Oxygen Uptake Volume Research Articles

Estimated V[Combining Dot Above]O2max From the Rockport Walk Test on a Nonmotorized Curved Treadmill

The Rockport Walk Test (RWT) is a 1-mile walk used to estimate the maximal volume of oxygen uptake (V(O2)max). The purpose of this study was to validate the RWT on a nonmotorized curved treadmill (CT). Twenty-three healthy adults (10 females; 19-44 years old) participated. One trial of the RWT was performed on a measured indoor track (RWTO) and another on the CT (RWTC) on different days in randomized order. Heart rate (HR) and completion time were used to calculate V(O2)max using 6 different general and gender specific equations from previous research. Subjects also performed a treadmill graded exercise test (GXT), which was used as the criterion measure for V(O2)max. Completion times and HR between the 2 RWT were compared using dependent t-tests. Estimated V(O2)max values were compared between the RWTC, RWTO, and GXT through repeated measures analysis of variance, Pearson's correlations (r), and Bland-Altman's plots. There was no difference between completion times for the RWTO and RWTC but HRs were significantly higher with RWTC. When the same equation was applied to the RWTO and RWTC, there were no similar results. All V(O2)max estimations were different from observed V(O2)max except for the estimation from the relative general Kline et al. equation on the RWTO. Despite high correlations (r = 0.75-0.91), the RWTC underestimated V(O2)max. The RWTC underestimates V(O2)max but may be beneficial if a new equation were created specifically for the CT. With appropriate equations for the CT, the RWTC would provide an alternate form of V(O2)max testing.

Effect of FIR athletic apparel on oxygen consumption during exercise

Athletic apparel are commercially available that contain fabrics with far‐infrared radiation (FIR) properties. If such apparel are capable of inducing positive physiological effects, then there may be important implications when worn by athletes during exercise. The purpose of this study was to examine whether FIR apparel had an effect on oxygen consumption during cycling at submaximal intensities. Twelve male cyclists completed a submaximal incremental cycling test. Each subject was tested on 4 separate days, twice while wearing a full body Control garment, and twice while wearing a similar garment made out of FIR fabric. Throughout each cycling test, the volume of oxygen uptake was calculated using data obtained from a breathing mask connected to a metabolic analysis cart. At lower cycling intensities, the subjects consumed statistically significantly (p<0.05) less oxygen when wearing the FIR apparel compared to the Control garment, despite performing the same amount of mechanical work. Additional research is required to determine the implication of this effect for training or competing athletes, however the results show that this apparel technology does elicit a physiological effect. Support for this study was provided by Hologenix LLC in collaboration with adidas International. Neither source had a role in study design, testing, or interpretation.

Blood Lactate Diagnostics in Exercise Testing and Training

A link between lactate and muscular exercise was seen already more than 200 years ago. The blood lactate concentration (BLC) is sensitive to changes in exercise intensity and duration. Multiple BLC threshold concepts define different points on the BLC power curve during various tests with increasing power (INCP). The INCP test results are affected by the increase in power over time. The maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) is measured during a series of prolonged constant power (CP) tests. It detects the highest aerobic power without metabolic energy from continuing net lactate production, which is usually sustainable for 30 to 60 min. BLC threshold and MLSS power are highly correlated with the maximum aerobic power and athletic endurance performance. The idea that training at threshold intensity is particularly effective has no evidence. Three BLC-orientated intensity domains have been established: (1) training up to an intensity at which the BLC clearly exceeds resting BLC, light- and moderate-intensity training focusing on active regeneration or high-volume endurance training (Intensity < Threshold); (2) heavy endurance training at work rates up to MLSS intensity (Threshold ≤ Intensity ≤ MLSS); and (3) severe exercise intensity training between MLSS and maximum oxygen uptake intensity mostly organized as interval and tempo work (Intensity > MLSS). High-performance endurance athletes combining very high training volume with high aerobic power dedicate 70 to 90% of their training to intensity domain 1 (Intensity < Threshold) in order to keep glycogen homeostasis within sustainable limits.

