Volume Tables Research Articles

Improved Branch Volume Prediction of Multi-Stemmed Shrubs: Implications in Shrub Volume Inventory and Fuel Characterization

Accurately estimating the volume of woody vegetation is critical for assessing fuel characteristics and associated wildfire risks in shrublands. However, few studies have investigated the branch volume of multi-stemmed shrubs, a dominant life form in wildfire-prone drylands. This study predicts branch volume using the inflection point of branch diameter. This inflection point, identified using the “Segmented” package in R, marks the transition from a gradual decrease to a significant reduction in diameter along the stem. The volume of branch segment above this point is calculated as a cone, and below it, a cylinder. We validated this method on various species such as Caragana korshinskii, Salix psammophila, and Vitex negundo. Good estimations were achieved with an average 19.2% bias relative to reference branch volumes, outperforming conventional methods that subjectively treated the whole branch as either a cylinder (96.9% bias) or a cone (−34.4% bias). We tallied branches by basal diameter and provided inventories for easily locating the inflection point, as well as using two-way branch volume tables for rapid volume predictions in shrubland. In general, we developed an effective method for estimating branch volumes of multi-stemmed shrubs, enabling its application to larger-scale shrubland volumetric prediction. This advancement supports wildfire hazard assessment and informs decision-making in fuel treatments.

Development of Local Volume Table for Pinus caribbaea var. hondurensis (Senecl) in Area J4, Omo Forest Reserve, Nigeria

Volume estimation is a crucial part of every forest or plantation because it provides the quantity of timber or wood available at a given period and predicts future or expected growth of the forest. Unfortunately, local volume table are not readily available for some–economically important tree species in Nigeria. Hence, it is of paramount importance that local volume tables for economic tree species such as Pinus caribbaea in Area J4, Omo Forest reserve, Ogun state, Nigeria. Aim: The aim of this study is to develop a local volume table for Pinus caribbaea in Area J4, Omo Forest Reserve, Ogun State, Nigeria. Study Design: Simple random sampling was used for this study. Ten Temporary Sample Plots (TSP) of equal size 25m x 25m were randomly located in the selected plantation (P. caribbaea: established in 1997). All the trees with diameter at breast height (dbh) ≥ 10cm in each TSP were enumerated. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in the Pinus caribbaea plantation in Area J4, Omo forest reserve, Ogun State from November 9th to 20th, 2023. Methodology: The total tree height, merchantable height, diameters at the top, middle, base, and dbh were measured and used to estimate stand volume. A volume table was developed using five selected models, and the best model was selected using least Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and regression at α0.05 with R statistical software. Results: The results obtained in P. caribbaea plantation revealed that the dbh and height were 27.93±6.95 cm and 28.72±3.47 m, respectively, while individual tree volume was 0.83±0.57m3. The combined variable model ( was selected as the best model to develop local volume table for P. caribbaea (AIC = -54.73, BIC = -45.49 and RMSE = 0.20). The statistical metrics implied a suitable selected model which can be use for future predictions with minimal error. Conclusion: The developed volume table for estimating the quantity of wood or timber available in the Pinus caribaea plantation at a given time. The volume model and local volume table developed are to be applied only to the Pinus caribaea plantation in the study area for continuous estimation and valuation of the species.

Age changes of birch stands on the permanent sample plots of the Kologrivsky Forest Nature Reserve

The actual patterns of forest stand dynamics can be revealed only if observational data on permanent sample plots are available. The aim of the study is to identify the characteristics of the age changes of stand indicators in permanent birch sampleplots of the Kologrivsky Forest Nature Reserve (Kostroma Region). The object of the study was forest stands in birch stands located in the core of the Kologrivsky Forest Nature Reserve. At present they are represented by mature and over-mature birch stands with the predominance of spruce undergrowth in narrow clearings of 1928 with a width of 100‑150 m. In the permanent sample plots trees were counted according to individual forest elements with the distribution of 4 cm in thickness steps. For 20‑25 trees, heights were measured in the range of varying diameters with further graphical alignment of the values. The stock was calculated using stem volume tables, and the biomass of the stand fractions was calculated using allometric equations. An analysis of the age changes of stand indicators (average height and diameter, number of trees, basal area, stock, biomass fractions, carbon content in biomass) for the period from 1981‑1983 to 2018‑2022 was carried out. In the sample plots considered, the dominant forest element in each age interval is birch. At present, however, the forest stands are approaching the stage of initial decay. Instead of pure birch stands, mixed spruce-linden stands will develop in the future. Comparing the changes of the stand indicators on the plots with a model of the growth of birch stands in the sorrel spruce forest type, it was found that the changes of the average heights of the actual stands are synchronous with the curve obtained from the model, while for other indicators there are significant discrepancies.

