintained the longest continuous relationship (28 years) and whom he actuaUy married. Sigrid Damm's substantial "Recherche" takes a giant step toward rectifying this scandalous unbalance. For those with limited tüne or Uiterest for the topic, the Nachwort to her selection from Goethe's and Christiane's correspondence effectively summarizes her sensitive, thoughtful and convincing démystification of Goethe's relationship with his wife. But it is worth the additional time to read the fuUer version Ui the "Recherche" and to foUow Damm in her leisurely analysis of the letters and other materials packed with detaUs of theü daUy Ufe and punctuated with provocative questions. The book mounts a convincing case for a Christiane quite dtfferent from the frowsy, alcoholic sourpuss cattUy described by Goethe's friends—Charlotte von Stein, Charlotte von Schüler, Bettina von Arnim, Riemer among others—and enemies. (But his mother adored her, as she would, Damm suggests, have loved anyone who took proper care of her spoUed son.) Christiane emerges as the capable manager of a complex and hospitable household—during her tüne as Goethe's UveUi mistress she was universaUy referred to Ui WeUnar as "die von Goeth'sche Haushälterin." She supervised and trained servants, shared Ui the labors of the household, managed finances, arranged to rent land for the various gardens Ui which she hersetf raised much of theü food, managed repeated quarterings of soldiers on the household, coUected and shipped books, materials and food for the many months of the year that Goethe spent working m Jena, forwarded his correspondence Ui both düections, ran interference for him with unwelcome visitors and 296 Book Reviews even official demands, mediated between him and various of his actors on several occasions and kept an eye on the troupe for several summers in Bad Lauchstädt. No one has ever contested that she was an effective housekeeper, at least for much of the tune they were together, but the degree to which she shared Ui some of Goethe's more official capacities teUs a new story. Yet this is not just a book about Christiane. Damm tries rather to evoke the detaüs of daUy Ufe from which to distUl the story of the relationship between Christiane and Goethe. Since the primary evidence must be drawn from theü correspondence, the narrative is necessarily focused on the times they spent apart. And indeed, after the middle of the 1790s Goethe spent much of each year m Jena, apparently for a variety of reasons: to be with Schüler, to be m the Uvely inteUectual environment at the university there, to escape the noisy Kegelbahn next door in WeUnar, to escape the annoying distraction of the court and its feuds (and its resentment of his common-law marriage) and apparently above aU, Damm suggests, to escape the demands of the physical personal life embodied in Christiane. The high-strung artist was unable to reconcUe the inteUectual and...

