Gas Volume Research Articles

Numerical study on the gas-liquid interface in the hydrogen reduction of copper slag process

Hydrogen reduction provides an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional smelting for copper slag. The study investigates the gas–liquid interface dynamics during the process. A numerical model based on Coupled Level Set-Volume of Fluid (CLSVOF) and Large Eddy Simulation (LES) methods has been developed and validated against experimental data. The model accurately depicts bubbling modes and interface characteristics in the reactor. Results indicate periodic self-similar patterns in interfacial area and gas volume signals. The vorticity distribution shows asymmetry and swirling patterns, with higher vorticity in the gas injection and upper liquid surface regions. The mass transfer efficiency is higher in the bubble plume region than in the upper surface. Increasing gas flow rates expands the gas–liquid interface areas but decreases mass transfer efficiency in the bubble plume while increasing it in the upper surface. These findings provide valuable insights into the efficiency of the hydrogen reduction of the copper slag process.

Synthesis of (5-Iminio-4,5-dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)tetrazol-1-ide: A Zwitterionic Compound Containing a Tetrazole Anion as a Promising Blunt Energetic Material

Abstract(5-Iminio-4,5-dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)tetrazol-1-ide is the first zwitterionic energetic material containing tetrazole as an anion and 1,3,4 oxadiazole as a cation. Its low mechanical sensitivity (IS >40 J, FS >360 N) and high gas volume after detonation at standard temperature and pressure (767.0 dm3/kg) make it a prime example of a novel type of blunt energetic material with promising applications.

Numerical simulation study of the effect of nonlinear side blowing on the flow of gas-liquid two-phase flow

Abstract The hydrodynamic and stirring characteristics of gas-slag-copper matte three-phase in side-blowing melt pool melting were numerically simulated using a combination of the volume of fluid (VOF) model in computational fluid dynamics and the realizable k-ε turbulence model. The study obtained macroscopic flow and gas-liquid two-phase distribution information of the flow field in the melting process. It also examined the effects of isokinetic blowing and nonlinear blowing on the fluid velocity, penetration depth, gas content, and turbulent eddy volume of the flow field, and compared the results. The results indicate that, for the same total gas volume, constant velocity blowing (CVS) inadequately agitates the molten pool, resulting in a large stirring dead zone within the flow field. In contrast, nonlinear blowing enhances the fluid velocity overall. Specifically, sinusoidal variable speed blowing (SWS) and rectangular variable speed blowing (RWS) reduce the stirring dead zone area by 79 and 73.5 %, respectively. This is attributed to the increase in maximum penetration depth and slag phase gas content, as well as the decrease in gas escape during nonlinear blowing. The vortex volume over the total calculated time for the three conditions is enhanced by 6.7 and 1.1 % for SWS and RWS, respectively. Additionally, the turbulent kinetic energy of the fluids is increased by 18.7 and 17 %, respectively.

Synergistic Effects of Essential Oil Blends and Fumaric Acid on Ruminal Fermentation, Volatile Fatty Acid Production and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Using the Rumen Simulation Technique (RUSITEC)

This study investigated the combined impact of essential oil blends (EOBs) and fumaric acid (FA) on ruminal fermentation in dairy cows using the rumen simulation technique (RUSITEC) system. Three rumen-cannulated, non-lactating Holstein Friesian cows served as inoculum donors. The substrate, a total mixed ration (TMR), comprised corn silage, alfalfa hay, and a concentrate mix in a 3:1:1 ratio. The four treatments evaluated were Control (TMR without additives), EFA1 (TMR + EOB1 + FA), EFA2 (TMR + EOB2 + FA), and EFA3 (TMR + EOB3 + FA). Sixteen fermentation chambers were randomly assigned to the treatments, each with four replicates, following a completely randomized design during a 9-day experimental period. EOBs and FA were added at 10 µL/g feed and 3% of TMR, respectively. After a 4-day adaptation, samples were collected for 5 days. Results revealed that EFA1 significantly reduced (p = 0.0351) CH4 emissions by 60.2% without negatively impacting dry matter disappearance, fiber fraction digestibility, pH, or gas volume. All EFAs increased (p < 0.001) the propionate molar proportion and decreased (p < 0.001) the acetate-to-propionate ratio. EFA2 decreased (p < 0.05) the acetate proportion by 3.3% compared to the control. In conclusion, EFA1 is recommended as an effective nutritional intervention to mitigate CH4 emissions and optimize ruminal fermentation in dairy cows.

