Volyn Region Research Articles

Algorithm for accounting for the cost of International freight transportation: influencing factors and information support

The article describes the peculiarities of accounting for the cost of international freight transportation. The purpose of the article is to generalize the cost accounting experience and develop proposals for improving the pricing algorithm under different conditions. The results of the study are based on questionnaire data of 20 enterprises and entrepreneurs-carriers of the Volyn region, whose main type of service is international transportation. Most of them (18 out of 20 enterprises) belong to the general classification of micro- and small enterprises, which characterizes this business as small, 2 enterprises belong to the average in terms of the number of employees and the currency of the balance sheet. For the purpose of research, they were divided into 3 groups: small (0–10 employees), medium (11–20 employees), large (21–30 employees). In order to study the peculiarities of cost formation, their distribution was carried out by the number of cars, as this affects the number of transportations. The main principles of formation and calculation of the cost of freight transportation, types of cost of freight transportation, composition of cost items that form the cost of transportation are considered. The main influencing factors that led to changes in the cost of road transportation are characterized: the influence of military actions, the influence of the size of the enterprise, the influence of the volume of work performed by a unit of motor vehicles. According to the results of the assessment of the factors affecting the cost of road transportation, it was established that the share of production costs decreases with the increase in the size of the enterprise, while the share of general production and other costs increases, that is, micro-enterprises are more flexible.

CHRISTIAN HUMANISM IN THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF THE EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY OF ORTHODOX PRIESTS IN VOLYN (XIX - EARLY XX CENTURIES)

The article justifies the essence and specificity of Christian humanism as a theoretical phenomenon and the practical basis of the activity of Orthodox priests-educators in Volyn in the 19th and early 20th centuries. It has been found that the Christian humanist foundations of Ukrainian Orthodoxy allows for extrapolating them to the general state of schooling at various historical stages of its development. It has been established that Christian humanism in the educational space of the Volyn region of this period can be considered in both theoretical and practical contexts. The peculiarities of the theory of Christian humanism in the scientific activity of Volyn priests-educators Apollonius Sendulskii, archpriest Andrii Khoynatskii, archbishop Agafangel (Solovyov), archbishop Vitalii (Gregulevych) and others are substantiated. The opinion about the crisis of Christian morality of the 19th century in the daily life of citizens as the object of theoretical investigations of Volyn priests of the studied period is justified. In the context of the practical implementation of the foundations of Christian humanism in the education process in parish schools and spiritual educational institutions in Volyn, the significance of the set of basic Christian virtues that children should learn in the first years of education in parish schools of the Volyn region has been proven. The formulated conclusion is that in the studied period, the Orthodox priesthood of Volyn was based on the theory and practice of Christian humanism from the classical biblical foundations of the training of Christian virtues in children during their education; only occasionally did the priests pay attention to the vast experience of the moral and ethical upbringing of children in the family accumulated by the Ukrainian people, enshrined in national traditions, customs, and rituals.

Temporary trends and factors of birth rate in Ukraine: regional dimension

The demographic problem is surprisingly acute for Ukraine. Research trends factors and structural and dynamic features of birth rate will allow determining socio-economic and demographic trends, including their variations across regions. The purpose of the article is to establish regional features of modern trends and factors of fertility in Ukraine in the 21st century. The article presents an analysis of the dynamics of the birth rate in Ukraine based on the analysis of official statistics. Periods of minimum and maximum values have been established taking into account the leading factors and differences by type of settlements. The characteristics of changes in the sex-age structure of the population of Ukraine and the age-related fertility rate in the context of leading factors and differences by types of settlements are given. Based on the standardization of demographic coefficients, the degree of influence of internal factors affecting the birth rate in the regions of Ukraine was determined. A significant share of births in older fertility groups was identified, which confirms the trends of the second demographic transition, the spread of the phenomenon of "late motherhood" and the so-called "pro-European" model of reproductive behavior, which is more characteristic of highly urbanized regions of Ukraine. On the basis of cluster analysis, regional peculiarities of trends and factors of fertility in Ukraine in the 21st century were revealed, as a result, five clusters were identified. The first cluster includes the capital. The second cluster includes Zakarpattya, Rivne, and Volyn regions, which have the most lively demographic behavior of the population and the preservation of traditional factors. The third cluster united Kharkiv, Sumy, Cherkasy, Chernihiv, Poltava, Zaporizhzhya and Dnipropetrovsk regions. The fourth cluster is represented by Odesa, Lviv, Chernivtsi and Ivano-Frankivsk regions. The fifth cluster includes Mykolaiv, Kirovohrad, Ternopil, Kyiv, Kherson, Zhytomyr, Khmelnytskyi, and Vinnytsia regions. Thus, internal territorial differences in the birth rate, in terms of regions of Ukraine, as well as urban and rural areas, are the result of the action of external and internal factors that had an impact during the studied period and were reflected in the course of demographic processes.

