Sinus Volume Research Articles

A retrospective and tridimensional study of the maxillary sinus in patients with cleft lip and palate

Structural or anatomic differences may arise during the development of the maxillary sinus and the process of fusion of the palate in the presence of cleft lip and palate. The present study aimed to compare the maxillary sinus volume of patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate and a control group (noncleft patients). In this retrospective case-control study, 160 cone-beam computed tomography images of 80 unilateral cleft lip and palate patients (41 males and 39 females; mean age, 12.7±6.03years) and 80 control patients (43 males and 37 females; mean age, 13.1±6.27years) were evaluated through the ITK-SNAP software (Cognitica, Philadelphia, Pa) to access the maxillary sinus volume. Analysis of covariance and regression analysis were used to assess the differences between the groups while considering the relationship between maxillary sinus volume, age, and sex. No statistically significant differences were found in the maxillary sinus volume analyzing a unilateral cleft lip and palate and a control group (P=0.677). Considering the cleft group, there is a tendency for the maxillary sinus volume of the cleft side to be smaller than its contralateral (P<0.001). Statistically significant differences were found in the maxillary sinus volume, regarding the age and sex of cleft and noncleft patients (P<0.001 for age; P=0.001 for sex). According to these results, the presence of unilateral cleft lip and palate did not affect the maxillary sinus volume, comparing cleft and noncleft patients. A biphasic growth pattern of the maxillary sinus and a presence of sexual dimorphism were found.

Anatomical and Volumetric Analysis of the Sphenoid Sinus by Semiautomatic Segmentation of Cone Beam Computed Tomography.

This investigation was performed to analyze and evaluate anatomical and volumetric data of the sphenoid sinus by semiautomatic segmentation of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) datasets.This analysis was carried out on cone beam computed tomography images of 100 patients. By using the discretionary software "ITK-Snap", the volumetric investigation of 197 sphenoid sinuses was conducted. The statistical analyses were carried out by using the paired and independent Student t-test. In addition, the Pearsons chi-square test was performed. P values P < 0.05 were considered significant.The volumetric mean was 4.438 ± 2.434 cm3 for the right and 4.809 ± 3.000 for the left side. Results did not indicate statistically significant differences according to the side, irrespective of gender (P > 0.05). The further investigation of differences between male and female patients did assess significant results (P < 0.05), males (10.477 ± 3.851 cm3) present a larger total sinus volume than females (8.219 ± 3.574 cm3). In accordance to patients' age (median 54 years), smaller volumes were related to younger patients and larger volumes to older ones. But, no statistically significant results in accordance to age could be detected (χ2 = 1.258; P > 0.05).Endoscopic sinus surgery of the vulnerable and intricate anatomy of the sphenoid sinus requires an explicit knowledge and orientation about the anatomical variations such as septums and volumetric capacity. Concerning this matter, semiautomatic segmentation of CBCT images can aid the surgeon in preoperative planning. Our investigation shows that a small sinus volume, that is, affecting female patients and a complex sinus anatomy by the occurrence of a septum, especially located close to neurovascular structures could essentially aggravate endoscopic sphenoid sinus surgery. In this regard, volumetric analysis of the sphenoid sinus by CBCT images can provide presurgical information and facilitates an individualized treatment.

Neti pot irrigation volume filling simulation using anatomically accurate in-vivo nasal airway geometry

Nasal saline irrigation is frequently utilised in rhinosinusitis management, and after nasal and sinus surgery. Nasal saline irrigation improves mucociliary transport and assists inflammatory mediator and post-surgical debris removal. The aim of this study was to assess the influence different head positions, irrigation inflow nostril, and the nasal cycle have on Neti pot nasal saline volume filling within the nasal passages and maxillary sinuses. Computational fluid dynamics modelling using anatomically correct nasal geometry found only minor difference in nasal cavity volume filling with inflow from either side of the nose however both head position and inflow direction were both found to have a major influence on maxillary sinus volume filling. Computational modelling flow velocity results at the nasopharynx were validated using particle image velocimetry. It was also found that directing irrigation inflow into the patent side of the nose while in the head-back position achieved the highest volume filling of both maxillary sinuses.