Anaerobic contribution during maximal anaerobic running test: correlation with maximal accumulated oxygen deficit

The aims of this study were: (i) to measure energy system contributions in maximal anaerobic running test (MART); and (ii) to verify any correlation between MART and maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD). Eleven members of the armed forces were recruited for this study. Participants performed MART and MAOD, both accomplished on a treadmill. MART consisted of intermittent exercise, 20 s effort with 100 s recovery, after each spell of effort exercise. Energy system contributions by MART were also determined by excess post-exercise oxygen consumption, lactate response, and oxygen uptake measurements. MAOD was determined by five submaximal intensities and one supramaximal intensity exercises corresponding to 120% at maximal oxygen uptake intensity. Energy system contributions were 65.4±1.1% to aerobic; 29.5±1.1% to anaerobic a-lactic; and 5.1±0.5% to anaerobic lactic system throughout the whole test, while only during effort periods the anaerobic contribution corresponded to 73.5±1.0%. Maximal power found in MART corresponded to 111.25±1.33 mL/kg/min but did not significantly correlate with MAOD (4.69±0.30 L and 70.85±4.73 mL/kg). We concluded that the anaerobic a-lactic system is the main energy system in MART efforts and this test did not significantly correlate to MAOD.

The Relationship between Sit-to-stand Frequency and Anaerobic Threshold Determined by Cycle Ergometer

[Purpose] This study examined the adjustment of work load in the sit-to-stand exercise (STSE). [Subjects] The subjects were twenty-nine healthy young males, average age of nineteen. [Methods] Subjects did STSE and cycle ergometer exercise on the same day. The STSE protocol was standing-up frequencies set from 6 to 30 (times per minute),with an exercise time of three minutes at each frequency. The anaerobic threshold (AT) was determined on a cycle ergometer with a ramp protocol. The items measuring work load were oxygen uptake and heart rate. Cardiopulmonary function was measured from resting time to the end of the exercise. Oxygen uptake volume and heart rate relative to their AT values were calculated. [Results] Oxygen uptake volume and heart rate relative to their AT values frequencies from 6 to 30 times per minute ranged from 45.9 to 119.8 (%), and from 67.6 to 106.9 (%), respectively. [Conclusion] In case of STSE, the work load intensity of a subject cannot be quantitatively determined. Heart rate and oxygen uptake at standing exercise frequencies setting from 6 to 30 times/min relative to their anaerobic threshold values were 67.6-106.9 (%) and 45.9-119.8 (%), respectively. It was clarified that 30 times or less were anaerobic threshold that corresponded to work load . It is appropriate to adjust work load based on this standing up frequency only for young subjects.

Training for intense exercise performance: high‐intensity or high‐volume training?

Performance in intense exercise events, such as Olympic rowing, swimming, kayak, track running and track cycling events, involves energy contribution from aerobic and anaerobic sources. As aerobic energy supply dominates the total energy requirements after ∼75s of near maximal effort, and has the greatest potential for improvement with training, the majority of training for these events is generally aimed at increasing aerobic metabolic capacity. A short-term period (six to eight sessions over 2-4 weeks) of high-intensity interval training (consisting of repeated exercise bouts performed close to or well above the maximal oxygen uptake intensity, interspersed with low-intensity exercise or complete rest) can elicit increases in intense exercise performance of 2-4% in well-trained athletes. The influence of high-volume training is less discussed, but its importance should not be downplayed, as high-volume training also induces important metabolic adaptations. While the metabolic adaptations that occur with high-volume training and high-intensity training show considerable overlap, the molecular events that signal for these adaptations may be different. A polarized approach to training, whereby ∼75% of total training volume is performed at low intensities, and 10-15% is performed at very high intensities, has been suggested as an optimal training intensity distribution for elite athletes who perform intense exercise events.

Cancer prevention, aerobic capacity, and physical functioning in survivors related to physical activity: a recent review

According to recent published reports, over 12 million new cases of cancer were estimated worldwide for 2007. Estimates from 2008 predict that cancer will account for 22.8% of all deaths in the US. Another report stated 50% to 75% of cancer deaths in the US are related to smoking, poor dietary choices, and physical inactivity. A 2004 report indicated obesity and/or a sedentary lifestyle increases the risk of developing several types of cancer. Conversely, several large-scale cohort studies point to the positive relationship between physical activity and a reduction in cancer risk. In addition, research over the last few years has clearly shown cardiorespiratory benefits, increases in quality of life (QOL), and increases in physical functioning for cancer survivors who engage in exercise programs. Thus, the purpose of this review is to highlight three areas related to cancer and physical activity. First, information concerning the prevention of cancer through physical activity is addressed. Second, recent studies identifying changes in volume of oxygen uptake (VO(2)) and/or cardiorespiratory functioning involving exercise with cancer survivors is presented. Third, studies identifying changes in cancer survivors' physical functional capacity and QOL are presented. Finally, a summary of the review is offered.