Realizing synergy between pollution reduction and carbon mitigation in industrial parks: From model development to tool application

Promoting the synergy between carbon mitigation and pollution reduction (SCMPR) is pivotal for global green and sustainable development. Industrial parks, as crucial economic hubs, require effective SCMPR strategies considering land, economy, and the environment, but present research seldom proposes methods that consider multiple factors and stakeholders together and fit for practical application. Given this, this study establishes a multi-factor industrial structural adjustment model for industrial parks incorporating scenario analysis to unveil optimal adjustment schemes and then develops an efficient spreadsheet tool based on the model. The model results convincingly fulfill SCMPR requirement after applying to a typical industrial park: After adjustments, 50 main industries in the park can achieve SCMPR targets, with carbon intensity and total phosphorous intensity predicted to achieve relative decoupling and other regular pollutant emissions anticipated to absolute decoupling by 2030. The proposed optimal scheme indicates that wastewater, waste gas, and solid waste volumes in the park will rise by 39%–54% by 2025 and 76%–113% from 2025 to 2030, and then translate into a 50% increase in waste treatment costs by 2025 and a subsequent 98% increase by 2030. The carbon intensity of the park will decrease from 154 tonnes of CO2 per million Chinese Yuan in 2020 to 94 in 2030. The results culminate in three strategic recommendations for industrial parks: (1) prioritize reducing total pollutant emissions and carbon intensity, (2) customize carbon mitigation and pollution reduction strategies for each industry, and (3) regulate material and energy flows at multiple levels. This study can provide a pragmatic tool for industrial parks to make science-based decision-making toward dual carbon goals.

Characterization of the deflagration behavior of the lithium-ion battery module within a confined space under different ventilation conditions

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been widely used in the modern society, such as electric vehicle and energy storage system. The most common application scenario of LIB is in the confined space. LIBs were prone to release flammable gases (such as carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and hydrocarbons) under abuse conditions, and the gas accumulation deflagrated with catastrophic power especially in the confined space. The ventilation condition and cathode materials of the LIB influence the destructive power of deflagration. In this study, thermal runaway (TR) tests on the Li(Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1)O2 (NCM811) and Li(Ni0.6Co0.2Mn0.2)O2 (NCM622) cells with different states of charge (SOCs) were conducted in a confined box under different ventilation conditions. The location of peak pressure, gas temperature, deflagration pressure, and the effects of ventilation were analyzed. Based on the measured values of the pressure at different locations, the peak pressure was generally located at the top of the confined space. The gas temperature and pressure of NCM811 batteries were generally higher than those of NCM622 batteries. NCM811 cells not only had a lower trigger temperature of thermal runaway (TR), but also a high destructive power of deflagration. The impact of ventilation condition on deflagration was studied, and the result of dimensionless analysis indicated that the deflagration pressure was influenced by opening factor, explosion gas volume, explosion heat, and explosion temperature. With the increasing of the opening angle of the window, the peak deflagration pressure firstly increased (from 30° to 60°) then decreased, indicating that there was an competitive mechanism between the combustion and pressure relief with the improvement of ventilation condition. This work helps us understand the hazards of LIB deflagration under different ventilation conditions and provides a reference for ventilation design in battery application scenarios which ensure the process safety through fire protection design.

Surge prediction in a gas-liquid mixed-flow pump based on multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis

Surge causes a sudden drop in pressure increase and possibly results in severe vibration in a multiphase pump once inlet gas volume fraction (IGVF) exceeds a critical value. In this study, a synchronous test system including a high-speed camera, a laser Doppler vibrometer and high-frequency pressure fluctuation sensors is constructed to measure shaft vibration and pressure fluctuation in a gas–liquid mixed-flow pump at different IGVFs. The multifractal characteristics of the collected signals obtained by using the multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis method have been analysed and compared in detail. Results show that pressure surge occurs once the flow pattern transforms from bubbly flow to gas pocket flow in the pump. The multifractal characteristics of the vibration and pressure fluctuations depend strongly on the IGVF. Before the surge, the multifractal strength of vibration and pressure fluctuation increase with the increment of IGVF. After the surge, they decrease rapidly as the bubble coalescence into a mass of gas pockets. Furthermore, the local fluctuation of the vibration is insensitive to the variation of the IGVF and the multifractal spectrum has a right tail at each IGVF. The local fluctuation of the pressure fluctuation become severe with the coalescence of bubbles and the multifractal spectrum has a left tail after the surge. The incipient surge state can be effectively predicted by characteristics parameters extracted from the multifractal spectrum of the shaft vibration and the pressure fluctuation in the pump. This study provides an effective method for surge state prediction in multiphase pumps.