CONTENTS OF THE COMPONENT ELEMENTS OF THE ECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC MECHANISM FOR SELECTION OF LAND PLOTS FOR THE LOCATION OF THE REGIONAL LANDFILL OF SOLID NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE (ON THE EXAMPLE OF LUTSK CLUSTER OF VOLYN REGION)

The need to introduce resource-saving technologies and environmental protection policies both at the international and regional levels, the rapid growth of the Earth's population in recent centuries and the associated processes of industrialization, urbanization, intensification of agricultural production, the increase in the need for energy resources and, accordingly, the increase in the amount of waste, which pollute the environment, further complicates the task of substantiating the locations of new waste disposal facilities and evaluating existing ones. The constituent elements of the ecological and economic mechanism for the selection of land plots for the location of regional landfill of solid non-hazardous waste are highlighted using the example of Lutsk waste management cluster of Volyn region, which solves the above problems. The mechanism makes it possible to determine promising land plots for the location of the regional landfill of solid non-hazardous waste landfills. With its help, one can choose the number of alternative sites required by the specific task. It takes into account primarily the interests of the community, sanitary and hygienic norms, it is economically attractive and preserves territories valuable for the environment. The ecological and economic mechanism for the selection of land plots for the location of regional landfill of solid non-hazardous waste consists of five stages. They include the evaluation of the territory according to economic, ecological, social and sanitary criteria. The elements of the mechanism in the form of five stages are performed separately and sequentially. Since the mechanism for greater visibility and practical use was developed on the example of a real territory, which is identified with the territory of modern Lutsk district of Volyn region, a plot of land was chosen, which is the most optimal for the disposal of waste from this territory. Further actions in the development of this mechanism and its practical value are given. Key words: ecological and economic mechanism, land plot, regional landfill, waste, Lutsk cluster, rejection criteria, distance matrix, competitive criteria.

Orthodox metrical books as a source for the study of the Polish-Ukrainian conflict during the Second World War (based on the materials of the Lutsk district of the Volyn Region)

Orthodox metrical books as a source for the study of the Polish-Ukrainian conflict during the Second World War (based on the materials of the Lutsk district of the Volyn Region)

До історії правобережних міст в енциклопедичних виданнях 18–21 ст. (на прикладі княжої Олики)

This is a study of the historical destiny of many former towns of right-bank (along the Dnipro) Ukraine on the example of the ancient Volyn princely town Olyka. The study is based on the analysis of encyclopedic texts over four centuries. It is shown that after the partition of Poland and the arrival of the Russian Empire in this territory, most of them lost such town-forming elements as fortresses and castles, palaces, religious buildings, etc. This tendency intensified especially after the establishment of Soviet power in these lands. Therefore, many of them gradually turned into small towns and then villages. A certain exception is Western Ukraine, where there was no active destruction of monuments in the interwar period. Therefore, here, in contrast to Central Ukraine, there is still a “Western Ukrainian Golden Meridian of Monuments” from Chernivtsi to Olyka and Lutsk. As in the former Ukrainian SSR no special attention was paid to its historical past, until recently the history of former towns could be read mainly in Polish and Russian-language editions of previous centuries. Their ancient history is most often associated with the names of the owners, as – on the example of the Volyn region in the middle of the 17 century – out of the total number of towns 125 were private 111. Regardless of the personalities of these owners, the population of cities carried through the centuries the Ukrainian language, rituals, culture in general. In particular, the primary sources of modern history allow us to trace the manifestations of the high cultural level of the urban population of Olyka in connection with the traditions of Magdeburg law and the educational factor.

