Volume Of Micro Research Articles

Pengaruh Legalitas Usaha, Packaging produk dan Labelisasi Halal MUI terhadap Peningkatan Volume Penjualan Produk, Usaha Mikro Kecil Menengah (UMKM) Di Kecamatan Cilacap Selatan Kabupaten Cilacap

The purpose of this study 1. To find out the effect of business legality on sales volume of micro, small and medium enterprise products (MSMEs) in South Cilacap District, Cilacap Regency. 2. Changing the effect of product packaging on sales volume for micro, small and medium enterprise (MSMEs) products in Cilacap Selatan District, Cilacap Regency. 3. Changing the effect of the MUI Halal Labeling on sales volume of micro, small and medium enterprise (MSMEs) products in South Cilacap District, Cilacap Regency. 4. Changing the effect of business legality, Product Packaging and MUI Halal Labeling on sales volume of micro, small and medium enterprise (MSMEs) products in South Cilacap District, Cilacap Regency.In this study using quantitative methods with the type of associative research. The sampling technique uses saturated sampling techniques. The data used is primary data. The data collection technique used a questionnaire which was distributed to 47 MSMEs in the South Cilacap District. Methods of data analysis in research, using the classical analysis assumption test, t test, f test multiple linear regression and terminationThe results of this study indicate that (1) business legality, Product Packaging and Halal Labeling have a positive and significant effect on sales volume for micro, small and medium enterprise (MSMEs) products in South Cilacap District, Cilacap Regency. (2) Product packaging has a positive and significant effect on sales volume for micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in Cilacap Selatan District, Cilacap Regency Keywords: Business Legality, Product Packaging, MUI Halal Labeling and Increasing Product Sales Volume

Microstructural changes in limestone after treatment with Na2CO3 solution: Implications for eliminating H2S in tunnels

Research on the effects of the pre-injected lye on the microstructure of the surrounding rock is indispensable for H2S treatment during tunnel construction. In this study, limestone samples from the Huangjiagou tunnel in Guizhou Province in southwest China were pre-adsorbed with 500 ppm of H2S and soaked in 1 %, 3 %, and 5 % Na2CO3 solution for 12, 24, and 36 h. The changes in the pore structure and mineral composition, and the secondary precipitates formed on the rock surface after Na2CO3 solution injection were studied by using N2 gas adsorption, X-ray diffraction, and field-emission scanning electron microscopy. It is clearly shown that the average volumes of micro- and meso-pores in the samples after treated decreased by 66.17 % and 16.63 %, respectively, of the original values. This resulted in a significant decrease in the specific surface area and total pore volume. The average pore width increased linearly with increasing Na2CO3 concentration or soaking time, whereas the curve for the relationship with the specific surface area was parabolic, with a minimum at a concentration of approximately 3 % and soaking time of 24 h. Clay (e.g., illite and kaolinite) and feldspar are more easily dissolved than other minerals, and the released metal ions easily form carbonate secondary precipitates with CO32− ions. The mass dissolution of clay minerals and the blocking effect of secondary precipitation decreases the amounts of micropores and mesopores of diameter less than 10 nm, therefore the proportion of macropores increases and the fractal dimensions are simpler. The results of this study will be useful in strategy development and parameter selection for Na2CO3 solution injection for H2S treatment in tunnel engineering.

Selective Crystallization of Silicoalumophosphate Sapo-11 With A Micromesoporous Structure

ABSTRACT:The authors have proposed a method for the selective crystallization of a SAPO-11 silicoaluminophosphate molecular sieve with a micro-mesoporous structure. It has been shown that crystallization of a silicoaluminophosphate gel, in the preparation of which its isopropoxide is used as a source of aluminum, makes it possible to obtain a SAPO-11 molecular sieve with a specific surface area of ​​~ 207 m2 / g, a volume of micro- and mesopores of ~ 0.08 and 0.09 cm3 / g. , respectively. Using scanning electron microscopy, it was demonstrated that the crystals of the material are pseudospherical particles ~ 8-10 microns in size, consisting of aggregates of nanocrystals ~ 100-200 nm in size.

Activated Porous Carbon Derived from Tea and Plane Tree Leaves Biomass for the Removal of Pharmaceutical Compounds from Wastewaters

The aim of the present study is the synthesis of activated carbon (AC) from different agricultural wastes such as tea and plane tree leaves in order to use them for the removal of pramipexole dihydrochloride (PRM) from aqueous solutions. Two different carbonization and synthetic activation protocols were followed, with the herein-proposed ultrasound-assisted two-step protocol leading to better-performing carbon, especially for the tea-leaf-derived material (TEA(char)-AC). Physicochemical characterizations were performed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), N2 physisorption, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). TEA(char)-AC presented the highest surface area (1151 m2/g) and volume of micro and small mesopores. Maximum capacity was found at 112 mg/g for TEA(char)-AC at an optimum pH equal to 3, with the Langmuir isotherm model presenting a better fitting. The removal efficiency of TEA(char)-AC is higher than other biomass-derived carbons and closer to benchmark commercial carbons.

