In this paper, a ceramic coating was prepared on the surface of a 2024 aluminum alloy thin sheet via both stepped potential and constant potential methods. This study investigated the effects of different potential modes on the microstructure and properties of ceramic coatings. The analysis included assessments of the microstructure, hardness, corrosion resistance, wear resistance, and mechanical properties of the ceramic coating on the surface of the 2024 aluminum alloy. The findings revealed that the constant potential method tends to result in cracking of the ceramic coating, leading to a decrease in coating quality. The highest hardness achieved with the ceramic coating prepared using the constant potential method was only 308 HV. In contrast, the coating prepared using the stepped potential method at 30 V reached a microhardness of 337 HV, indicating a higher microhardness. When prepared with a stepped potential of 30 V, the ceramic coating showed the best corrosion resistance, with a corrosion potential of -0.53 V and a corrosion current density of 0.20 μA·cm2. The wear volume of the ceramic coating prepared at a step potential of 30 V was also the lowest, measured at 0.025 mm³. The mechanical property results indicate that the ceramic coating reduces the tensile strength and elongation of the material itself. Comparing the two potential modes, the ceramic coating prepared under a stepped potential had a smaller impact on the tensile strength and elongation of the 2024 aluminum alloy, Under the condition of 30 V, the tensile strength decreased by 30.3 MPa, and the elongation decreased by 1.37%.