Maxillary sinus haziness and facial swelling following suction drainage in the maxilla after orthognathic surgery

BackgroundWe investigated the efficacy of a maxillary Jackson-Pratt (J-P) suction drain for preventing maxillary sinus hematoma and facial swelling after maxillary Le Fort I osteotomy (LF1).MethodsWe retrospectively evaluated 66 patients who underwent LF1 at a single institution. Of these, 41 had a J-P suction tube inserted in the mandible and maxilla (maxillary insertion), and 25 had a J-P drain inserted in the mandible only (no maxillary insertion). Facial CT was obtained before and 4 days after surgery. We compared mean midfacial swelling and maxillary sinus haziness by t test and examined correlations between bleeding amount and body mass index (BMI).ResultsFor the maxillary-insertion group, the ratio of total maxillary sinus volume to haziness (57.5 ± 24.2%) was significantly lower than in the group without maxillary drain insertion (65.5% ± 20.3; P = .043). This latter group, however, did not have a significantly greater midfacial soft tissue volume (7575 mm3) than the maxillary-insertion group (7250 mm3; P = .728). BMI did not correlate significantly with bleeding amount or facial swelling.ConclusionsSuction drainage in the maxilla reduced maxillary sinus haziness after orthognathic surgery but did not significantly reduce midfacial swelling.

Effect of sphenoid sinus volume and pneumatization type on isolated chronic sphenoid sinusitis (fungi and polyps)

Effect of sphenoid sinus volume and pneumatization type on isolated chronic sphenoid sinusitis (fungi and polyps)

Three-dimensional volumetric analysis of the maxillary sinus: a cone-beam computed tomography study

This study aimed to determine the volumetric size of the maxillary sinus and investigate the effect of gender and age on maxillary sinus volume (MSV) using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images in a Turkish subpopulation. This retrospective volumetric CBCT study was carried out on 133 individuals (84 females, 49 males) between 8 and 51 years old. MSV was measured using the MIMICS 21.0 software (Materialise HQ Technologielaan, Leuven, Belgium). All statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS 21.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA) software. Mean and standard deviation of both maxillary sinuses measurements were calculated and compared to gender and age. P values < 0.05 were considered to indicate statistical significance. Mean volume of the right maxillary sinus was 13.173 cm3, while for the left was 13.194 cm3. There was no significant difference between right and left maxillary sinus volumes (p > 0.05). There was no significant correlation between MSV and age (p > 0.05). It was found that MSV did not change according to gender (p > 0.05). Right and left maxillary sinus volumes were not different from each other. Gender and age were not found to be related to maxillary sinus volume.

Volumetric Investigation of Sphenoid Sinus in an Elderly Population.

The aims of this study were to determine the sphenoid sinus volume in an Austrian population, evaluate the relationship between volume and different types of pneumatization and investigate possible age-related sphenoid sinus volume degeneration in the elderly. A total of 50 human cadaver including 25 male and 25 female samples (=100 sphenoid sinuses, age range 65-100, mean age 84.52 ± 9.50) were selected to obtain volume and anatomical variants of pneumatization by using sphenoid sinus casts, made of quadrofunctional hydrophilic addition reaction silicone. The mean sphenoid sinus volume was 4.79 ± 2.39 cm. Males showed statistically significant larger sinus volumes than females (P = 0.048). The volume differed statistically significant for the different types of pneumatization (P < 0.001). The combined type of sphenoid sinus pneumatization presented the largest volume with 7.20 cm, followed by lateral, clival, sphenoid body, presellar, and conchal sinus type with 5.72, 5.63, 4.25, 2.08, and 0.5 cm, respectively. No significant correlation between age and sphenoid sinus volume was found (P = 0.707). This study highlights the close relationship between volume and morphology of sphenoid sinus and confirms ethnic variability. Moreover, our data shows no age-related volume degeneration.