Global trends in the development of a sustainable bioeconomy for rural growth in Ukraine

Growing global environmental problems are forcing humanity to think about transforming the basic principles of doing business, as the traditional economic order leads to an increase in the volume of pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere, excessive depletion of the main types of fossil fuels, and considerable accumulation of industrial and household waste. In these circumstances, the alternative is to use low-carbon energy sources, which will minimise destructive environmental impacts. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to substantiate the theoretical and methodological foundations of bioeconomic activity and practical recommendations for the development of a sustainable bioeconomy in Ukraine. To fulfil this purpose, the study employed general scientific and special methods of theoretical and empirical research, specifically, at the theoretical level, the methods of theoretical generalisation, abstract-logical, hypothetical, historical, methods of ascent from the abstract to the concrete, etc. The empirical level includes comparative, descriptive, SWOT strategic analysis, graphs, and tables. Using the methods outlined in the historical retrospective study, the study monitored the volume of greenhouse gas and pollutant emissions into the atmosphere due to the considerable use of fossil fuels, which provokes an increase in global environmental problems in society. Under these conditions, sustainable economic activity is gaining popularity, allowing for the production of renewable energy from renewable resources, agricultural, forestry and fishery residues, as well as organic industrial and household waste. The study outlined foreign practices and Ukrainian initiatives to promote bioeconomic activity, considering the country’s natural resource and intellectual potential, as well as financial national support for the bioindustry. Considering the findings of the study, the strengths and weaknesses of the sustainable bioeconomy were systematised using SWOT analysis, key threats to its formation in Ukraine were foreseen, and constructive opportunities for its development were identified. The practical value of this study lies in the scientific substantiation of proposals for promising strategic guidelines for the development of a sustainable bioeconomy with strengthening its capabilities and finding ways to minimise the destructive impact of key threats

Mathematical Modeling for the Process of Smelting Reduction Ironmaking Integrated with Hydrogen-Rich Coal Gasification

To reduce pollution and improve the efficiency of coal resource utilization, this study proposed an integrated process for smelting reduction ironmaking and coal gasification. A multi-zone constrained mathematical model, based on heat and mass balance calculations, was developed to predict the energy and material flows required to produce 1 ton of hot metal. Two scenarios were examined: one using pure O2 as the gasification agent (referred to as the non-hydrogen-rich process) and the other using a combination of pure O2 and pure steam (referred to as the hydrogen-rich process). In the non-hydrogen rich process, as the PCR (Post Combustion Ratio) varies from 0% to 8%, the total coal consumption, O2 consumption, and volume of exported gas decrease by 57%, 57% and 53%, respectively. In the hydrogen-rich process, as the H2 content increases from 30% to 50%, the exported gas volume increases by 38%. The upper limit of H2 content in the SRV (Smelting Reduction Vessel) off-gas is mainly determined by the PCR, which decreases from 52.7% to 45.2% as the PCR varies from 0% to 8%. The findings of this work can serve as a theoretical basis for further investigation of the new process.

Calibrated Hydraulic Resistance Adjuncts for Carbon Dioxide Angiography Optimization

Background: Despite the growing interest in CO2 angiography, some mechanical aspects related to CO2 injection still need to be deepened, and some improvements are still possible. This work explores the possibility of optimizing gas injection into small-sized arteries. Since the image quality depends on how the gas fills the vessel and is strongly dependent on injection flow, the possibility of controlling the flow is mandatory to obtain good results. To better control the flow, we propose to adjunct small tubes with known hydraulic resistances in parallel to the injection catheter, allowing the generation of the desired injection flow by modulating the injection pressure. Methods: Using a mechanical mock of the cardiovascular system, we measured pressures and flows of interest and acquired the optical images of the vessel during gas injections. We performed a simulation with four different calibrated adjunct resistances in various injection pressure conditions, with and without saline flushing. Results: Our tests demonstrated that the optimized injection of the gas maintains the same procedure durations and reduces the gas volume and the local pressure increase, avoiding the local gas “explosion” in the injection site. Conclusions: Our proposal appears effective and paves the way for research into optimizing clinical CO2 angiography procedures.

