Voluntary Societies Research Articles

Struggling against the caste system, the patronage and unhealthy payments: attempts at regulation of football players’ remunerations from the 1950s to the 1970s in the Soviet Union

ABSTRACT In the Soviet Union, the orientation to spectator sports in the mid-thirties and the rising concurrence between sports societies led to the rewarding of sportsmen for their performance and their victories. This article aims at examining how the Soviet authorities (party, sports administration) dealt with the problem of high wages and illegal remuneration of sportsmen from the 1950s to the end of the 1970s. This article shows the different attempts of regulation that occurred in the realm of Soviet football and the agents implicated in it. Doing so, it helps understanding the tensions and the relations between Soviet sports administration and the sports voluntary societies. The article is based on Russian archives.

ОРГАНІЗАЦІЯ ПОЧАТКОВОЇ ВІЙСЬКОВОЇ ПІДГОТОВКИ МОЛОДІ У РЕСПУБЛІЦІ БІЛОРУСЬ

Introduction. Analysis of the foreign experience of the organisation and reformation of the armed forces in other countries, with the respective systems of military education being an integral part, reveals the specific national aspect of such activities in each country. In the meantime, there are some general methodological approaches used in military pedagogic practice across different countries of the world to be practicably considered and applied.Initial military training provides young people with a conscious choice of the military profession. The Law of the Republic of Belarus “On Military Duty and Military Service” establishes mandatory and voluntary training of citizens for military service. Mandatory training for military service involves: obtaining basic knowledge in the field of state defense; pre-conscription and physical training in institutions providing general secondary, vocational-technical and secondary specialized education; patriotic education; conducting therapeutic and preventive measures.Purpose. To carry out the analysis of the current state of the initial military training of youth in the republic of Belarus for integrating the experience of military training for the further reformation of the national military education system. Methods. The system of the general scientific methods of theoretical and empirical research, in particular, the theoretical-methodological analysis of the problem and the relevant scholarly resources, systematization and generalization of the scientific information pertaining to the essence and content of the set objectives, monitoring of the existing system of military specialists training in the Armed Forces of the republic of Belarus, scientific generalisation, the general scientific methods of logical and comparative analysis, systems approach, peer review, analysis and interpretation of the obtained theoretical and empirical data. Results. The purpose of pre-conscription training is to develop the moral, psychological and physical readiness for military service of young men, to provide students with the knowledge and skills necessary for the development of the duties of defender of the homeland. Patriotic education is conducted with pre-conscripts and conscripts to instill love of the homeland and to form a moral and psychological readiness for the fulfillment of the constitutional obligation to protect the Republic of Belarus. Voluntary Society for Assistance of Army, Aircraft and Fleet of the Republic of Belarus plays an important role in the development of technical, aviation, military-applied sports and technical creativity of young people. Voluntary training of citizens for military service includes: engaging in military-applied sports; training in military-technical specialties; training in educational programs that provide for the military training of minors (Minsk Suvorov Military School, Cadet Schools, Patriotic Military Classes).Originality. The article was the first to comprehensively analyse of organization of the initial military training of youth in the Republic of Belarus Conclusion. Positive elements of the experience of the Belarusian Army can be used in organizing the preparation of young people for military service in the Ukrainian Armed Forces in the conditions of gradual transition to their recruitment on a contract basis.