DYNAMICS OF THE YIELD OF WINTER WHEAT WITHIN THE BOUNDARIES OF THE VOLYN OBLAST

The problem of the lack of a perfect informational, regulatory and organizational-functional system that would regulate and ensure the scientifically based use of land in the conditions of agricultural reform, restructuring of land ownership, and the emergence of many new land users and landowners, increasing competition for land resources due to urbanization transport, other non-agricultural use is an urgent problem in Ukraine. It was investigated that the yield level of winter wheat within the Volyn region fluctuates almost one and a half times, which is caused by the heterogeneity of the soil and climatic conditions of the region. The general yield levels of winter wheat were established: it is the largest for cluster 1 (Forest-steppe zone), the smallest - for cluster 2 (Polyssia) and has an intermediate value for cluster 2 (transition zone). The approach of the specific yield of cluster 3 to the zero level emphasizes the stable transitional nature of the corresponding space within the Volyn region. After 2000, the rate of yield growth within Polissia began to rapidly decrease compared to the rate of growth of winter wheat yield in the Forest Steppe, so the share in the total yield in the region became smaller in Polissia. Variability in time of winter wheat yield is the smallest in the south and center of the region, and the largest in the north, east and west. The presence of asymmetry indicates the heterogeneity of winter wheat yield conditions and regimes during the research period and the possibility of establishing qualitatively homogeneous time intervals, i.e., the periodization of the studied time according to winter wheat yield indicators. The asymmetry of the distribution is also accompanied by its two peaks (there is a strong positive correlation between asymmetry and kurtosis r = 0.95, p < 0.001). Such results emphasize the presence of heterogeneous periods in the temporal yield of winter wheat during the research period. Periodization by types of winter wheat yield dynamics established that in periods 1 and 2 it was synchronous in all spatial clusters, and in the third period there was a differentiation of yield growth rates. It is the largest in the forest-steppe zone, the smallest in Polissia, and in the transition zone, the growth rate has an intermediate value.

The current state and prospects of the nature reserve fund of the Volodymyr district of the Volyn region

With the growth of anthropogenic load on the landscape, there is a need to preserve them in their natural state, because the improvement of people's well-being should not be accompanied by the destruction of the surrounding environment. This issue is especially important for cross-border territories, because the problem of environmental protection is one of the priority issues of the European and Euro-Atlantic integration of Ukraine. The increase in the area of the nature reserve fund contributes to the preservation of biological diversity in Ukraine and in Europe. This region needs the protection and protection of unique landscapes by bequeathing them, or transferring them to a higher protected category, which will make it possible to preserve unique natural complexes, landscape and biotic diversity, rare and endangered species of animals and plants. Volodymyrskyi district is located on the territory of one polysky (Turiyskyi) and two broad-leaved (Lutskyi and Ivanychivskyi) natural landscape areas. Within the district, the vast majority of nature conservation objects are of local importance, only 1 nature reserve has national status, and there are no national nature parks or nature reserves here either. Nature conservation facilities are very unevenly distributed throughout the district, and there are also communities within which there is none. The largest number of protected areas is in the Zaturtsivska Territorial Community (10), which has both polis and broad-leaved landscapes, and there the conservation rate is 10%. The lowest rate of conservation is 2.9%, despite the fact that there are 9 protected objects, in the Ustilug community. Valuable natural territories reserved for the creation of new or expansion of existing objects of the nature reserve fund have been determined within the district, in particular, such is the promising national nature park «Western Pobuzhzhia», where the steppe and forest-steppe landscapes will be protected and it will stretch along the river valley. The Western Bug and its tributaries Luga.