The Body-Some Body-Any Body: Achim von Arnim and the Romantic Chameleon

The existence, composition and interaction of body and mind or soul were important notions in the Romantic era, and the artists and writers of the period had to come to terms with new philosophical and scientific debates surrounding them. Kleist's response to Kant's philosophy is one spectacular example, the automata and doppelganger that populate E.T.A. Hoffmann's works provide further evidence, and Bonaventura's onion layers, peeling away to reveal an agonizing Nichts, is a nihilistic climax. The works of writer Achim von Arnim also present a reaction to the above which has, however, rarely been regarded as mainstream. This has been due primarily to a tenacious acceptance of the long-held view that Arnim's works lack the quality of, for example, those of Kleist or Hoffmann. A different, more defensible basis on which to differentiate Arnim from most other Romantic writers, however, is firstly the extent to which he was involved in scientific research and the seriousness with which he pursued these studies, contributing to learned journals alongside Schelling and Ritter and, like them, considered authoritative in the field, and secondly the fact that he did not lose this interest once he began to concentrate his energies on writing fiction. Recognition of the latter considerations in recent and ongoing research on Arnim offers scope for reinterpreting the former cliched perception of Arnim as a second-rate Romantic by analyzing his creative writing as a response to contemporary scientific debate, in other words, by evaluating his works on his own terms. This paper aims to do this with specific reference to the presentation of body through the medium of the fictional characters in his short prose works. A frequent criticism of Arnim's works has been that his characters are lifeless due to his (or his narrator's) Olympian detachment; it has been said that he treats his characters like a child his toys.' One of Arnim's first critics, Heinrich Heine, took this interpretation to an extreme in Romantische Schule: Wenn [...] Arnim seine Toten beschwort, so ist es, als ob ein General Heerschau halte, and er sitzt so ruhig auf seinem hohen Geisterschimmel and laBt die entsetzlichen Scharen vor sich vorbeidefilieren. I It is easy to forge a link between these comparisons and a vision of Arnim the scientist, who watches from on high how his characters behave as if conducting a scientific experiment. The implication in each case being that Arnim's bodies have no soul (interpreted in this article as the spiritual part of a human being). Such statements are merely descriptive and not always perceptive. New scholarship on Arnim has greatly improved our awareness of the nature and quality of his work as a scientist and demonstrated its importance for his creative writing.3 Roswitha Burwick argues in this context that Arnim's notions of nature, politics, history and human behavior are derived from his scientific studies.4 In particular she argues that Arnim observed the empirical world and saw it and the bodies that populate it function according to physical and chemical forces and to actions and reactions that cannot always be perceived nor categorized and are unpredictable. Moreover, as matter is organic rather than static, nothing and no-body in the empirical world can ever remain the same over time, indeed, all matter changes every second. Klaus Stein identifies these principles as central to Romantic natural science: Die Erklarbarkeit der qualitativen Verschiedenheit der Materie, des Werdens and Vergehens der Stoffe im chemischen ProzeB erwies sick als Crux der romantischen Naturphilosophie and -wissenschaft.5 He quotes as follows from Schelling's Ideen zu einer Philosophie der Natur als Einleitung in das Studium dieser Wissenschaft(1797): Objekte selbst konnen wir nur als Produkte von Krdften betrachten, and damit verschwindet von selbst das Himgespinst von Dingen an sick, die die Ursachen unserer Vorstellung seyn sollten [. …

Dierk Wolters (review)