Формирование высшего физкультурного образования в Пензенской области

In modern student sports of the Russian Federation, a prominent place is occupied by a team of students and specialists in physical education and sports of Penza State University. The main efforts in the sport development in the higher education system of the Penza Region were carried out by a team of a specialized faculty of physical education, and later the Institute of Physical Culture and Sports of Penza State University. We analyze the prerequisites developed in the Penza Region and other regions for the opening of a higher educational institution for the physical education specialists training. In the period of 1940-1950, mid-level personnel for schools and physical education groups were trained by technical schools of physical education, which were secondary special educational institutions. Since the faculty opening, sports work at the institute has significantly revived. As throughout the country, in Penza Pedagogical University, the foundation of a sports society, its primary organization was a sports club, which was created at the university, most commonly, by student and local labour union committees. The core of the sports club was students of physical education faculty, although the leadership of the club was based on the first decades at the department of physical education. The core of the sports club was students of physical education, although the leadership of the club in the first decades was based at the physical education department. Sports achievements of students and graduates of the Faculty of Physical Education are presented. We note multiple victories at the championships of the voluntary sports society “Burevestnik”, the championships of the RSFSR, the USSR, the Russian Federation, the Universiades, the World and Europe Championships, Olympic Games in swimming, athletics, volleyball, basketball, rhythmic gymnastics, sambo, speed skating, gymnastics, hockey throughout the entire period of the faculty.

Features of the confrontation between the government and the students universities of Dnieper Ukraine in the 70-80's. XIX century

Features of the confrontation between the government and the students universities of Dnieper Ukraine in the 70-80's. XIX century

СИСТЕМА ВОЕННО-ПАТРИОТИЧЕСКОГО ВОСПИТАНИЯ КУРСАНТОВ В АВТОШКОЛЕ ДОСААФ

Issues of patriotic education of young people are currently becoming particularly relevant. This is caused by the need to improve the content and organizational aspects of this area of education in the context of changes in various spheres of society (socio-political, economic, cultural), and the complexity of the international situation. Russian pedagogy has accumulated quite a lot of experience in studying issues of patriotic education of young people. However, insufficient attention is paid to solving the problems that have developed in this area of education in relation to cadets in DOSAAF (Voluntary Society for the Assistance of Army, Aviation and Navy) organizations. The article considers military-patriotic education as one of the actual components of the system of patriotic education of the young generation, which can be represented as a relatively autonomous subsystem that provides the formation of a socially active personality, whose activities are aimed at serving the Fatherland and protecting its interests. The main concepts and methodological basis of military-patriotic education of cadets in the DOSAAF driving school are described. The properties of military-patriotic education of cadets in the DOSAAF driving school as a pedagogical system are revealed. The structural and functional components of this system are identified. To achieve this goal, the methods of structural and functional analysis, synthesis of philosophical and pedagogical literature were used. They enabled to specify key concepts, determine methodological guidelines, and define the main characteristics of the system of militarypatriotic education of cadets in the DOSAAF driving school. Conclusions can become the basis for the activities of teachers who implement military-patriotic education of cadets in the DOSAAF driving school.

ГРОМАДСЬКА ДІЯЛЬНІСТЬ СТУДЕНТСТВА ПЕДАГОГІЧНИХ НАВЧАЛЬНИХ ЗАКЛАДІВ КИЄВА У 20–30-ті рр. ХХ ст.

In the 20–30s of the 20th century special attention was paid to the formation of the ideological worldview of students of education institutions, future teachers who were to shape the political consciousness of the younger generation with communist ideals. The ideological principles of the party were subordinated to the social activities of youth, in particular, in Kyiv pedagogical educational institutions. The article deals with the work of student clubs and student government bodies, various organizations. Since the mid-20s of the 20th century trade union organizations took over the functions of youth advocates, which were largely influenced by university administrations and controlled the social composition of students, who presented themselves as an exclusively peasant workers. Some of the students were embraced by work in the cells of voluntary societies, the government used to propagate their ideas of socialist construction and the ideological education of the masses. The most active were the cells of Tsoaviakhim, which oversaw the work of the rifle circles. Close to them were sports clubs. Universities also operated cells of MOPR, the Friends of the Children societies, the All-Ukrainian Society for Land Organization of Working Jews OZET, and the Friends of Radio. The ideological work among students was intensified by the student press, the production of “live and light newspapers” that covered the processes of building a higher school, the participation of youth organizations in the proletariat of institutes and technical schools, the life and attitude of students, their participation in cultural work etc. Most of the time, students took part in enriching work. In particular, they worked on various campaigns related to raising funds for the state’s economic needs, participating in fundraising to strengthen defense, days of industrialization, etc.