Autograft remodeling after the Ross procedure by cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging: Aortic stenosis versus insufficiency

BackgroundStudies suggest that patients undergoing the Ross procedure for aortic insufficiency are at greater risk of autograft dilatation than those with aortic stenosis. By using a tailored Ross technique to mitigate autograft dilatation in patients with aortic insufficiency, we aimed to compare the biomechanical and morphologic remodeling of the autograft at 1 year between patients with aortic insufficiency and patients with aortic stenosis. MethodsA total of 210 patients underwent a Ross procedure (2011-2016). Of those, 86 patients (mean age 43 ± 13 years; 32% were female) completed preoperative and postoperative cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. A total of 71 studies were suitable for analysis: 41 patients with aortic stenosis and 30 patients with aortic insufficiency. Nine healthy adults were used as controls. Autograft root dimensions, individual sinus volumes, and distensibility were measured using cardiovascular magnetic resonance. ResultsAt 1 year, there was no difference in autograft root dimensions between patients with aortic stenosis (mean annulus 25.1 ± 3.1 mm and sinus diameters 35 ± 4.1 mm) and patients with aortic insufficiency (26.6 ± 3 mm and 37.1 ± 3.5 mm; P = .12 and .06, respectively). Relative sinus of Valsalva volumes were symmetrical in the aortic stenosis (right 34.8% ± 4%, left 33.7% ± 3.5%, noncoronary 31.4% ± 3.2%) and aortic insufficiency groups (34.8% ± 3.9%, 33.8% ± 2.8%, 31.3% ± 3.7%, P = .85, .92, and .82), and similar to those of healthy adults. Aortic root distensibility was reduced in both groups compared with healthy adults (P = .003), but was similar between aortic stenosis (3.12 ± 1.58 × 10−3 mm Hg−1) and aortic insufficiency (3.04 ± 1.15 × 10−3 mm Hg−1; P = .9). ConclusionsUsing a tailored technique, there were no differences in the morphologic or biomechanical remodeling of the autograft root 1 year after the Ross procedure between patients with aortic stenosis and patients with aortic insufficiency. However, autograft roots are stiffer than native aortic roots.

Sinus Development and Pneumatization in a Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Cohort.

BackgroundPrimary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a genetically diverse disease which causes impaired mucociliary clearance, and results in pulmonary, otologic, and rhinologic disease in affected patients. Genetic mutations in multiple genes impair the ability of patients to clear mucous from the lungs, middle ear, and sinonasal cavity and lead to chronic pulmonary and sinonasal symptoms.MethodsWe identified 17 PCD patients who had available CT scans. Volumes for bilateral maxillary, sphenoid, and frontal sinuses were calculated. A control population of patients who had preoperative CT scans for endoscopic endonasal resection of skull base pathology without sinonasal cavity involvement was also identified.ResultsThe mean age of PCD was 33 and ranged from 13 to 54 years. Patients were age- and gender-matched to a control group that underwent resection of anterior skull-base tumors and had a mean age of 35 that ranged between 17–53 years old. The volumes for all thee sinus cavities were significantly smaller (p < 0.007) compared to the control population. The average Lund-Mackay score was 10.6 in the PCD cohort (range 6–16) in comparison to an average of 0.7 in the control cohort (range 0–2).ConclusionsOverall sinus volumes were smaller in patients with PCD compared to our control population. Future studies will be aimed at understanding defects in sinus development as a function of specific genetic mutations in PCD patients. Ultimately, a better understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of PCD will allow us to identify the optimal treatment practices for this unique patient group.

Assessment of Maxillary Sinus Changes After Le Fort I Osteotomy Surgery.

The goal of this retrospective study is to examine the changes of maxillary sinus volume, sinus membrane thickness (SMT) and the distance between the floor of maxillary sinus and ostium after Le Fort I osteotomy. A total of 30 patients who underwent Le Fort I osteotomy were evaluated just before and 1 year after the surgical operation. Linear and volumetric measurements were done via 3D-DOCTOR software on sectional and 3D images. Decrease in maxillary sinus volume, increase in SMT and no change in distance between the floor of the maxillary sinus and ostium were detected after surgery. After surgery, SMT was found higher in advancement + impaction group. This paper clarified that Le Fort I osteotomy affects the volume and thickness of the maxillary sinuses that may lead to deterioration of the ciliary activity and failure in the drainage which are predisposing factors for sinus pathologies. In maxillary osteotomies of later ages, maxillary sinus examination and follow-up should be performed regularly in order to maintain sinus health.

Intraoperative Sphenoid Sinus Volume Measurement as an Alternative Technique to Intraoperative Computer Tomography.