MLR, 96.I, 200I MLR, 96.I, 200I documented and Nodnagel's presentation compared with Bettine's selfpresentation . Bettine'smother Maximiliane, and her sisterSophie, are the focus of an essay by Ursula Puschel, who transcribesan interestingmanuscript,Lebensregeln, written for Sophie by Maximiliane, which offersinsight into the Brentano family patriarchy, but follows this with pedestrian comments that merely reinforce establishedviews of theprotagonists.Essaysby UlrikeLandfesterandJudith Purver give biographicaland bibliographicalinformationon lesswell-knownwomen of the restorationperiod:Anna von Arnim, Bettine'sdaughter-in-law,whose correspondence with her husband Freimunddocuments the events of I848 and offersinsight into the Arnim familycircle, and Caroline Auguste Fischer,whose short storiesare shown to representa specificallyfemale voice of the times throughcomparisonand contrast with Kleist's stories and the Grimms' Mdrchen. Forgotten males of the period are spotlighted by Wolfgang Bunzel, who edits the correspondence of two Young Hegelians, Eduard Meyen and Arnold Ruge, importantin their time, who contributed to the public debate. The letters refer constantly to this debate and thereforehave a high informationvalue. Roger Paulin investigates nineteenth-century expeditions to New Zealand and discusses the now forgotten explorer Andreas Reischek's Sterbende Welt as a contemporaryculturaldocument. The volume also containscontributionson Polish and Dutch Romanticism (Marek Zybura and Carel ter Haar), both of which are probably relativelyunknown to Germanistsand so offernew comparative sources. Each contributorgoes beyond the purely descriptiveto consider certainissuestheir particular comparison raises. Walter Schmitz's contribution is also comparative in nature. He analyses the presentation of society and art in Mdrchenby E. T. A. Hoffnann, Hans ChristianAndersen and the neglected Wilhelm Hauff, to identifycertaincommon thematic complexes. The new, the little-known,and the foreignprovide usefulnew sourcematerialon nineteenth-centuryliteratureand culture in this collection of essays. Commentary on thesetextsprovidesfurthercontextualmaterialand offersinterpretativeavenues. Forthese reasonsthis volume is a worthwhileventure and the overallqualityof the contributionsmakesit a solid collection of scholarship. UNIVERSITY OF STRATHCLYDE SHEILA DICKSON Zwischen Metaphysik undPolitik.7Thomas MannsRomanJosephundseineBriider' in seiner Zeit. By DIERKWOLTERS.Tubingen: Niemeyer. 1998. 331 pp. DM 96. It is tempting to think of Thomas Mann's Josephtetralogy as an escape, from the threateningpolitical and personal upheavalsof the period 1926 to 1942 in which it was written, into the biblical world of 'Patriarchenluft'(Goethe). It is usually conceded, though, that the last of the four novels, JosephderEmdhrer, reflects something of Mann's fascinationin exile with Roosevelt and his New Deal and has acquireda more obviouslypolitical dimension. DierkWolters,however, arguespersuasivelyin thiscomprehensiveand brilliantly written study that by placing the four novels firmly in the changing intellectual, philosophical, and cultural context of the sixteen years of their genesis we can simultaneouslytrace Mann's own intellectual development and understandmuch more how significantthey really are. The core concern of Mann's own intellectual strugglewas the attemptto balance the opposingpull of two complex forceshe liked to conceive of as 'Geist' and 'Leben', or as the title suggests as 'Metaphysik'and 'Politik'. Notwithstanding the terminological awkwardnessof these concepts and their ever-shiftingmeaning, Wolters successfullydemonstratesthat the issues they documented and Nodnagel's presentation compared with Bettine's selfpresentation . Bettine'smother Maximiliane, and her sisterSophie, are the focus of an essay by Ursula Puschel, who transcribesan interestingmanuscript,Lebensregeln, written for Sophie by Maximiliane, which offersinsight into the Brentano family patriarchy, but follows this with pedestrian comments that merely reinforce establishedviews of theprotagonists.Essaysby UlrikeLandfesterandJudith Purver give biographicaland bibliographicalinformationon lesswell-knownwomen of the restorationperiod:Anna von Arnim, Bettine'sdaughter-in-law,whose correspondence with her husband Freimunddocuments the events of I848 and offersinsight into the Arnim familycircle, and Caroline Auguste Fischer,whose short storiesare shown to representa specificallyfemale voice of the times throughcomparisonand contrast with Kleist's stories and the Grimms' Mdrchen. Forgotten males of the period are spotlighted by Wolfgang Bunzel, who edits the correspondence of two Young Hegelians, Eduard Meyen and Arnold Ruge, importantin their time, who contributed to the public debate. The letters refer constantly to this debate and thereforehave a high informationvalue. Roger Paulin investigates nineteenth-century expeditions to New Zealand and discusses the now forgotten explorer Andreas Reischek's Sterbende Welt as a contemporaryculturaldocument. The volume also containscontributionson Polish and Dutch Romanticism (Marek Zybura and Carel ter Haar), both of which are probably relativelyunknown to Germanistsand so offernew comparative sources. Each contributorgoes beyond the purely descriptiveto consider certainissuestheir particular comparison raises. Walter Schmitz's contribution...