Is Christ Proclaimed to Christians? The Impact of Scottish Evangelicalism on Hungarian Theology, Piety, and Praxis (1841-1945)

Abstract This paper offers a concise overview of the impact made by Scottish evangelicalism of the Free Church of Scotland on the theology, piety and practice of Hungarian Reformed faith within the Austro-Hungarian Empire. They planted a kind of piety that was foreign, at least in its language and expressions, to most of the Hungarian Reformed people until the arrival of Scottish missionaries in 1841. Their conduct of practical Christianity, praxis pietatis materialised itself in Christian evangelism and social action. In this paper the focus is on the period between 1865 and 1914. To demonstrate the nature and form of this impact, first the paper outlines some key features of Scottish evangelicalism. Then, it investigates the theological and ecclesiastical impact of Scottish evangelicalism made through the establishment of voluntary societies and examines influence on the piety and praxis of Reformed faith in Hungary.

BLACKTOWN, MASS-OBSERVATION, AND THE DYNAMICS OF VOLUNTARY ACTION IN MID-TWENTIETH-CENTURY ENGLAND

AbstractThis article examines the place of class and religion in discourses of voluntary action in mid-twentieth-century England, focusing on an overlooked Mass-Observation survey of the district of Aston in Birmingham. It situates Lord Beveridge's Voluntary Action report in its intellectual and social context, through utilizing the qualitative findings of the Mass-Observation district survey of Aston, elements of which were repurposed for the Voluntary Social Services Enquiry from which Voluntary Action emerged. The article takes a thematic approach, investigating how class and religion was seen and reported by Mass-Observers in the context of Aston. Two key arguments are made: that contrary to overarching narratives of post-war secularization, Christian churches actually remained in a relatively dominant position in terms of voluntary action; and that conceptions of voluntary action fundamentally misread working-class understandings of voluntarism, as well as the wider priorities of the post-war working classes. Drawing attention to the importance of class and religion to patterns of voluntary action evident in the Aston survey, yet less considered in historiographical terms, the construction of elite narratives of voluntary action and civil society are more discernible.

Accommodation Within the Broad Structure of Voluntary Society: Buchanan and Nutter on School Segregation

Public choice theory coalesced into a school of thought in Charlottesville, Virginia, in the late 1950s and early 1960s at a time when the commonwealth was embroiled in a fight over school segregation. Until very recently, the history of segregation has not informed our understanding of the lives of the key public choice theorists in Virginia. This paper contributes to the discussion of James Buchanan and Warren Nutter’s views on school segregation by exploring neglected archival evidence that suggests Buchanan and Nutter were “moderate segregationists” or “gradualists.” Moderate segregationists accepted the Brown v. Board of Education decision against statutory segregation but believed that integration should occur gradually and at the pace of local sentiment. Buchanan and Nutter inserted themselves into the policy debate on segregation by promoting a private school tuition grant program that channeled public funds to private segregated schools. Buchanan aligned himself with the moderate segregationist views of former governor Colgate Darden, Jr., and disputed President Eisenhower’s authority to force integration in Little Rock, Arkansas. A second contribution of this paper is to provide new evidence that Warren Nutter was personally active in the private school movement in Charlottesville. In 1958, Nutter hosted a basement classroom of twenty-one white seventh graders affected by the school closings in the confrontation between the commonwealth of Virginia and the federal courts.

The Russian Jewish Question, Asked and Answered

In the first half of the nineteenth century, Russian authorities had very limited knowledge of their Jewish subjects. The government relied more on its enlightened perceptions of the Jews and Judaism than on empirical observation. This situation changed radically in the 1860s, when at the onset of the Great Reforms era the government sought full and veritable information about all imperial subjects, including Jews, to facilitate the efficient policymaking by framing and answering Russian Jewish question. As a result, Russian language studies – written by Jews, Russian Christians, and Jewish converts to Christianity – on Judaism, Jewish history, society and culture started to appear. The article focuses on two such studies: Moisei Berlin’s “Essay on the ethnography of the Jewish population in Russia” (1861) and Yakov Brafman’s “Book of Kahal” (1869). Virtual polemics between Berlin and Brafman highlights fundamental differences between Russian studies of Judaism and Jewish life and classical Western European Christian Hebraism, namely, Russian scholars’ general lack of interest to the Talmud and to its alleged anti-Christian thrust, and almost exclusive focus on Jewish communal, social, and political institutes – kahal, chavurot (voluntary societies), beit din (rabbinical court) and others – and on their alleged anti-government nature.