Calculation Model and Accuracy Study of Transformer Standard Oil Preparation

This article introduces a treatment method, component concentration calculation model, and device for preparing standard oil using transformer oil. The base oil is prepared by deeply purifying the transformer oil and measuring its background value. Based on the target component concentration, the appropriate volume of standard gas is determined, and the background value of the combined oil is used in the component concentration calculation model to determine the theoretical value of the standard oil. The standard oil value that has been prepared is in good agreement with the anticipated target value, thereby simplifying the purification process and cutting down on the processing cost of used transformer oil. Simultaneously, a fully automatic integrated device has been developed for the advanced purification of transformer oil and the production of standard oil. This device comprises a vacuum pump, an oil storage tank, an electromagnetic valve, an oil cylinder, and various sensors, all managed by sophisticated software. The standard oil for transformers can be prepared and stored stably for an extended period. The standard oil output is processed under sealed and unchanging pressure conditions to ensure a consistent concentration of components in the standard oil.

Experimental investigation of pressure fluctuation in a mixed-flow pump under gas–liquid two-phase flow conditions

The flow in mixed-flow pumps under gas–liquid operating conditions is complex, involving special phenomena such as secondary flow and bubble breakup and coalescence. As a result, its pressure fluctuation characteristic is far different from that under pure water conditions. In this work, the energy performance, pressure fluctuation characteristics, and flow pattern under different inlet gas volume fractions (IGVFs) are studied through a visualization test in a mixed-flow pump. The air pocket forms easily close to the suction side of diffuser vanes, where two pressure fluctuation monitoring points are set up. The pressure increment decreases continuously when the IGVF increases, and the flow pattern shows a transition from bubble, condensed bubble, and air pocket to separated flow. Moreover, the pressure fluctuation amplitude and peak-to-peak values increase. The main frequency under different IGVFs is maintained as the blade passing frequency. When the IGVF increases to 15%, the peak-to-peak amplitude at P1 reaches the maximum, which is 2.24 times that of the pure water condition. Some amplitudes at one frequency fluctuate at different times when the IGVF is higher than 10%. The findings contribute theoretical support in improving the stability of multiphase pumps.

Experiment of cavitating flow characteristics of inducer with inflow entrained air

To study the effect of inflow entrained non-condensable LOX tank pressurization gas on cavitating flow inside inducer pumps, a series of experiment were performed. The cavitation head breakdown point and cavitation instability characteristics of an inducer pump under different inlet gas volume fraction(IGVF) were investigated. It was found that head breakdown occurred at higher cavitation number under higher IGVF condition. Analysis of low frequency pulsating pressure suggested that cavitation surge was supressed by extra compressibility provided by non-condensable gas at operating point near head breakdown.

Shale gas play of the silurian hot shale, Ghadames Basin, North Africa: Insights from integrated geochemistry and basin modeling