Isolated sphenoid sinus disease (ISSD) is where there is a group of pathologies characterized by inflammation in one or both sphenoid sinuses. Although computer tomography (CT)-based 3D reconstruction remains the gold standard among noninvasive approaches to ISSD diagnostics, no standardized techniques for direct intraoperative measurements of the sphenoid sinus volume in ISSD patients have been documented. We suggest a novel technique for the intraoperative measurement of the sphenoid sinus volume. Our technique is based on filling the sinus with 0.01% methylene blue solution after an endoscopic endonasal sphenoidotomy. The proposed technique was applied to 40 ISSD patients during surgery. Obtained intraoperative measurements were compared to noninvasive measurements from 3D reconstructions based on preoperative CT scans. Our results demonstrated that the obtained measurements did not exhibit significant differences exceeding 0.4 cm3, with CT-scan-based measurements in 39 out of 40 cases (p < 10−6, Wilcoxon sign-rank nonparametric test), thus confirming the accuracy of the proposed technique. Disagreements between direct intraoperative and CT-based measurements in a single case have been attributed to the presence of remaining pathological masses in the sinus, which was further confirmed during the secondary check of the operated sinus. Accordingly, we suggest that the agreement between the CT-based and intraoperative volume measurements can be used as an indicator of the successful elimination of all pathological masses from the sinus without having to perform an adequate exposure of the entire sphenoid sinus to reduce intraoperative bleeding. The proposed technique is accurate and does not require the involvement of specialized intraoperative CT scanners and avoids additional radiation exposure for the patient during an additional postoperation CT scan to confirm the success of the surgery.

Dural sinus volume in children with syndromic craniosynostosis and intracranial hypertension.

Intracranial hypertension is a major concern in children with syndromic craniosynostosis (sCS). Cerebral venous hypertension caused by cerebral venous outflow obstruction is believed to contribute to intracranial hypertension. The authors therefore hypothesized that cerebral venous volume would be increased in those children with sCS and intracranial hypertension. In a case series of 105 children with sCS, of whom 32 had intracranial hypertension, cerebral MRI techniques were used to quantify the volume of the superior sagittal sinus, straight sinus (StrS), and both transverse sinuses. Linear regression showed that total cerebral venous volume increased by 580.8 mm3 per cm increase in occipitofrontal head circumference (p < 0.001). No significant difference was found between the intracranial hypertension group and the nonintracranial hypertension group (p = 0.470). Multivariate ANOVA showed increased StrS volume (as a proportion of total volume) in the intracranial hypertension group (8.5% vs 5.1% in the nonintracranial hypertension group, p < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression showed that a 100-mm3 increase in StrS volume is associated with increased odds of having intracranial hypertension by 60% (OR 1.60, 95% CI 1.24-2.08). Although intracranial hypertension was not associated with total cerebral venous volume increase, it was associated with an isolated increase in StrS volume. Hence, it is unlikely that general cerebral venous outflow obstruction is the mechanism of intracranial hypertension in sCS. Rather, these findings indicate either a central cerebral vulnerability to intracranial hypertension or a mechanism involving venous blood redistribution.

The Effect of Fronto-Orbital Advancement on Frontal Sinus Development and Function in Non-Syndromic and Syndromic Craniosynostosis.

The impact of fronto-orbital advancement (FOA) on frontal sinus development and function is anecdotally variable. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of FOA on development of frontal sinuses, and additionally to identify the complications that might arise out of such procedures. This was a retrospective case-control study. Non-syndromic and syndromic craniosynostosis patients (n = 58) who underwent FOA at an early age and also had a skull radiograph or CT scan after the age of 12 were selected. Age matched trauma patients with CT scans done beyond 12 years of age were used as controls. Age at first FOA surgery, total number of procedures and age at imaging was noted. Presence or absence of frontal sinuses was assessed using imaging studies initially. Patients with a formed frontal sinus and a CT scan were further chosen for volumetric studies. Complications related to frontal sinus and secondary surgeries were recorded. One of 27 non-syndromic patients had absent frontal sinuses. Seven of 31 syndromic patients had absent sinuses. Among 20 controls, only 1 patient did not develop frontal sinuses. The mean age at first FOA was 11.81 months and 18.25 months for non-syndromic and syndromic groups, respectively. The average number of procedures before 12 years of age was 1.25 and 1.51 for non-syndromic and syndromic patients, respectively. The mean age at imaging was 17.74, 20.96, and 20.25 years for non-syndromic, syndromic and control groups, respectively. The mean frontal sinus volumes were 13050.36, 15039.02, and 8459.48 mm for non-syndromic, syndromic and control groups, respectively. In conclusion, FOA does not seem to have an impact on rate of pneumatization in the background of similar rates in the non-syndromic and control groups. The low pneumatization rate in syndromic group might be a virtue of the disease itself. There were significant frontal sinus complications that occurred after fronto orbital advancement and this should be borne in mind during the surgical consenting process.