Sickness absence in compulsory and voluntary health insurance: the case of Sweden at the turn of the twentieth century

ABSTRACTAt the turn of the twentieth century, Swedish health insurance was organised according to the Western European models of both voluntary, ‘fraternal’ principles and compulsory, ‘factory scheme’ principles. In this paper, we trace the characteristics of both organisational forms, and compare the sickness absence by considering the role of risk selection and mitigation across a large panel of voluntary and compulsory health insurance societies operating in Sweden between 1900 and 1910. We find that voluntary societies used a wide set of rules and practices in order to select and monitor members in order to keep down the number of sick cases. Compulsory societies applied shorter waiting periods and offered more medical treatment, leading to more frequent but shorter sickness absences.

Imperial Russia’s Civil Society, 1750–1917

A. S. Tumanova, Obshchestvennye organizatsii Rossii v gody Pervoi mirovoi voiny (1914-fevral' 1917g.) (Public/Civic Organizations in Russia during World War I [1914-February 1917]). 327 pp., illus. Moscow: Rosspen, 2014. ISBN-13 978-5824319002. A. S. Tumanova, ed., Samoorganizatsiia rossiiskoi obshchestvennosti vposlednei treti XVIII--nachale XX v. (Self-Organization of the Russian Public from the Last Third of the 18th Century to the Beginning of the 20th Century). 883 pp. Moscow: Rosspen, 2011. ISBN-13 978-5824315288. The two works under review--a compilation describing self-organization of society in imperial Russia from the 18th century through the beginning of the 20th century, which Anastasiia Tumanova has edited and to which she contributes four chapters, and Tumanova's monograph on Russian society during World War I--determine the strength and liveliness of civil society in imperial Russia. These works leave no doubt that the still influential view of pre-Soviet Russia as an agrarian backwater, whose populace was devoid of initiative and cowed by a capricious, authoritarian government, and the correlative theory that political repression precipitated the revolutions of 1917 must both be relegated to the dustbin. The publications under review document that the Russian government was paternalistic, intrusive, and often moved at a glacial pace. Still, sometimes the government moved with lightning speed, implementing the Great Reforms in the 1860s and 1870s and establishing the State Duma, the reformed State Council, and a modicum of civil rights in 1905-6. Moreover, and this is important, the imperial Russian government did allow Russian citizens space in which to manage their own affairs. Tumanova's two works, under review here, emphasize that Russian citizens had plenty of capacity for self-organization. The 1991 American compilation Between Tsar and People: Educated Society and the Quest for Public Identity in Late Imperial Russia provided introductory information on diverse voluntary and civic groups. (1) Tumanova's edited volume and her monograph are more detailed and, additionally, focus on the laws and legal aspects of establishing civic societies and maintaining them in imperial Russia. The compilation is an encyclopedic tome, synthesizing secondary sources and newly available archival evidence. Its 14 packed chapters analyze a myriad of voluntary societies and contain more than 20 pages listing voluntary societies. V. Ia. Grosul's chapter 1, Tumanovas chapter 2, and I. S. Rozental's chapter 6 recount that educated wealthy nobles, following familiarity with organizations in Western Europe, began to organize themselves into clubs in the 18th and early 19th centuries. These chapters and Tumanova's chapters 3 and 4 (proffering precise statistics), as well as her chapter 7, co-authored with Rozental', affirm that even though in Russia, as in Germany and Austria, societies had to be approved by the government, from the mid-19th-century clubs and societies of all kinds--philanthropic, literary and artistic, educational, leisure, nature, sports-related, devoted to gambling and to politics--proliferated astronomically among merchants and broad swaths of the rest of the population, including religious organizations and members of the imperial family. Tumanova's forte is legal analysis, and she reviews in detail how legislation affected the organization of societies and clubs (193-216). In particular, she emphasizes that the Temporary Regulation on Societies, issued by the tsar in March 1906, speeded up this process (209-16). The volume also vividly illustrates peasant involvement in voluntary societies. The Russian Empire was predominantly agrarian, and more than 80 percent of the population was listed under the rubric of peasant. However, the peasantry was very diverse and not inert. Although, until 1861, half the peasants were serfs, nonpersons who had no right to own property or sue in a court of law, peasants did so anyway. …