Productive and reproductive qualities of animals of the Ukrainian black and spotted dairy breed in breeding farms of the western region of Ukraine

Productive and reproductive qualities of animals of the Ukrainian black and spotted dairy breed in breeding farms of the western region of Ukraine

Coordination of Configurations of Technologically Integrated “European Green Deal” Projects

An analysis of the state of affairs in the theory and practice of implementation of technologically integrated projects in various applied fields was carried out. The peculiarities of the implementation of the technologically integrated projects of the “European Green Deal” for the production of ecologically clean fuel from agricultural waste were analyzed. The expediency of developing a method of coordinating the configurations of technologically integrated “European Green Deal” projects for the production of ecologically clean energy from agricultural waste on the territory of a given region, taking into account their specific project environments, was substantiated. As a result of the conducted research, a method of coordinating configurations of the technologically integrated “European Green Deal” projects for the production of ecologically clean energy from agricultural waste in the territory of a given region, taking into account their specific project environment, was developed. This method involves the implementation of five stages, which ensure consideration of the specific design environment of each region and the type of agricultural raw materials for energy production. This method involves the modeling of individual projects, which makes it possible to increase the accuracy of determining their value indicators, taking into account risk. The balancing of the technologically integrated projects of the “European Green Deal” for the production of clean energy from agricultural waste was carried out on the basis of maximizing value for stakeholders and minimizing risk. On the basis of the proposed method, the computer program “Balancing technologically integrated projects” was developed. The use of this computer program for the given project environment (conditions of LLC “Lutsk Agrarian Company” of the Volyn region, Ukraine) made it possible to forecast the specific value and risk of individual projects involving harvesting raw materials from corn waste. The statistical characteristics of the distribution of the projected specific value of the project of harvesting raw materials from corn waste were established: the estimate of mathematical expectation—EUR 9/ton; dispersion—EUR 25/ton; the estimation of root mean square deviation—EUR 5/ton. The technologically integrated projects of the “European Green Deal” for the production of ecologically clean energy from corn waste with the greatest interconnections in terms of value were identified. The ranking of raw material procurement projects from corn waste was carried out according to their specific values and risks. Among the considered projects, priority was given to project #7 and project #1, which provided the greatest values, 37.6% and 36.6%, respectively, of the total value of the considered projects. The obtained results made it possible to establish priority projects and carry out their balancing by value and risk.

Protection of reproductive health: international and national experience

Objectives: consideration at the scientific level of the problem of the nation’s reproductive health protection in the context of international regulation and individual national experience.Materials and methods. The statistical method and the author’s survey method were used for the collection and effective processing of public information. 200 women and 100 men aged 21 to 45 were selected as respondents. It was used a direct interview with respondents. The survey was conducted in Kyiv, Lviv, and Volyn regions in 2020–2022. International monitoring reports, global and national statistics, doctrinal developments of scientists of foreign countries (among them Great Britain, China, USA) were also used.Results. The main causes of impaired human reproductive health are: environmental, socio-economic (unresolved issues of abortion and proper contraception, violence against women and children) and medical problems. In Ukraine, neither specialized legislative acts nor bylaws contain a comprehensive strategy for the protection of reproductive health, which causes gaps in the legal regulation and social security of this area. Gender discrimination is a widespread phenomenon in our country. We must state the discriminatory situations and oppression of both sexes in the reproductive sphere. There are no systematic mechanisms for the prevention of this problem, and the attention of state legal, scientific and public institutions to this problem is insufficient.Conclusions. Legal policy in the field of reproductive health needs a complementary approach and renewal of strategic understanding at the level of the state legal policy. Only comprehensive consideration of reproductive health problems in Ukraine can ensure their solution. Reproductive counseling should be proactive and encouraged because its implementation is beneficial for the patient’s mental health, quality of life, and adherence to treatment. Providing reproductive health education improves knowledge, attitudes and practices in the field of human reproduction.