The Relationship Between Nasal Septal Deviation and Paranasal Pneumatization.

To investigate the impact of the presence and the severity of the nasal septal deviation (NSD) on the paranasal pneumatization. Initially, the deviated and contralateral sides was compared to evaluate the impact of the presence of NSD on pneumatization. Then, NSD classification groups were categorized according to the severity of deviation degree; 1: mild (<9°), 2: moderate (9°-15°), and 3: severe (>15°). Pneumatization of all paranasal sinuses, osteomeatal complex (OMC), frontoethmoid recess (FER) and variant structures were compared according to the NSD classification groups separately both for the deviated and the contralateral sides. Although there was no statistically significant difference in pneumatization of the paranasal sinuses between the deviated and contralateral sides, a significant difference was observed in OMC and FER diameters. In the deviated side, there was statistically significant difference in ethmoid sinus volume, in FER and OMC diameters between NSD classification groups. In the contralateral side, FER and OMC diameters were found to be significantly different between group 1 and group 2 and between group 1 and group 3, respectively (P = 0.04 and 0.06, respectively). Both the presence and severity of the NSD did not statistically significant influence the pneumatization of variant structures, air cells and vital structures. The severity of NSD effects the ethmoid sinus volume. The relationship of FER and OMC with NSD is evident, however this may not always be in a proportional pattern. The paranasal pneumatization did not affect Keros type, bone integrity of carotid canal and optic canal.

Early-diagnosed silent sinus syndrome and cone-beam computed tomography in a pediatric patient: a case report

Chronic maxillary atelectasis (CMA) is a progressive alteration in the volume of the maxillary sinuses that may result in facial asymmetry. CMA in asymptomatic patients is known as silent sinus syndrome (SSS) and is a rare entity, especially in pediatric patients. This study reports a case of SSS in a pediatric patient who received an early diagnosis through cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). An asymptomatic 12-year-old female patient in orthodontic treatment presented with opacification of the left maxillary sinus on a panoramic radiograph. Clinically, the patient had discrete hypoglobus and enophthalmos. CBCT and nasal video-endoscopy revealed ostiomeatal obstruction with bone deformity, leading to diagnosis of SSS. Endonasal endoscopic maxillary sinusotomy was performed. Two years later, the patient remained asymptomatic, and a second CBCT exam confirmed a stable condition. This case highlights the role of optimal radiographic interpretation for early diagnosis of maxillofacial alterations in pediatric patients.

A Novel Method of Establishing the Identity of an Individual by Analyzing the Pattern &amp; Volume of the Frontal Sinus Using Computerized Tomogram – A Retrospective Cross Sectional Study

Background: The paranasal sinuses develop early in fetallife.Among the 4 major sinuses present in human skull, Frontal sinus helps in identification of an individual because of its uniqueness and so has the potential to be used as an aid for personal identification in disasters, accidents and natural calamities. Aim and Objective: To determine the volume &amp; shape of frontal sinus in individuals using CT scan and to establish the uniqueness of frontal sinus in the identification of individuals in forensic science. Methodology: CT images showing the axial and coronal sections of frontal sinus of patients above the age of 20 years were considered as inclusion criteria and patients below the age of 20 years, previous injury, surgery or pathology in the frontal bone and frontal sinus were excluded. The length, breadth and height of right &amp; left frontal sinus were measured and volume of the frontal sinus was calculated.The pattern of the frontal sinus was analysed in the axial &amp; coronal sections of CT scan by taking screen shots of the slice. The pattern of the frontal sinus was drawn and copied to Microsoft Power Point Software for superimposing over other patterns. Results: Among the 270 scans collected, the total length, breadth, height and volume of left and right side of male and females were compared by using Independent samples t-test and it showed that the frontal sinus was unique in nature. Conclusion: The observations showed that no two individuals had the same sinus morphology based on division, volume, position and symmetry of frontal sinus