‘One big fund’: the struggle to centralise Australia’s voluntary war effort, 1914–1918

The outbreak of the First World War sparked widespread voluntary efforts to raise funds or knit comforts in support of the war overseas. The proliferation of disparate patriotic initiatives, particularly those soliciting funds from the public, raised concerns about the sustainability of these parallel appeals. State governments passed legislation to regulate patriotic appeals and encourage the centralisation of these efforts under a handful of established voluntary societies such as the Red Cross, the South Australian Soldiers Fund, or the Victoria League. This article examines the tension between the states’ effort to centralise voluntary patriotic work and the emotional factors that motivated volunteers.This article has been peer reviewed.

Ethical communication on society issues: a story from Indonesia

PurposeThis paper aims to examine Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX)-listed companies’ society disclosures.Design/methodology/approachYear-ending 2012 annual report disclosures of 75 IDX-listed companies are analyzed. The widely acknowledged Global Reporting Initiative guidelines are used as the disclosure index checklist.FindingsThe results show a relatively low level of voluntary society disclosure (40.27 per cent). The highest level of communication is for issues related to society programs. Very few companies disclosed information about public policy, donations to political parties and actions taken in response to corruption incidents. Statistical analysis reveals that company size is a positively significant predictor of “society” communication. Ethical stakeholder theory partially explains the variability of these disclosures.Research limitations/implicationsThe main implication of the findings is that Indonesian companies are not involved in the public policy-making process. Companies also probably attempt to hide certain information regarding corruption issues to protect their image and reputation.Originality/valueThis paper provides insights into the disclosure practices of society issues, a specific social disclosure theme which is rarely examined in prior literature, within the framework of ethical stakeholder theory. The research also includes corruption issues to be investigated in the disclosure analysis.

An age of opportunity for the voluntary sector

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to put the issue of ageing on the agenda of the English voluntary sector; to support the development of strategies about resourcing, supporting, governing and making relevant the voluntary sector for the next 20 years. Design/methodology/approach – An independent Commission hosted by New Philanthropy Capital and the International Longevity Centre, funded by the Big Lottery and the Prudential Methodology: issuing a discussion paper, created by the Commissioners and based on futures work and an evidence review; holding national and international seminars and conferences. Findings – Our ageing society has the potential to lead the voluntary sector into a viable future by building bridges between generations and communities, by expanding the resources available to it through rethinking its workforce, both paid and unpaid, by inspiring and delivering a more integrated and committed sense of social obligations and mutuality – if it embraces “The Age of Opportunity”. Research limitations/implications – This is a policy and practice led review with implications for the UK voluntary sector, its role in society and its resourcing. Practical implications – The Commission on the Voluntary Sector & Ageing takes as its basic premise that if we can grasp the potential, we can invest the skills and resources available to us to create a thriving, relevant and creative place for the voluntary sector and civil society. The Commission is setting a challenge to charities and social enterprises. The authors want them to rethink their work so that they can help make Britain a great place to grow old and one that encourages reciprocity between generations and over a lifetime. Social implications – A more integrated and mutually empowering society that builds on an asset-based model of ageing. Originality/value – The work of the Commission has never been done before and has been seen as creating an opportunity for rethinking the role, purpose and potential of the voluntary sector.