PLANNING THE TIME OF PERFORMANCE OF WORKS IN HYBRID PROJECTS

The aim of the work is to substantiate the approach to forecasting the time fund for work in hybrid projects, taking into account the changing nature and climatic components of the design environment based on the use of neural networks. The neural network architecture involves the use of a multilayer perceptron, teacher training, and the method of backpropagation. It is based on an algorithm that minimizes the prediction error by propagating error signals from the network outputs (predicted duration of naturally allowed forecasting the working time fund) to its inputs (values of the duration of naturally allowed forecasting the working time fund in previous days), in the direction opposite to the direct propagation of signals. Based on the prepared initial data, the training of an artificial neural network was performed, which ensured the creation of an artificial neural network that is able to predict the duration of naturally allowed time to perform work in a software environment written in Python. Studies based on neural network training show that when the number of epochs increases to more than 25,000, the error does not exceed 4.8%. To study the neural network, we used the statistical data of the summer months of 2020 on the naturally allowed forecasting the working time fund during certain days, which are typical for the conditions of the Volodymyr-Volynskyi district of the Volyn region. The obtained results indicate that the use of the proposed architecture of the artificial neural network gives a fairly accurate forecast and this is the basis for making quality management decisions on planning the content and timing of work in hybrid projects.

Epizootic situation with contagious diseases of bees in the North-West regions of Ukraine

The beekeeping industry provides not only honey but also other medicinal products for the human race. The health of bee colonies is supported by data on the prevalence of contagious bee diseases - monitoring investigations. At present, the system for providing such surveys is imperfect. There is a need not only to analyze diseases proposed by regional laboratories but also to diagnose other common diseases. To characterize the epizootic situation of contagious diseases of bees, we systematized and analyzed official data from the Departments of the State Consumer Service of Zhytomyr, Rivne, and Volyn regions. The article presents the data of the analysis of bee diseases investigated by regional laboratories in these regions. This study's materials were reports from regional laboratories of the State Consumer Service of Zhytomyr, Rivne, and Volyn regions. The data were statistically processed, and the results were analyzed by comparing the epizootic process development indicators. The data results indicate the prevalence of varroaatosis and nosema annually in all regions studied. In the Volyn region, there is a trend toward decreasing diagnostic tests for bee diseases compared to 2019. An annual increase in diagnostic tests has been registered in the Zhytomyr and Rivne regions of Ukraine. Occasionally, regional laboratories sometimes conduct unscheduled tests for other bacterial and viral diseases of bees. Based on planned surveys alone, it is difficult to describe the prevalence of infectious diseases in these insects. Therefore, early detection of the source of the infectious agent is advisable to ensure the well-being of bee farms. Thus a monitoring system for bee diseases of viral and bacterial origin would be promising, with the primary objective of obtaining organic bee products. Such approaches would provide a more precise and more realistic picture of the epizootic state of each region.

FINANCIAL PROVISION MANAGEMENT FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION OF THE TRANSBORDER REGION

The aim of the article is to conduct a comparative analysis of the Volyn region (Ukraine) and Lublin Voivodeship (Republic of Poland) environmental protection financing. As well as to determine the level of partnership participation in the financing of the environmental measures within the cross-border region. The system of financial support for environmental protection in the cross-border region is explored in the article. The content of the transboundary natural resources management mechanism is considered. The main sources of funding for environmental measures in the Volyn region and Lublin Voivodeship are identified. A comparative analysis of the dynamics and structure of current costs spent and capital investments for the environmental protection of the Volyn region and Lublin Voivodeship is carried out. It is determined that the structure of environmental protection expenditures within the cross-border region is dominated by costs spent on the protection of water resources, air, waste management, and biodiversity conservation. Linear trend models were built for the amount of funding in Volyn Oblast and Lublin Voivodeship using the trend forecasting methodology. The forecast of the dynamics of the environmental protection financing within the cross-border region for 2022-2023 is determined by the method of extrapolation.Determination of the degree of cooperation in the field of transboundary natural resources management and the division of responsibilities between its key players are important aspects of the financial model’s effectiveness. The degree of cooperation in the field of transboundary natural resources management, including independent control, dialogue, cooperation, coordination mechanisms and joint management is revealed in the article. It has been proved that the cross-border relations within the Volyn region and the Lublin Voivodeship are at the level of cooperation. But it is noted that efficiency will be achieved only at the level of joint cross-border management in this area. The main tools of integrated management of financial support for environmental protection are identified. The distribution of partnership participation in the financing of environmental measures is proposed depending on their location in the border areas of Volyn region and Lublin Voivodeship.