Women writers of the 1930s: gender, politics and history

This volume of new writings has a double purpose: to question Auden's description of the 1930s as a 'low dishonest decade' and to draw attention to the richness, complexity and diversity of women's writing of the period and how this deals with issues of politics, gender and history. The writers discussed include Elizabeth von Arnim, Elizabeth Bowen, Katherine Burdekin, Nancy Cunard, Storm Jameson, Rosamond Lehmann, Naomi Mitchison, Jean Rhys, Sylvia Townsend Warner, Rebecca West and Virginia Woolf. Key Features * A clear and informative introduction by Maroula Joannou sets the writers in historical and literary context * The essays deal with Modernist texts as well as traditional modes of writing, and with neglected and well-known writers * An important challenge to the ways in which the literature of the 1930s has been traditionally understood which questions the myth of the Auden generation * Brings together a range of distinguished contributors all of whom are experienced university teachers who all contribute new research

Women of Letters: A Study of Self and Genre in the Personal Writing of Caroline Schlegel-Schelling, Rahel Levin Varnhagen, and Bettina von Arnim

Women of Letters: A Study of Self and Genre in the Personal Writing of Caroline Schlegel-Schelling, Rahel Levin Varnhagen, and Bettina von Arnim

Towards Emancipation: German Women Writers of the Nineteenth Century

Germany has produced some influential women writers and thinkers. This book discussing some of the writers in the nineteenth century, beginning with late-Romantic writers, such as Bettina von Arnim and Johanna Schopenhauer, and goes on to discuss writers who were active in the 1848 Revolution such as Malwida von Meysenbug and Johanna Kinkel.

A Simple & Nondestructive Technique for Measuring Plant Growth & Development

Research Article| March 01 2000 A Simple & Nondestructive Technique for Measuring Plant Growth & Development Andrew J. Wood, Andrew J. Wood Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Jason Roper Jason Roper Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar The American Biology Teacher (2000) 62 (3): 215–217. https://doi.org/10.2307/4450877 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Andrew J. Wood, Jason Roper; A Simple & Nondestructive Technique for Measuring Plant Growth & Development. The American Biology Teacher 1 March 2000; 62 (3): 215–217. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/4450877 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentThe American Biology Teacher Search This content is only available via PDF. Copyright The National Association of Biology Teachers Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Nuclear and cytosolic events of light-induced, phytochrome-regulated signaling in higher plants.

Plants as sessile organisms cannot walk away but have to adapt to changes in their natural environments. Light is obviously the most important external factor, being the energy source. To regulate their fitness, the photosynthetic capacity of plants must be adapted to changes in the ambient light environment. Therefore, plants have evolved a large set of photoreceptors to monitor light quality and quantity, ranging from the UV to the infrared part of the spectrum. At least three different photoreceptor classes have been identified and analyzed: (i) UV‐B receptors, primarily characterized by action spectroscopy (Wellmann, 1983); (ii) the blue UV‐A photoreceptors, cry1 and cry2 and phototropine (Ahmad and Cashmore, 1993; Christie et al ., 1998; Lin et al ., 1998); and (iii) the red/far‐red reversible phytochromes. These photoreceptors control different aspects of plant growth and development, and in this review we focus on the physiological and molecular events regulated by the most characterized plant photoreceptors, the phytochromes. In higher plants, phytochromes are encoded by a small multigene family; five genes ( PHYA–PHYE , Sharrock and Quail, 1989; Clack et al ., 1994) have been identified in Arabidopsis . Phytochromes exist as dimers composed of two 125 kDa polypeptides, each carrying a covalently linked tetrapyrrol chromophore in the N‐terminal domain and dimerization domains in the C‐terminal domain. The photosensory function of the molecule is based on its capacity for reversible interconversion between the red light‐absorbing Pr form and the far‐red light absorbing Pfr form following sequential absorption of red and far‐red light. Photosignal perception by the receptor is followed by conformational changes, and activates, through an as yet poorly understood mechanism, signaling pathways leading to changes in the expression of genes that underlie developmental responses to light (Quail et al ., 1995). In order to finely tune their …

Female Language Theory in the Age of Goethe: Three Case Studies

By the close of the German Romantic Movement there existed a well-entrenched corpus of sophisticated reflections on language by the German male writing fraternity. Overlooked hitherto is the contribution of intellectual women authors to the philosophy of language discourse. This article draws on the (mainly) confessional writings of Sophie Mereau, Rahel Varnhagen, and Bettine von Arnim in order to provide persuasive evidence of a weibliches Sprachdenken' that moves beyond mainstream theorizing and seeks to challenge phallocentric language constructs by (re)claiming an 'authentic' language capable of incorporating the range of women's experience.