Prospects of Saving Mobilization in Underserved Settlements of the City of Colombo

The urban poor in Sri Lanka have been deserted by the financial institutions of the country. They have been undervalued and excluded from the banking sector since they live in underserved settlements. However, evidence from other countries proves that the urban poor can be successfully mobilized and included in the financial sectors as valuable customers of the banking institutions. Mobilizing the savings from them is the first step in such a process. Hence, the aim of this study is to identify the saving potential of the urban poor in Sri Lanka. The study was based on primary data collected by a questionnaire survey conducted in a sample of underserved settlements within the Colombo city limits. The study used descriptive statistics for analyzing the saving potential of the people. The study revealed that some people of these settlements already have financial links with compulsory and voluntary societies. Furthermore, a number of indicators of hidden and disguised savings could be found. Finally, the study found that savings can be mobilized from the urban poor if the formal institutions can approach them in a more responsive way with effective techniques.

For Kin and County: Scale, Identity, and English-Canadian Voluntary Societies, 1914-1918

L’impact de la Première Guerre mondiale sur l’identité canadienne a généralement été mesuré à l’aune des victoires remportées par les soldats sur les champs de bataille, comme Ypres et la crête de Vimy, ou des acquis obtenus par les hommes d’État au Cabinet de guerre impérial ou à la Conférence de paix de Paris. Le présent article examine le rapport entre la guerre et l’identité sous la loupe du travail patriotique qui s’est réalisé au front intérieur, au Canada. La situation géographique tout autant que l’intensité des efforts ont influencé la façon dont la population canadienne-anglaise a choisi de coordonner ces mêmes efforts bénévoles à l’appui de la guerre outre-mer et, ainsi, la façon dont elle a tracé les limites spatiales de ses communautés imaginées.

The Cosmonaut Who Couldn't Stop Smiling: The Life and Legend of Yuri Gagarin by Andrew L Jenks (review)

REVIEWS 927 improve state-sponsored entertainment options throughout the 1950s and early 1960s, as my research has found, and considered how this improvement impacted convictions for hooligan behaviour. LaPierre’s refusal to consider hooliganism as age related seems incongruous, since his own findings indicate that those in their twenties and thirties committed most hooligan acts: an analysis of age and life stage as related to hooligan behaviour would have strengthened LaPierre’s analysis. Moreover, when terming hooliganism an adult crime and not a youth crime, LaPierre problematically applies Western definitions of youthhood instead of Soviet ones, which ascribed youthhood to all citizens eligible to join the Komsomol, the mass Soviet youth organization, an age range that spanned 15 to 28 and sometimes even older by the late Khrushchev years. Using this Soviet definition of youthhood, the statistics on age breakdown provided by LaPierre indicate that young people aged 14 to 29 committed most hooligan acts in the early and mid 1960s: no wonder, then, that the Soviet state expressed such concern over youth hooliganism (p. 47). My criticisms should not detract from reader attention to this thoughtprovoking and high-quality book. LaPierre deserves praise for helping enrich our understanding of Khrushchev-era hooliganism. This well-written and affordably-priced book makes it highly suitable for class assignments, and constitutes required reading for anyone interested in post-Stalin Soviet history and in crime studies. Department of History Gleb Tsipursky Ohio State University Jenks, Andrew L. The Cosmonaut Who Couldn’t Stop Smiling: The Life and Legend of Yuri Gagarin. Northern Illinois University Press, DeKalb, IL, 2012. viii + 316 pp. Illustrations. Notes. Index. $35.00. In this biography of Yuri Gagarin, the first man in space, Andrew Jenks takes the reader through Gagarin’s life and through Soviet history, indicating the importance of Gagarin for post-war Soviet social and cultural myths and realities about heroes. Jenks writes that Gagarin left the earth’s atmosphere a human being and returned to earth a national icon. Over the next years he became a motivational speaker, Communist Youth League activist, and son of the motherland. Yet he also enjoyed the fast and privileged life of a Soviet hero: he loved to dress up in costumes for masquerade balls, he was a great charmer and storyteller, and enjoyed driving fast cars. He preached sobriety, yet relished drink, presented himself as an ideal family man, yet his home life was far from ideal, and he may have been a womanizer. Gagarin was important as a new kind of hero — a hero of the potentialities of Soviet society under SEER, 91, 4, OCTOBER 2013 928 Khrushchev and of reborn faith in the Communist future. Under President Putin, Gagarin’s heroism has been reborn to serve the state. As a provincial Russian of working class background, Gagarin arrived in space by good fortune and hard work. He joined the Pioneers, studied hard, played sports equally hard and did well in school and work. He was good at buttering up teachers and classmates. Having finished trade school, Gagarin enrolledinafour-yeartechnicaluniversityinSaratov.Hedistinguishedhimself as a leader. He developed a close relationship with the secret police and the political officers of his university. He joined DOSAAF (Voluntary Society for Aid to Army, Airforce and Navy) which enabled him to begin flight training — although with unsafe airplanes at crowded fields. He pursued a military career in office/pilot training at the Chkalov Military Academy. His determination and personal qualities led to his selection as the first cosmonaut. Gagarin’s life raises the issue of technological failure in Soviet society, something never covered in public. To celebrate Gagarin’s flight was to celebrate the technological glories of the Soviet space programme, but to hide the failures from view. A large number of personnel including cosmonauts died in accidents — as did many of the dogs used in space flight. Gagarin himself landed 500 km from the target and was not located by officials until thirty minutes later. He died in a jet training accident in 1968 — whose miserly two-page accident report was released only in 2011. Gagarin was the focus of a personality cult. His cult was born amidst deStalinization and joined the cults...