Simplified volume equations for grey poplar (Populus × canescens Smith.) standing trees

Grey poplar (Populus× canescens Smith.) is a natural hybrid of white poplar (Populus alba L.) and Eurasian aspen (Populus tremula L.). It can be found throughout Europe, where both parents are present. The above mentioned species of poplars (under the term of ‘domestic poplars’) cover approximately 5% of the forests of Hungary. Of these species, grey poplar holds significance in forestry, and its role in afforestation shows a growing tendency. For this reason, improving the growing technology of grey poplar is a timely topic. In this paper we introduce algorithms which help estimate grey poplar tree volumes without having to use volume tables. Based on the performed evaluations, both equations can be used for single tree volume estimation with an error of less than 5%.

Applicability of different regression models for estimation of merchantable wood volume of sessile oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) in Bosnia and Herzegovina

In Bosnia and Herzegovina, there are tariff tables used for estimating the volume of sessile oak trees in high forests, which were created on the basis of two-entry volume tables for oak trees from the area of Germany, authored by Schwappach in 1905. There are indications that the application of the aforementioned tariffs in forest management practice results in certain differences in the estimated amount of merchantable wood volume compared to the real situation. The material for creation of volume tables was the data concerning the measurement of 2,413 model trees in different habitat and stand conditions. A large number of widely used regression models was tested to equalize the volume of merchantable wood volume as a dependent variable in terms of the diameter at breast height and height of the tree as independent variables. Regression models such as Schumacher-Hall and Spurr II provide satisfactory accuracy, that is, they can be used to estimate the merchantable wood volume of sessile oak trees in high forests (pure and mixed) in the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with a permissible deviation. By introducing the third variable into the model, diameter at seven meters height, the accuracy of the tree volume estimation increases significantly, but due to the significant increase in the volume of work on collecting the necessary data, this model is not suitable for use in forest inventories.

Development of Volumetric Equation and Volume Table for Casuarina Species

Development of Volumetric Equation and Volume Table for Casuarina Species

Dar dikim aralıklarında kurulan kavak (Populus x euramericana ve Populus deltoides klonları) ağaçlandırmalarında artım ve büyüme

Bu çalışmada, levha ve kağıt endüstrisinin talebine uygun odun üretimine yönelik, dar dikim aralıklarındaki kavak ağaçlandırmalarının gelişimleri araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla, P.x euramericana ve P. deltoides klonlarıyla (I-214, I-45/51, SAMSUN (I-77/51), İZMİT (S.307-26) ve 89.M.060) deneme ağaçlandırmaları tesis edilmiştir. Denemelerde 3m x 1,5m (4,5 m2/ağaç), 3m x 2m (6,0 m2), 3m x 3m (9,0 m2), 3m x 4m (12,0 m2) ve 3m x 5m (15,0 m2) olmak üzere, 5 değişik dikim aralığı uygulanmıştır. Tüm kavak klonları için, bonitet tabloları ve çift girişli hacim tabloları düzenlenmiştir. Ayrıca, 3 bonitet sınıfı ve 5 değişik dikim aralığına göre, 3 – 12 yaş kademesi için hasılat tabloları hazırlanmıştır. Dar dikim aralıklarındaki kavak ağaçlandırmalarında çap, boy ve meşcere unsurlarının artım ve büyüme ilişkileri ortaya konulmuştur. Analiz sonuçlarına göre, en uygun klonun 89.M.060 ve dikim aralığının 4,5 m2/ağaç olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Volume of Paulownia Shan Tong (Paulownia fortunei × Paulownia tomentosa) plantation in Eastern Hungary: a case study

Volume tables for tree plantations are not unknown in international practice. In many places, this is due to the uniqueness of the species or variety composition of the plantations and the cultivation technology used. In most cases, this is also justified by specific soil (ecological) conditions. In Hungary, publications on Paulownia have not yet included a volume table. This is the first one we are publishing, thus it can be considered as a gap-filler. The research was conducted in Monostorpályi, a 1.8 hectare, 8-year-old municipal plantation. 8 trees were selected randomly and their parameters were studied.