Cancer prevention, aerobic capacity, and physical functioning in survivors related to physical activity: a recent review

Cancer prevention, aerobic capacity, and physical functioning in survivors related to physical activity: a recent review Matthew S Wiggins1, Emily M Simonavice21Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, WI, USA; 2Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USAAbstract: According to recent published reports, over 12 million new cases of cancer were estimated worldwide for 2007. Estimates from 2008 predict that cancer will account for 22.8% of all deaths in the US. Another report stated 50% to 75% of cancer deaths in the US are related to smoking, poor dietary choices, and physical inactivity. A 2004 report indicated obesity and/or a sedentary lifestyle increases the risk of developing several types of cancer. Conversely, several large-scale cohort studies point to the positive relationship between physical activity and a reduction in cancer risk. In addition, research over the last few years has clearly shown cardiorespiratory benefits, increases in quality of life (QOL), and increases in physical functioning for cancer survivors who engage in exercise programs. Thus, the purpose of this review is to highlight three areas related to cancer and physical activity. First, information concerning the prevention of cancer through physical activity is addressed. Second, recent studies identifying changes in volume of oxygen uptake (VO2) and/or cardiorespiratory functioning involving exercise with cancer survivors is presented. Third, studies identifying changes in cancer survivors&rsquo; physical functional capacity and QOL are presented. Finally, a summary of the review is offered.Keywords: cancer, cardiorespiratory, exercise, physical activity, volume of oxygen (VO2)

Running With Various Loads Causes Change in Subjective and Objective Physiological Variables

There is little investigative evidence related to carrying one or two handheld bottles or a heavier pack and how these loads affect running performance and/or strategies related to finishing long endurance events. PURPOSE: To investigate the change in subjective and objective physiological variables while carrying various loads and running. METHODS: This study compared control (CON) to one of three load carrying conditions, including 1 handheld bottle with 24 oz of fluid + gel (1BOT) (2 lbs); 2 handheld bottles each with 24 oz of fluid + gel (2BOT) (3.5 lbs total); and a Nathan™ backpack holding 64 oz of liquid, gear, and 2 gels (PACK) (6.5 lbs total). Subjects (N = 5) reported to the HAPLab once for a VO2max test and 2-3 days later for 4 × 20-minute runs (randomized to CON, 1BOT, 2BOT, and PACK) at 63% of VO2max based on pace (min·mi-1). Each running bout was separated by 5-minutes of passive recovery with ingestion of 24 g of carbohydrate + 16 oz of water. Gas analysis was continuous during each bout and heart rate (HR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), volume of oxygen uptake (VO2), minute ventilation (VE), and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) were constantly assessed. Comparisons between CON and each of the load conditions were conducted using a one-way ANOVA with significance set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: Subject characteristics (mean ± SD) included age (22.4 ± 1.7 yrs), height (69.7 ± 1.6 inch), body weight (147 ± 14.3 lbs), VO2max (66 ± 3.0 ml·kg-1·min-1), and running pace at 63% of VO2max (7.7 ±.6 min·mi-1). Versus CON, the greatest significant mean differences (p < 0.0004), respectively, occurred during the 2BOT condition for HR (135 ± 12 vs. 141 ± 12 bpm), RPE (9.9 ± 1.0 vs. 11.7 ± 1.1), VO2 (41.3 ± 2.9 vs. 43.3 ± 3.4 ml·kg-1·min-1), and VE (77.7 ± 6.3 vs. 83.7 ± 8.0 L·min-1. The greatest mean RER (.86 ±.04) occurred during the PACK run and was significantly different (p < 0.001) versus CON (.84 ±.03). CONCLUSION: Results indicated that 2BOT elicited the greatest HR, RPE, VO2, and VE, but not RER. The heavier PACK seemed to be more economical compared to 2BOT. CON was perceived as the easiest condition with the lowest reported values. Therefore, while competing in distance running events, especially ultra races, it might be desirable to carry light loads close to center mass and if allowed, let a pacer carry water and food during the later stages of the race.