Distribution, productivity and natural regeneration of black alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.) in Ukrainian Polissya

Abstract The aim of the study was to assess the current state and productivity of black alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.) stands and determine the optimal conditions for the emergence and further growth of its natural regeneration in Ukrainian Polissya. The area of black alder stands in Ukrainian Polissya (Ukrainian forest zone) is 162,348 ha, reaching 8.4% of the total forest area. Volyn Region has the largest area of alder stands within Ukrainian Polissya (61,271 ha covering 37.7% of the total area). In the forests of this region, a more detailed study of the current condition, productivity, growth and regeneration of alder stands was performed. The natural regeneration under the alder canopy was characterized as poor. The largest numbers of alder seedlings (1,600–1,800 stems per ha) were recorded under the canopy of 76–78-year-old stands with a relative density of stocking of 0.63–0.70 and 80–100% of alder in their composition. Naturally regenerating alder seedlings had mainly group distribution on the area (occurrence is up to 40%). These specificities should be taken into account to promote natural seed regeneration of alder stands.

The regional distribution features of traffic safety or transport operation rules violations by persons who drive vehicles (Article 286 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine)

The article is devoted to the regional peculiarities of the distribution of violations of traffic safety rules or operation of transport by persons driving vehicles (Article 286 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine). It is established, that the most criminally affected by violations of traffic safety rules or operation of transport by persons driving vehicles, in absolute terms, include: (1) Dnipropetrovsk region, (2) Odesa region, (3) Kyiv region, (4) Kharkiv region, (5) Lviv region, (6) Kyiv, (7) Donetsk region, (8) Zaporizhia region, (9) Zhytomyr region, (10) Rivne region. The most criminally affected regions of Ukraine in terms of population include such regions as: Rivne region (crime intensity rate per 100 thousand population - 55.10), Kyiv region (50.28), Volyn region (47.64), Chernihiv region (44.83), Mykolaiv region (43.54), Poltava region (39.36), Vinnytsia region (38.90), Odesa region (38.52), Zhytomyr region (36.47) and Kherson region (36.47). The safest regions were: Luhansk region (9.90), Donetsk region (16.15), Kyiv region (23.33), Khmelnytsky region (28.39), Sumy region (28.53). Regions-leaders in the number of violations of traffic safety rules or operation of transport by persons driving vehicles (Article 286 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine)per 100,000 vehicles were Volyn region (271.43), Vinnytsia region (199.22), Rivne region (148.92), Chernihiv region (127.20), Transcarpathian region (126.15), Mykolaiv region (124.08), Zhytomyr region (110.98), Kyiv region (107.40), Chernivtsi region (106.22), Kherson region (105,56). The regions with the lowest number of these criminal offenses per 100,000 vehicles were: Luhansk region (38.05), Cherkasy region (57.96), Donetsk region (70.36), Dnipropetrovsk region (73.76) and Kyiv (49.79). It is hypothesized, that the regional peculiarities of the distribution of violations of traffic safety rules or operation of transport by persons driving vehicles are comprehensively influenced by the population of the region, the number of available vehicles, freight and passenger traffic, road length, the region's expenditures on road improvement, crossing the region with international and national highways of national importance

The Impact of Tourism on the Socio-Economic Development of Volyn Region

The purpose of the article is assessing the impact of the tourism industry on the socio-economic development of Volyn region. The following methods were used to conduct an objective and thorough study: analysis and synthesis (to determine the sequence of the study); deduction and induction (to choose a research strategy); systematization (to formulate the conclusions of the study); structural and logical generalization (to build a logical model of the research process); statistical (in the formation and processing of statistical information base); SWOT-analysis (to estimate the tourist potential of the Volyn region). The possibilities of development of tourism in the region are determined, the influence of tourist activities on other sectors of the economy and the socio-economic effect from the organization of tourist activities in the region. The dynamics of tourist flows in the Volyn region has been analyzed and their role in the economic growth of the region has been assessed.Separate indicators of tourism demand and tourist proposal in the structure of economic region activity are investigated, which the analysis of the dynamics give grounds to assert both positive and negative trends in the development of a local tourist market. As part of the overall positive increase in demand, the development of supply should take place by improving quality and offers. The role and place of tourism enterprises in ensuring the economic growth of the region are clarified. It is established that the contribution of tourism infrastructure enterprises of the region to the local budget is insignificant. The main problems the functioning of the tourism industry are revealed and the directions the intensification of local authorities are outlined to ensure economic growth of the tourism industry. The development of the tourist industry of the Volyn region and the development the regional market of tourist services will positively affect the socio-economic situation of both the region and the state as a whole.