VOLUME TABLE OF Acacia auriculiformis A. CUNN. EX BENTH. AND Acacia mangium WILLD. PLANTED IN WOODLOT OF SOCIAL FORESTRY PROJECT IN DHAKA FOREST DIVISION OF BANGLADESH

Tree volume, the traditional measurement of wood quantity is a function of trees’ height, basal area, shape, and bark thickness. Tree volume table is the statement of expected tree volume of nominated dimensions in a particular forest stand or population. Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex. Benth. and Acacia mangium Willd. are two fast growing and hardy leguminous (Leguminosae, Mimosaceae) exotic species have widely been planted in the woodlot of Asian Development Bank financed Social Forestry Project in Bangladesh. In this study, models for calculating tree stem volume and a two way volume tables for both A. auriculiformis and A. mangium were developed. Data were collected from the social forestry woodlot of the respective species in Dhaka Forest Division, Bangladesh. Simple linear, logarithmic, polynomial, power and exponential regression models were developed. Best-fit model was selected based on highest R2 among seven linear regression models for volume calculation of A. auriculiformis and A. mangium. Regression R2 of the simple linear regression model for both the species was either higher or at least equal in compararison with said logarithmic, polynomial, power, and exponential regression models. Therefore, simple linear regression model as a function of height (h) and diameter at breast height (dbh) were adopted for the preparation of two way local volume table for both the species due to its simplicity in application.

Compatible Stem Volume and Stem Diameter Equations for Brutian Pine Stands in Antalya-Gebiz Region

Ülkemizin ekolojik ve ekonomik açıdan önemli ağaç türlerinden birisi Kızılçam (Pinus brutia Ten.)’dır. Bu nedenle türün sürdürülebilir yönetimi ve planlaması için hasılat ve büyüme modellerine ihtiyaç vardır. Hasılat ve büyüme modellerinin en önemli bileşenlerinden birisi de ağaç hacim tahminleridir. Ülkemizde ağaç hacim tahminleri genellikle tek girişli hacim tabloları kullanılarak yapılmaktadır. Ancak söz konusu hacim tabloları kullanılarak, güvenilir ve doğru hacim tahminleri yapılması oldukça güçtür. Günümüzde ağaç hacim tahminleri için en doğru yaklaşım tarzlarından birinin uyumlu gövde çapı ve gövde hacim denklemleri olduğu ifade edilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Antalya-Gebiz yöresi doğal kızılçam meşcereleri için uyumlu gövde hacmi ve gövde çapı denklemleri geliştirilmiştir. Bu amaçla, Max ve Burkhart (1976), Parresol vd. (1987), Clark vd. (1991) ve Jiang vd. (2005) tarafından geliştirilen parçalı gövde çapı modelleri seçilmiştir. Seçilen modeller, gövde çapı ve gövde hacim tahminleri açısından tüm ağaç ve gövdenin farklı bölümleri için karşılaştırılmıştır. Geliştirilen tüm modeller gerek gövde çapı gerekse gövde hacim tahminlerinde başarılı sonuçlar üretmiştir. Test edilen tüm modeller, gövde çapı tahminlerindeki varyasyonun %94’ünden; gövde hacim tahminlerindeki varyasyonun ise %95’inden daha fazlasını açıklamıştır. Gövde çapı tahminlerindeki hatalar 2,8 cm’den, gövde hacim tahminlerindeki hatalar ise 0,02 m3’ten daha az bulunmuştur. En başarılı tahminler Clark vd. (1991) tarafından geliştirilen gövde çapı modeli ile elde edilmiştir. Ayrıca çalışma kapsamında geliştirilen modeller, yöresel tek girişli hacim tablosu değerleri ile de karşılaştırılmıştır. Test edilen dört gövde hacim modeli de yöresel tek girişli hacim tablosundan daha iyi sonuçlar ortaya koymuştur.