Comparison of Oxygen Uptake between Single and Double Legs Rope Jumping Exercise

PURPOSE: To investigate differences in oxygen uptake (VO2) between single leg (SL) and double legs (DL) rope jump. METHODS: Nine healthy males, age ranged between 19 and 21 years, (Meanage, Meanweight and Meanheight of 20.22 ± 0.66 yr, 65.11 ± 9.19 kg and 174.22 ± 4.38 cm, respectively). All participants were performed jump rope exercises either a SL or DL jump conditions at the intensity of 72 round/min for 5 minutes. The order of each jump rope condition was randomly assigned. Participants were allowed to have a 15-min rest between each condition. Prior to the testing, anthropometric data including body weight (BW), height, BMI resting heart rate (RHR) were collected. Cardiorespiratory fitness measurement volume of carbondioxide (VCO2) and volume of oxygen uptake (VO2) were collected during exercises. Dependent t-tests were employed to determine differences between the two conditions. RESULTS: SL had lower VO2 (1,970.22 ± 304.12 ml/min) as compared to DL (2,150.78±403.69 ml/min) (p = 0.003). The VO2/BW of SL (30.28 ± 2.75 ml/min/kg) was also lower than DL (33.02 ± 4.65ml/min/kg) (p = 0.021). Although no statistical significant differences were found, the VCO2 of DL (2,453.33 ± 584.18 ml/min) was higher than SL (2,199.44 ± 314.19 ml/min) (p = 0.073). CONCLUSIONS: Oxygen uptake of DL rope jump had higher than SL rope jump in 5 min.

The Effect of Nutritional Manipulation on Ultra-Endurance Performance: A Case Study

The Atlantic Rowing Race requires teams of two to cover 3,000 nautical miles over 40–90 days. During this ultra-endurance event, competitors require substantial energy intake to meet metabolic requirements; therefore, sufficient physiological and nutritional support is paramount. Two highly trained males (aged 46) engaged in two 14d dietary interventions, with a 14d recovery period in between, to investigate the effect of such interventions on physiological (cardiovascular, cardiorespiratory, and blood-based measures) and performance-based (distance and split time) parameters during an ultra-endurance (2h on 2h off, for 24h) laboratory-based rowing protocol at 60% VO2max. Diet 1: high fat (HF) [60% fat, 30% carbohydrate and 10% protein] and Diet 2: high carbohydrate (HC) [20%, 70% and 10% respectively]. A greater distance was rowed by both subjects (155, 329m and 134, 797m vs 130, 089m and 122, 112m) with a concomitant reduced heart rate, volume of oxygen uptake, and respiratory exchange ratio, following the HF as opposed to HC dietary intervention. In summary, ultra-endurance performance was enhanced following a 14d HF diet, without apparent implications on liver function and overall lipid profile.

Exercise in elderly NIDDM

The clinical evaluation of exercise in elderly NIDDM was investigated with the following. Based on the questionnares filled in by 508 patients with NIDDM regarding whether they had regular exercise for treatment of diabetes mellitus or not, 53.4% and 41.4% of NIDDM men obtained regular exercise in the 30-40 and 50-59 age groups, respectively. On the other hand, the figures for the 60-69 and over 70 age groups were 67.0% and 73.3%, respectively. From these data, regular exercise in elderly NIDDM men was significantly more frequent than in middle aged NIDDM men. No similar tendency in NIDDM women was found. Regular exercise as a therapeutic approach was lowest in the insulin group compared to other types of therapy. We investigated heart rate pressure product, work rate, volume of oxygen uptake at anaerobic threshold (AT) during exercise on bicycle ergometer. These parameters in elderly NIDDM men and women aged over 60 were significantly lower compared to young and middle aged cases of NIDDM. But these clinical parameters at the anaerobic threshold (AT) after exercise training were significantly improved in work rate and blood pressure as compared to data before exercise training. We compared the effects of exercise at an intensity of AF for 30 minutes on glucose metabolism between middle aged and elderly NIDDM. Levels of blood glucose in elderly NIDDM after exercise was not changed, whereas that in middle aged NIDDM after exercise was significantly decreased. From the present study, many clinical differences were seen between elderly and young NIDDM.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)