Регламентация деятельности городских добровольных пожарных обществ Саратовской губернии (конец XIX – начало XX в.)

Регламентация деятельности городских добровольных пожарных обществ Саратовской губернии (конец XIX – начало XX в.)

LIETUVOS BIBLIOFILIJA SOVIETMEČIU: ISTORIOGRAFINIS ASPEKTAS

The article aims to disclose scientific or other professed evaluations of Lithuanian bibliophilia in the Soviet period. The research basis consists of historiographical literature. Exiguous historiography of the subject may be divided into two stages: 1) until 1990 and 2) after 1990. Works published in the first stage provides information on the conception of bibliophilia of that time, its origins, and historical development and the atmosphere in which it had functioned. Usually authors of the latter works declared about an ostensibly newly formed socialistic bibliophilia and its changed social and cultural functions. More significant and numerous evaluations of bibliophilia of the said period have been traced from the second half of the eight decade. This tendencymay be explained by the fact that starting from the establishment of Voluntary Society of Book Lovers of Lithuanian SSR in 1974 an organized movement of book lovers emerged which of itself motivated raising issues related to book and solving them, and at the same time encouraged to rethink the conception of the bibliophilia and its tasks. Among more important authors of bibliophilia interpretations we may distinguish two public figures: Vladas Žukas and Levas Vladimirovas.Until 2008–2012, when the author of these lines started the research of Lithuanian bibliophilia in the Soviet period, and generalized its results in several scientific and science popular publications as well as in her doctoral dissertation, there have been no considerate or special scientific evaluations devoted specifically to this phenomenon. It may be maintained that after regaining Lithuanian independence certain evaluations were based on reflections of generalcharacter, personal experience or even on presentiments, more rarely – on unpublished or published sources. Authors of the said period had a more or less negative preconceived attitude towards bibliophilia and its activities in the Soviet period. Bibliophilia was reviewed passingly in its separate specific layers. Solving general issues of Lithuanian bibliophilia history, theory, methodology and organization we not rarely touch bibliophilia of the Soviet period. Within eyeshot of researchers most often emerge Vilnius Mažvydas and Plungė Daukantas Book Lovers Clubs which played an important role in the history of Lithuanian bibliophilia and which have been continuing their activities up to the present. In other cases we limit ourselves to brief description of general state of bibliophilia or its assessment which usually consists of several sentences or paragraphs, traditionally negative, sometimes unfavourable conditions for bibliophilia development are accentuated.Further development of the research of Lithuanian bibliophilia in the Soviet period will depend on accessibility to new sources and potentialitiesthey could provide as well as research capacities.