입목수간재적표 기반의 입목재적 추정의 불확실성과 이에 따른 탄소축적 추정의 편향: 강원도 홍천군을 대상으로

The purpose of this study was to quantify the uncertainty in the estimation of forest growing stock and carbon stock that occurs as DBH(Diameter at Breast Height) and HT (Height) are rounded when locating stem volumes in a stem volume table, and to present a case study using the Hongcheon-gun NFI (National Forest Inventory) data. We quantified the uncertainty of the estimated value of the stem volume obtained from the stem volume table, assuming that the stem volume calculated by the stem taper equation is the true value, and the resulting bias in carbon stock estimation, using two indicators. In all the indices, as DBH and HT increased, a trend was observed in which the absolute values of these indicators increased. BIAS appeared as a positive value in all sections, which means that the stem volume table with rounding DBH and HT underestimated stem volumes. BIAS was found to range from 0.0134m³ to 0.0178m³ depending on the species. RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) was about 4 ~ 7 times greater than BIAS with the same tree sizes. The increase rate of stem volume was almost constant regardless of HT, but increased as DBH increased. This indicates that DBH is more effective in reducing rounding-induced uncertainty when using stem volume tables. Note that rounding DBH combined with this characteristic led to systematic underestimation of stem volume. As a result of estimating the growing stock in the forests of Hongcheon-gun, Gangwon-do using the stem taper equation and the stem volume table, it was confirmed that the stem volume table underestimated the growing stock by 1,475,606m³, and accordingly, did the carbon stock by 860,232 tC. Even if the figure was limited to Hongcheon-gun, it was difficult to consider it a small value. As projects related to greenhouse gas reduction are expected to become more active in the future compared to the past, uncertainty in such estimates may affect the reliability of such projects. Therefore, it is necessary to provide a tool that can calculate stem volume and carbon stock by directly inputting DBH or HT values.

Stand Volume Equation for Pinus Brutia Ten. Natural Growing in Zawita Area, Kurdistan Region of Iraq

Calabrian pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) is grown naturally in Zawita area, Kurdistan Region of Iraq.  It is preferable to have stand volume equation specifically for natural stand of this species due to its importance in decision making regarding many forest management problems. In this work, a reliable stand volume equation was developed for this species to fill this gap. The developed equation was found to be in accord with the least square assumptions. As was the case with many stand volume models that have been developed for different species, stand basal area and stand height were the best in explaining the variation in stand volume. A stand volume table was presented to instantly estimate stand volume from combinations of stand basal area and stand height

Abstract MP25: Physical Activity And The Progression Of Coronary Artery Calcification

Introduction: High volume endurance physical activity (PA) has been shown to associate with increased clinically relevant coronary artery calcification (CAC) but not mortality. A key issue is whether active individuals with CAC have progression of atherosclerosis in the setting of sustained high levels of PA. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that changes in CAC are not related to corresponding changes in PA volume. Further, we hypothesized the rate of CAC progression to ≥100 Agatston units (AU) does not depend on baseline PA level. Methods: The study included 6,525 men and 2,056 women with ≥2 assessments of PA and CAC (EBT scans (1997-2007) or MDCT scans (2007-2019)). All individuals had at least one follow-up visit (mean=1.8). We used mixed linear regression to relate within-person changes in square-root CAC to changes in PA volume, controlling for between-person effects. We used interval-censored proportional hazards regression to test if progression to CAC≥100 AU was related to baseline PA level: ≥3000, 1500-2999, and <1500 MET·minutes/week (MET·min/wk). Covariates included age, smoking, BMI, glucose, cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, and statin use. In addition, the longitudinal analysis was adjusted for time since baseline, while the time-to-CAC-threshold analysis was adjusted for baseline CAC. Results: Mean baseline age was 50 years in men/51 years in women. Mean time to first follow-up was 4.5 years in men/5.1 years in women. PA levels increased by 100 MET·min/wk in men but were stable in women. Cardiorespiratory fitness was stable between visits. Within person changes in CAC were not associated with changes in PA volume (Table). At baseline, 5285 men and 1948 women had CAC<100 AU; at follow-up, 1127 men and 136 women progressed to CAC≥100 AU. Neither PA ≥3000 nor 1500-2999 MET·min/wk exhibited significant risk of CAC progression versus <1500 MET·min/wk. Estimated hazard ratios were ≤1 for both men and women. Conclusions: These results show no apparent risk of increasing CAC with sustained PA in active individuals.