Konstanze Bäumer / Hartwig Schultz, Bettina von Arnim - Elke P. Frederiksen / Katherine R. Goodman (Hgg.), Bettina Brentano-von Arnim. Gender and Politics

Article Konstanze Bäumer / Hartwig Schultz, Bettina von Arnim - Elke P. Frederiksen / Katherine R. Goodman (Hgg.), Bettina Brentano-von Arnim. Gender and Politics was published on January 1, 1999 in the journal Arbitrium (volume 17, issue 1).

Acting Out: Bettine as Performer of Feminine Genius

Genius, which is traditionally coded as masculine, is rewritten by Bettina von Arnim in her epistolary novel Die Günderode . In the dialogue between the character Bettine and her friend and mentor Karoline, the author outlines a concept of feminine genius that oscillates between creativity and aesthetic control. Bettine, who "acts out" in ways that challenge social mores, becomes the source of creative actions. These are then tempered by Karoline's careful attention to artistic and cultural history. The result is a subversive form of feminine genius that challenges conventional concepts of art and artistic practice. (LCR)

Genetic and developmental control of nuclear accumulation of COP1, a repressor of photomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis.

Using a beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter-COP1 fusion transgene, it was shown previously that Arabidopsis COP1 acts within the nucleus as a repressor of seedling photomorphogenic development and that high inactivation of COP1 was accompanied by a reduction of COP1 nuclear abundance (A.G. von Arnim, X.-W. Deng [1994] Cell 79: 1035-1045). Here we report that the GUS-COP1 fusion transgene can completely rescue the defect of cop1 mutations and thus is fully functional during seedling development. The kinetics of GUS-COP1 relocalization in a cop1 null mutant background during dark/light transitions imply that the regulation of the functional nuclear COP1 level plays a role in stably maintaining a committed seedling's developmental fate rather than in causing such a commitment. Analysis of GUS-COP1 cellular localization in mutant hypocotyls of all pleiotropic COP/DET/FUS loci revealed that nuclear localization of GUS-COP1 was diminished under both dark and light conditions in all mutants tested, whereas nuclear localization was not affected in the less pleiotropic cop4 mutant. Using both the brassinosteroid-deficient mutant det2 and brassinosteroid treatment of wild-type seedlings, we have demonstrated that brassinosteroid does not control the hypocotyl cell elongation through regulation nuclear localization of COP1. The growth regulator cytokinin, which also dramatically reduced hypocotyl cell elongation in the absence of light, did not prevent GUS-COP1 nuclear localization in dark-grown seedlings. Our results suggest that all of the previously characterized pleiotropic COP/DET/FUS loci are required for the proper nuclear localization of the COP1 protein in the dark, whereas the less pleiotropic COP/DET loci or plant regulators tested are likely to act either downstream of COP1 or by independent pathways.

Facets of the generalized permutahedron of a poset

Given a poset P as a precedence relation on a set of jobs with processing time vector p, the generalized permutahedron perm( P, p) of P is defined as the convex hull of all job completion time vectors corresponding to a linear extension of P. Thus, the generalized permutahedron allows for the single machine weighted flowtime scheduling problem to be formulated as a linear programming problem over perm( P, p). Queyranne and Wang [8]as well as von Arnim and Schrader [2]gave a collection of valid inequalities for this polytope. Here we present a description of its geometric structure that depends on the series decomposition of the poset P, prove a dimension formula for perm( P, p), and characterize the facet inducing inequalities under the known classes of valid inequalities.