The lower Silurian hot shale in the Ghadames Basin was investigated to provide a regional assessment of the future prospects of shale gas play as an important unconventional resource system in one of the top African superglobal petroliferous sedimentary basins. The unconventional natural gas potential of the hot shale was studied based on regional improved organofacies assessment, thermal maturity, the timing of generation and expulsion, and sweet gas spot analysis, such as gas in place (GIP), total expelled gas (TEG), and total retained gas (TRG). The integration between regional geology and organic geochemistry, together with the proper regional utilization of the multi-dimensional basin modeling to better appreciate the importance of the Silurian hot shale as a key future shale gas unconventional-rich petroleum system (URPS) in the Ghadames Basin. The relationship between the richness and thermal parameters, such as the total organic carbon indicator (%TOC), hydrogen index (HI), measured and time step (calibrated models) vitrinite and equivalent vitrinite (%VRo) reflectance were used to develop quality control models for the regional natural gas spots of the Silurian hot shale were present-day mapping presentations are utilized as well for each parameter to better appreciate the lateral variability of the dry gas volumes. Regional basin control parameters from several key wells, such as heat flow levels, formation pressure system, and basin porosity were successfully utilized for the hot shale gas play resource screening (sweet spots) study utilizing multi-dimensional modeling approaches. The established regional spatial type B marine organofacies of the hot shale with excellent geochemical properties (∼18 %TOC) and regionally sufficient thermal maturation (∼2.45 %VRo, post-mature stage) indicate a significant amount of natural gas expelled and retained that has occurred in the Silurian hot shale system. The estimated GIP of the hot shale is about 120 bcf/km2 (equivalent to 320 bcf/section). The maximum expelled gas (TEG) amount is defined with values up to 88 bcf/section and the total estimated volume of the retained gas (TRG) is up to 96 bcf/km2, with the current geological architecture, geochemical properties, volumes, and distribution of the hot shale dry gas sweet spot in the Ghadames Basin. The hot shale can be considered in the near future for extensive further studies and exploration and development plans in Libya, Algeria, or Tunisia.

Utilizing data from the clinical pulmonary function laboratory to teach about respiratory physiology: illustrating airway-parenchymal interdependence.

Here we demonstrate how data from the clinical pulmonary function lab can help students learn about the principle of airway-parenchymal interdependence. We examined the relationship between airway conductance (Gaw) and lung volume (thoracic gas volume, TGV) in 48 patients: 17 healthy; 20 with emphysema, expected to have reduced airway-parenchymal interdependence; and 11 with pulmonary fibrosis, expected to have increased airway-parenchymal interdependence. Our findings support these expectations, with the slope of Gaw vs. TGV being steeper among those with pulmonary fibrosis and flatter among those with emphysema, compared to the slope of the healthy group. This type of analytic approach, using real-world patient data readily available from any pulmonary function laboratory, can be used to explore other fundamental principles of respiratory physiology.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This report demonstrates how common data obtained from the clinical pulmonary function testing laboratory can be used to illustrate important principles of respiratory physiology. Here we show how the relationship between airway conductance and lung volume across different disease states reflects intrinsic differences in airway-parenchymal interdependence.

Optimization of enterprises' costs for the purchase of energy resources and assessment of the economic feasibility of purchasing forwards for natural gas

The article is devoted to analyzing the energy market of Ukraine to introduce innovative approaches to reduce the costs of non-household consumers. The main problems of the functioning of the natural gas market of Ukraine, related to the organizational mechanism of trade in short-term and long-term standardized products under defined conditions, are considered. It is noted that the active development of gas exchange trade in Ukraine, which was taking place, is complicated by the problems of supply and gas in war conditions and the generalized advantages and disadvantages of options for purchasing natural gas for non-household consumers. The work states that natural gas consumers, regardless of the gas purchase scheme, are faced with the problem of a local rapid increase in the price of energy carriers. This leads to a decrease in business margins and a threat to the sustainable development of the enterprise. Based on the existing legislation in Ukraine and the organizational mechanism for regulating energy markets, a mechanism for fixing the price of natural gas in Ukraine for enterprises is proposed by purchasing volumes of natural gas in the period of lowest consumption and selecting it in the required period. An economic evaluation of the expediency of fixing the price of natural gas in order to reduce the costs of energy resources was carried out. A decrease in natural gas costs to non-domestic consumers when the price is fixed in the period of the lowest consumption has been demonstrated. The assessment showed that the volume of purchases significantly affects the overall efficiency. It is noted that the following points require further research: determination of periods of stable low prices and their duration, as well as the impact of the cost of using the funds involved in the purchase of natural gas. A proposed strategy for purchasing natural gas using forward and futures contracts, when enterprises can ensure stable and predictable gas supply conditions, contributes to effective cost management and business planning. Keywords: natural gas, optimal strategy, markets of exhaustible resources, energy market, demand for resources, supply of resources.