Abstract WP33: Improving Activation Of The Inpatient Stroke Response Team - A Two Decade Experience

Inpatient acute stroke may go unrecognized and missed treatment opportunities are often related to not activating an inpatient stroke response team (SRT). An inpatient stroke response protocol was implemented at our institution in 2001. Since implementation, several interventions have been tried to improve stroke recognition and increase the volume of SRT calls. Objective Describe the relationship between the interventions and change in stroke call volume aimed to support an inpatient SRT. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of all inpatient stroke calls at an urban university-affiliated Comprehensive Stroke Center. A descriptive analysis examined the change in call volume over 20 years as a result of various interventions to support inpatient stroke calls. Unit-based education, focused cardiology nursing unit education, all employee mandatory computer-based stroke education, addition of stroke unit nurses to the inpatient SRT, call process changes analogous to cardiac or respiratory alerts and treatment protocol updates were implemented. Previous interventions were continued as new ones were added. Results: A positive linear relationship between the interventions and call volume was noted. The average increase in annual call volume following an intervention was 47.95±42.39 calls. The average annual percent growth in call volume following an intervention was 134.79±134.58 percent. Continued nursing education led to the greatest increases in annual average call volume (Table). Conclusions: The results suggest that once implemented, supportive interventions positively impact the utilization of an inpatient SRT. Focused and frequent education regarding the inpatient stroke response protocols through annual education and activities related to program certification had the most impact on inpatient stroke team call volume at our center. These results may be beneficial to other stroke programs as they develop inpatient stroke protocols.

Estimating Aboveground Biomass in Dense Hyrcanian Forests by the Use of Sentinel-2 Data

Due to the challenges brought by field measurements to estimate the aboveground biomass (AGB), such as the remote locations and difficulties in walking in these areas, more accurate and cost-effective methods are required, by the use of remote sensing. In this study, Sentinel-2 data were used for estimating the AGB in pure stands of Carpinus betulus (L., common hornbeam) located in the Hyrcanian forests, northern Iran. For this purpose, the diameter at breast height (DBH) of all trees thicker than 7.5 cm was measured in 55 square plots (45 × 45 m). In situ AGB was estimated using a local volume table and the specific density of wood. To estimate the AGB from remotely sensed data, parametric and nonparametric methods, including Multiple Regression (MR), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), k-Nearest Neighbor (kNN), and Random Forest (RF), were applied to a single image of the Sentinel-2, having as a reference the estimations produced by in situ measurements and their corresponding spectral values of the original spectral (B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, B7, B8, B8a, B11, and B12) and derived synthetic (IPVI, IRECI, GEMI, GNDVI, NDVI, DVI, PSSRA, and RVI) bands. Band 6 located in the red-edge region (0.740 nm) showed the highest correlation with AGB (r = −0.723). A comparison of the machine learning methods indicated that the ANN algorithm returned the best ABG-estimating performance (%RMSE = 19.9). This study demonstrates that simple vegetation indices extracted from Sentinel-2 multispectral imagery can provide good results in the AGB estimation of C. betulus trees of the Hyrcanian forests. The approach used in this study may be extended to similar areas located in temperate forests.

Stem volume equation for constructing local volume table of Pinus merkusii Jungh et de Vriese in Tana Toraja community forest

Pinus merkusii Jungh et de Vriese is a plant with high market and economic values due to providing a variety of products, including wood. Good management is needed to preserve pine forest products. The first step toward effective forest management is developing a management plan based on estimated stock data. The volume table used has a significant impact on the accuracy of the stock potential estimate. This study aims to determine the best equation model for compiling a local volume table for P. merkusii Jungh et de Vriese in Tana Toraja Regency. The research was conducted at the community pine forest in Gandang Batu Sillanan and Mengkendek districts, Toraja Regency. The number of sample measured was 100 trees. An analytical method was used to calculate the amount of tree volume on allometric equations. The equation for the stem volume was made using the allometric equation. The research results showed that diameters' mean, standard deviation, and sampling error values were 28.34 cm, 7.39 cm, and 1.45, respectively, heights were 23.77 m, 7.37 m, and 1.44; volume was 1.44 m3, 0.96 m3, and 0.19. The regression equation modelling showed that the best equation model for estimating volume P. merkusii Jungh et de Vriese based on height and diameter was 𝑉=𝑎𝐷2𝐻.