Modern state of preschool education in different parts of Ukraine

The role of social factors has increased significantly in modern society. Education is essential for raising the intellectual and cultural level of inhabitants in any country. The purpose of this article is to analyze modern state of preschool education in different parts of Ukraine and to point at regional disparities in accessibility of preschool education services. This article gives analysis to modern state of preschool education in different parts of Ukraine. Research was based on several indicators such as number of children involved in preschool education, number of preschools in different regions of Ukraine, preschool enrollment rates and number of children actually attending preschools per 100 available places. Level of development of preschool education in cities and rural areas has been studied in regional context of Ukraine. It was also calculated social density of preschools and indexes of both territorial concentration and localization of preschools in the country. Social density of preschools was also analyzed in the study. The highest social density of preschools is typical for the capital of Ukraine – the city of Kiev. The lowest social density of preschool sector services is typical for Poltava, Sumy, Chernihiv and Luhansk regions. The highest concentration of preschools is observed in Kyiv city, and low territorial concentration index is observed in Sumy, Zaporizhia, Donetsk and Kirovohrad regions, Kherson region, Chernihiv region and Luhansk region. High localization index values were observed in Khmelnytsky and Ternopil regions, Zhytomyr and Cherkasy regions, Vinnytsia region, Mykolaiv, Zakarpattia, Rivne, Kirovohrad and Volyn regions and the lowest localization index values were observed in Kyiv city, Kharkiv region, Luhansk and Donetsk regions. Regions of Ukraine have been ranked and grouped in types according to their level of preschool education development. According to the results of the study, three types of regions have been identified. Regions (oblast) of Cherkasy, Khmelnytsky, Vinnytsia, Kyiv, Ternopil and Zakarpattia have been included in the first type (high level of preschool education development). The second type (average level of preschool education development) includes city of Kyiv and regions (oblast) of Zhytomyr, Rivne, Mykolaiv, Dnipropetrovsk, Chernivtsi, Sumy, Kherson, Kirovohrad, Poltava and Kharkiv. Regions (oblast) of Volyn, Ivano-Frankivsk, Chernihiv, Lviv, Odessa, Zaporizhia, Donetsk and Luhansk have been included in the third type (low level of preschool education development).

Air pollution of the largest cities in the Volyn region: preconditions, consequences and ways of solution of this problem

Formulation of the problem. Air pollution is one of the biggest modern ecological problem, which aggravates with process of urbanization, industrial development, increasing number of vehicles, etc. So that, the article is devoted to the study the of air pollution in the largest cities of the Volyn region: Lutsk, Kowel, Novovolynsk and Volodymyr-Volynskyi. The purpose of the article is to estimate state and quality of the air in the largest cities of the Volyn region, discover the main sources of air pollution, characterize the effects of pollution on people health and environment, propose measures for solving this problem. Review of previous publications and studies. State of the air pollution in the urban areas of the Volyn region became the subject of scientific interest of many scientists. Hulai L. D., Karaim O. A. and Syniuk, A. Yu. researched ecological state of air basin and structure of sources of air pollution in the Novovolynsk City. Panasiuk M. V. and Hulai L. D. analyzed air quality in the Kovel district and Kovel City. Problems of air pollution were investigated in the studies of Kiptenko Ye. M., Kozlenko T. V. and Molchak Ya. O., Fesiuk V. O., Kartava O. F. Moreover, Poruchynska, I. V. in her publication explored ways of reducing air pollution by vehicle in the Volyn region. Methods. The most common methods in the research were analysis and synthesis, correlations and regressions, generalization and comparison. Moreover, to study the quality of air basin in the largest urban area – Lutsk City, the authors calculated index of air pollution. Results. The study defined that the main source of air pollution in the urban systems are automobiles, which produce into the atmosphere 85-95 % of all emissions. Furthermore, stationary sources such as industrial enterprises and utility companies also pollute air basin of cities with hazardous substances. However, the amount of pollutants from these sources in the Lutsk City and Volodymyr-Volynskyi City slowly decreases. The authors researched that the air basin in Lutsk City is exposed to the greatest anthropogenic loading. According to the calculation of the air pollution index, city’s air basin belongs to the quality class «polluted air». Consequences of air pollution are quite different and have impact on environment and economic complex. Besides, poor air quality can cause different diseases. To solve this problem the authors propose to reconstruct and modernize enterprises’ treatment systems, to increase the number of environmental friendly public transport, to increase the areas with greenery, to introduce green logistics in transportation. The authors concluded that air basin in the most urbanized areas of the Volyn region is quite polluted, which caused by using vehicles and functioning of manufacture. So that, it is suggested measures to reduce the amount of emission from different source of pollution. Scientific novelty and practical significance. The main preconditions and trends of modern changes in air quality of the largest cities in the Volyn region was researched for the first time. Furthermore, the authors identified the main sources of air pollution, which have affected the quality of urban air basins during recent years. In addition, index of air pollution in the Lutsk City was calculated for the period 2015-2020. The article proposes measures to improve air quality and reduce emissions from stationary and mobile sources of pollution.