Utilization of dried dairy cow feces as biogas substrate and biogas sludge as organic soil conditioner

Utilization of farm waste as an alternative energy source is a form of farm waste management, but field applications are not optimal. The purpose of this study is to find out to what extent the dried dairy cow feces can function as a biogas substrate for an overview of the number of anaerobic bacteria, the volume of bio-gas, and the use of organic carbon-containing biodiesel mud so that it can be used as an organic soil fertilizer. This study uses an experimental research method and looks at the results of an independent T test with two treatments: sundry and dry oven. The tests were done on days 0 (after 4 hours), 7, 14, 21, and 28. The water level, number of bacteria, volume of gas, and pH and organic C content of the biogas sludge were all recorded. The study's findings showed that the number of anaerobic bacteria on days 0 (after 4 hours), 7, 14, 21, and 28 and the amount of biogas on days 14 and 21 did not change whether the samples were dried in the sun or in a furnace. However, on days 7 and 28, the amounts of biogas changed depending on whether the samples were dried in the sun or in a furnace.

Effect of ozoniotherapy in the treatment of necrosis after hair transplantation: case report

Introduction: Nowadays, ozone plays an important role in wound healing and tissue repair as a therapy and as antimicrobial, bactericidal and fungicidal agent. It attains recognition in hair transplantation as a treatment for necrosis due to hypoxic-ischemic local syndrome. Objective: to demonstrate the therapeutic evolution of ischemia in a hair transplant after ozone therapy sessions. Methods: The patient was evaluation and gave consent to photographic records. He went through 30 topic applications of ozonated oil, with a 10 drop dosage daily; 12 bag ozone sessions for 10 minutes; besides subcutaneous applications, with 30% ozone concentration and a very small gas volume (1-2 ml) with 30G needle. Results: Evolution of the case was registered with images and tissue coloring and changes evidenced. Conclusion: It is clear that ozone therapy made wound healing and tissue repair faster, since there was an increase of epithelial cells and neoangiogenesis due to therapy, resulting in almost complete repair of the patient’s hair transplant at the end of the sessions.

Expansion Characteristics and Creep Test of New Curing Expansion Material for Gas Extraction Boreholes

In order to find the optimal expansion effect of a new curing expansion material so that it can better meet the requirements of the efficient sealing of drilled holes, the expansion and creep characteristics of the new curing expansion material were studied. Based on the creep results of graded loading, the Kelvin–Volgt model was selected to analyze its mechanical parameters, and a new “concentric ring” reinforcement sealing method was proposed. Numerical simulation was employed to analyze and discuss the reinforcement radius and depth of the “protective wall rock hole ring” in the “concentric ring” model, and on-site application experiments were carried out in a soft coal seam. The results show that the “concentric ring” reinforcement sealing method can effectively solve the problems of easy collapse and stress concentration instability in the sealing section of soft coal seams, ensuring long-term and efficient sealing of gas extraction boreholes in soft coal seams. When the diameter of the extraction drilling hole is 100 mm, the optimal reinforcement radius for the “protective wall rock hole ring” is 0.16–0.18 m. A reasonable reinforcement depth of the “protective wall rock hole ring” for drilling in soft coal seams is about 0.8–1 times the width of the roadway. In the on-site application process, experimental boreholes using “concentric ring” reinforcement sealing technology did not show any collapse phenomena, and the volume fraction of extracted gas remained above 30% for the first 30 days. Moreover, the gas volume fraction on the 30th and 60th days was 2.5 times and more than 3 times that of bag sealing boreholes using expanded cement, further proving that the sealing quality of boreholes using “concentric ring” reinforcement sealing is higher.

Eksplorasi Energi Biogas di PT. Biro Teknik Sinar Baru

Energy sources originating from fossil fuels such as petroleum, coal and others cause environmental damage and increase greenhouse gases. Cow dung is a renewable energy source that is rarely used but has many benefits after being produced into biogas which can be used as electricity and gas. The advantages of using livestock manure into biogas include renewable energy, biogas can reduce environmental pollution and reduce greenhouse emissions. In this research, we studied biogas energy exploration at PT Bureau Teknik Sinar Baru. A comparative study of the potential of biogas and LPG from several aspects, namely duration, volume of use, CO gas, and cost, has been carried out with the aim of evaluating the advantages and limitations of each of these energy sources. Based on the test results, biogas is 14 minutes faster, more economical 0.05 liters, and the CO gas produced is 0.20% - 0.33% smaller than LPG for boiling 5 liters of water. In conclusion, this study shows that biogas has the potential to be a cheaper, environmentally friendly and sustainable alternative energy source compared to LPG.