Estimating the tree bole volume of Brutian pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) and Taurus cedar (Cedrus libani A. Rich.) using paracone and centriod methods in Turkey

In this study, the most suitable methods for estimating tree bole volume were tested on seventy-six Brutian pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) and fourty-five Taurus cedar (Cedrus libani A. Rich.) trees. The volume of each tree bole was predicted by utilizing Paracone model, Centroid sampling, Huber formula, and local volume table (LVT) for Brutian pine and Taurus cedar. Volume predictions were then evaluated with “true” volume of every tree that was calculated through summing up the volumes of sub-sections (approximately one meter in length) using Smalian’s formula. The mean errors of Paracone model estimation of the tree bole volumes were not significant for both Brutian pine and Taurus cedar and less than those obtained from the Centroid sampling, Huber’s formula, and LVT. When four formulas were compared, the Paracone method valuation was clearly more accurate, and mean error of Paracone method was not significant at 0.05 confidence level.

Construction of stem volume tables for stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) stands in İzmir Regional Directorate of Forestry

Bu çalışmada İzmir Orman Bölge Müdürlüğü (OBM) sınırları içinde kullanılmak üzere, varlığı ve ekonomik değeri ile önemli bir orman ağacı türü olan fıstıkçamı (Pinus pinea L.)’nın tek ve çift girişli dikili kabuklu gövde hacim tabloları düzenlenmiştir. Bu amaçla, İzmir OBM genelinde 275 adet örnek ağaçta ölçü yapılarak gerekli veri elde edilmiştir. Ağaçların 44’ü kontrol, 231’i model geliştirme grubu olarak ayrılmıştır. En uygun hacim için modellerin belirlenmesinde Ortalama Hata, Ortalama Mutlak Hata, Hataların Standart Sapması, Açıklanan Varyans Yüzdesi, Toplam Hata Yüzdesi, Ortalama Mutlak Hata Yüzdesi ve Ortalama (Vasati) Ayrılış Yüzdesi gibi başarı ölçütleri yanında artık değerlerin analizlerinden yararlanılmıştır. Seçilen hacim modellerinin, α=0,05 anlam düzeyinde İzmir OBM fıstıkçamı ormanlarında kullanımlarının uygun olduğu anlaşılmıştır. İzmir OBM tek girişli gövde hacim tabloları “logV=β0+β1*logd+β2*(logd)4+β3*(1/d)”, çift girişli gövde hacim tabloları ise “logV=β0+β1*log(d2h)+β2*(1/(h+6))2+β3*(1/dh)” denklemleriyle düzenlenmiştir.

Individual Tree Structural Parameter Extraction and Volume Table Creation Based on Near-Field LiDAR Data: A Case Study in a Subtropical Planted Forest.

Individual tree structural parameters are vital for precision silviculture in planted forests. This study used near-field LiDAR (light detection and ranging) data (i.e., unmanned aerial vehicle laser scanning (ULS) and ground backpack laser scanning (BLS)) to extract individual tree structural parameters and fit volume models in subtropical planted forests in southeastern China. To do this, firstly, the tree height was acquired from ULS data and the diameter at breast height (DBH) was acquired from BLS data by using individual tree segmentation algorithms. Secondly, point clouds of the complete forest canopy were obtained through the combination of ULS and BLS data. Finally, five tree taper models were fitted using the LiDAR-extracted structural parameters of each tree, and then the optimal taper model was selected. Moreover, standard volume models were used to calculate the stand volume; then, standing timber volume tables were created for dawn redwood and poplar. The extraction of individual tree structural parameters exhibited good performance. The volume model had a good performance in calculating the standing volume for dawn redwood and poplar. Our results demonstrate that near-field LiDAR has a strong capability of extracting tree structural parameters and creating volume tables for subtropical planted forests.

Table of Content Volume 24 No.3 November 2021

Table of Content Volume 24 No.3 November 2021