Relationship Between Nasal Septum Deviation angle and it is Effect on Maxillary Sinus Volume in Sulaimani Population

Aim of this study: The purpose of this study was to determine the association between nasal septal deviation and the volume of Maxillary sinus in adult population. To analyze the effect of nasal septal deviation on the volume of maxillary sinus. Maxillary sinuses are two spaces, which are filled with air, located in the maxillary bone and can be in various sizes and shapes. Their walls are thin. The apex of the sinuses can extend into the zygomatic process and can occupy the zygomatic bone. We could not demonstrate a statistically significant difference between Groups I–III and Groups II–III, and Group I–II in contra lateral deviation the maxillary sinus volume as the difference were found to be non-significant statistically (p = 0.965 and p = 0.985, and p=0.994respectively). the mean of (contra lateral side)’s MSV equals to (19.8350) and standard deviation equals to (6.98693) and also the mean of (lateral side)’s MSV equals to (19.5698) and standard deviation equals to (7.69666). Thus, the mean of (contra lateral) for MSV is greater than the mean of (lateral) for MSV. It means that (deviated side) were lower MSV than (contra lateral side) for MSV.

Three-dimensional Evaluation of Maxillary Sinus Volume in Different Sex Groups Using Cone-beam Computed Tomography

Background/Objectives: Determining the sex of corpses is the first step of identification in a forensic analysis. Accurate anatomical knowledge for the maxillary-sinus serves as an important mediator of forensic sex determination.Method/Statistical Analysis: This study included 57 patients (27 males and 30 females) of Dan-kook university dental hospital. Cone-beam computed tomography data images were imported and reconstructed into Three-dimensional models by an interactive medical image control system, Mimics 17.0 software. This study was analyze at 95% significance level using SPSS Version 20.0. The independent t-test was performed to compare the measured values among the two experimental groups.Findings: The volume of the maxillary sinus measured with traditional radiography may differ from its actual size. The maxillary sinus can be more accurately measured using a 3D model restructured using the CBCT data as the 2D base compared to simple linear measurement in 2D model. In the present study, sex-specific volumes of the maxillary sinus were measured using a 3D model, and there were no significant differences in the volumes between the left and right for both men and women. However, between sexes, the mean left sinus volume was significantly greater among men (23.25) than women (17.59) (p<0.05). The mean right sinus volume was also significantly greater among men (22.46) than women (17.35) (p<0.05).Improvements/Applications: This study obtained more accurate sex-specific anatomical data for the maxillary sinus using a 3D model. The volume of the maxillary sinus is valuable in researching sex determination.

Craniofacial Phenotypic Plasticity in Mice Exposed to Various Temperatures

Influences of environmental factors such as temperature on skeletal phenotype have been hypothesized and demonstrated for several decades. Animal models, mostly rodents, exposed to cold temperatures display significant reduction of long bone length (endochondral ossification), tail length, ear size, and foot size, without change in body mass. Regarding the craniofacial phenotype, subtle changes in facial shape and a relative decrease in the volume of the maxillary sinuses and nasal cavity were reported in rats but, to the best of our knowledge, never reproduced with other models or with different temperatures. Here we propose to compare craniofacial phenotypes of male C57BL/6J laboratory mice that were exposed from 3–12 weeks of age to 16°C, 22°C, and 26°C (N=4–5/group). The mice were sacrificed at the age of 12 weeks. Reconstructions of the 3D microCT images were performed and 58 anatomical landmarks were measured on the craniofacial skeleton. Landmark three‐dimensional coordinates were then analyzed using geometric morphometrics. Our results confirmed significant shape differences between the mice exposed to different temperatures. The anatomical regions displaying the most intense shape variation depending on temperature are the anterior aspect of the snout (nasal bones and premaxilla), sphenoid, and parietal bones, with mice exposed to 16°C displaying an overall less globular skull. Bones forming through endochondral ossification do not appear to be more affected than those forming through intramembranous ossification. These findings confirm that phenotypic plasticity plays a significant role in the so‐called cold adapted phenotype.

Does Medication-related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw Affect Maxillary Sinus Volume and Mucosal Thickness?

Does Medication-related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw Affect Maxillary Sinus Volume and Mucosal Thickness?