ТHEORETICAL FUNDAMENTALS OF ECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC ESTIMATES OF WATER USE

Theoretical bases of modern water use, water resource potential, rational use, protection and reproduction of water resources of the region are considered. Changes in the ecological and economic system of water use in the Volyn region in market conditions are analyzed.
 Anthropogenically altered natural areas, progressive pollution of human habitat, caused a deterioration in quality of life, negatively affected the demographic characteristics of the inhabitants of the planet. Water, as an important natural resource, is used in all aspects of human life and in the spheres of the national economy, has become an important factor determining the development of society as a whole.
 The water management complex and especially its development must meet the socio-economic and environmental requirements of both society and the environment. The socio-economic aspect of these requirements is aimed at implementing measures and improving the territorial and sectoral structure and technologies of water use. Providing quality water to maintain the health of the population is the main goal of water use. International cooperation in the field of use and protection of water resources; taking into account environmental constraints and requirements in social and economic decisions should contribute to the stable development of regions. The Chernobyl catastrophe contaminated a large part of the territory of Volyn Polissya with radionuclides, which reduced the possibility of agricultural use of lands in the northern and north-western regions. Today it is becoming more and more important. acquires the need to develop the active use of environmental and economic tools to improve the process of water use. A number of proposals for solving an effective ecological and economic system of water use are presented
 A distinction is made between losses caused to fixed assets that lead to deterioration or reduction in the amount of resources such as soil, water, fish, wildlife, buildings and structures, and losses resulting from reduced output or profits from reduced productivity of these resources. The first type of loss is simultaneous, the second - current (deduction from production). To determine the value of the simultaneous damage to natural resources, it is necessary to use their economic evaluation: land and water, forests, mineral deposits. Current losses (reduction of output, reduction of its quality or reduction of profits) can be determined by direct calculation.
 Of particular importance are environmental losses of a social nature, which can only be partially measured by economic indicators: the cost of treatment, payment for sick leaves, loss of products due to illness and reduced productivity. Deterioration of health and reduced life expectancy are, of course, unacceptable and cannot be offset by any economic indicators. Damage to landscapes that worsen recreation conditions cannot be measured economically either.
 Economical rational use of natural resources largely depends on the comprehensive restructuring of the entire system of production and consumption. Organize control over the level of environmental pollution; correct determination of the costs necessary to overcome the harmful effects of irrational water use. In order to reduce the negative effects of radioactive contamination, to implement a set of organizational agrochemical, agrotechnical and technological measures.
 Given the great importance of water resources in the development of the national economy, not only Volyn region, but the state as a whole, the problem of balanced, scientifically sound, environmentally safe water use and dynamic development of the water complex of Ukraine is extremely important.
 Key words: water bodies, water use, urbanization, pollution, purification, water supply.