Study of the open porosity of carbon materials using thermoporometry

Thermoporometry is a calorimetric method for characterizing pore structure from the melting or freezing point depression of a liquid confined in a pore, by the reason of the added contribution of surface curvature to the phase-transition free energy. Porous materials are widely used in the production of noise and vibration-absorbing coatings, thermal insulation, filters, etc. We present the results of studying the porous structure using thermoporometry, a method based on lowering the melting point of the working substance (penetrant) which previously filled micro- and mesopores of the sample under study. The open porosity of carbon materials based on phenol-formaldehyde resins and a pore former obtained after pyrolysis under different conditions of microphase separation induced by polymerization is analyzed. The tests were carried out using a differential scanning calorimeter. Bidistilled water, which has a relatively high value of the enthalpy change upon melting of the crystalline phase is used as a penetrant to lower the error of measurements. Differential and integral curves of the size distribution of micro- and mesopores are presented. It is shown that an increase in the microphase separation temperature entails an increase in the total porosity. Moreover, an increase in the polymerization rate of phenol-formaldehyde resin due to resin modification with m-cresol also facilitated an increase in the cumulative volume of micro- and mesopores. It is shown that replacement of phenol with paracresol leads to an increase in the total porosity even under a significant decrease in resole resin polycondensation rate. The results obtained can be used in the development of carbon matrices with controlled parameters of the mass transfer.

Изменение поверхностных характеристик цинкмодифицированного цеолита типа H-ZSM-5 в процессе трансформации метанола в синтетические углеводороды

The t-plot method is a well-known method for determining the volumes of micro- and/or mesoporous materials and the specific surface area of a sample by comparison with a reference adsorption isotherm of a non-porous material having a similar surface chemical composition. The article describes the applicability of the t-graph method to the analysis of the surface properties of zinc modified samples of zeolite H-ZSM-5 before and after the reactions of methanol transformation into hydrocarbons occur on them. Zeolites are widely used as catalysts in the petrochemical and refining industries. These materials contain active Bronsted acid sites, distributed within the microporous structure of zeolites, which leads to selective catalysis due to the difference in the pore shape of the zeolites used. The size, shape of the zeolite catalyst determines the catalytic performance in terms of both product selectivity and catalyst deactivation. In most zeolite catalyzed hydrocarbon conversion reactions, catalyst activity is lost due to carbon deposition. In this connection, the determination of the surface properties of zeolites is an important task that contributes to the disclosure of the physicochemical essence of the process of deactivation of zeolites. The recalculation of nitrogen adsorption isotherms using the t-plot model made it possible to determine the volume of micro and mesopores. Based on the t-graph data, it can be concluded that during the transformation of methanol into hydrocarbons, carbon accumulates on the surface of the zeolite. In this case, the predominant deposition of carbon on the surface of mesopores, due to the fact that in the process of decontamination, from 61 to 73% of the volume of mesopores is lost. The number of micropores also decreases, but the share of losses is 42–54%, which is 10–15% lower compared to the loss of mesopore volume.

Определение характеристик поверхности Zn-модифицированного цеолита типа H-ZSM-5

The surface properties of microporous aluminosilicates are of primary importance in chemical technology and catalysis. The determination of the surface area, pore volume, and pore size and size distribution for microporous aluminosilicates is a complex scientific and technical problem related to both accurate measurements and the correct choice of a mathematical model that adequately describes the physicochemical processes occurring on the test surface. Currently, t-plot, as-plot, Dubinin-Radushkevich model, Dillimore model and Horvath-Kawazoe model are frequently used, each of which has certain advantages and certain disadvantages, to determine micropores in the material. It should be noted that t-plot model found the most frequent use. This is a consequence of the good correlation of volumes and pore areas obtained with its help with theoretically calculated values for various materials. In this point, the article provides a calculation of Zn-modified zeolite H-ZSM-5 surface properties using the t-plot model, for which nitrogen adsorption isotherms were originally obtained. The nitrogen adsorption isotherms of the initial zeolite H-ZSM-5 can be attributed to the first type of isotherms, and the modified samples to the fourth type of isotherms according to Brunauer’s classification. It was found that the initial zeolite is a typical microporous zeolite of H-ZSM-5 type, while the modified samples are micro- and mesoporous materials. Calculation of nitrogen adsorption isotherms using the t-plot model allows to determine the volume of micro and mesopores, which varied in the range of 0.11–0.14 cm3/g for micropores and 0.04–0.07 cm3/g for mesopores. Based on the obtained data, it can be concluded that when zeolite is modified with zinc at a zinc concentration less than 15 wt.%, micropores are not filled with zinc, while mesopores are predominantly filled and an additional surface of zinc oxide is formed on the external surface of the zeolite.

Assessment of Pyrogenic Carbonaceous Materials for Effective Removal of Radiocesium

Pyrogenic carbonaceous materials produced by pyrolysis process of various waste feedstocks are increasingly used in non-soil applications such as water purification tools. Pyrogenic carbonaceous materials thermochemically converted from wood chips, corn cobs, garden green waste, cherry pits, walnut shells, pine cones and municipal sewage sludge in slow pyrolysis under N2 atmosphere, were characterized by total C analysis, specific surface area, volumes of micro- and mesopores and tested in batch experiments as potential radiocesium sorption materials. Cesium adsorption-desorption experiments were conducted using the 137Cs radioisotope. Although tested materials significantly differ in Cs removal, Cs+ ions uptake could be attributed to the mechanisms of Freundlich surface adsorption. The highest maximum sorption capacities were reached for pine cones, wood chips and garden waste pyrogenic materials and reached 95.9 to 126 μmol g-1. These results demonstrate suitability of selected Pyrogenic carbonaceous materials as Cs adsorbents potentially useable as reactive barriers for 137Cs contaminated effluents.

Perspective Biomass Carrier for Anaerobic Processing Systems of Organic Waste AIC

To speed up the wastewater treatment under aerobic conditions and to optimize the processes of anaerobic wastewater treatment in digesters, immobilization technologies of microorganisms and enzymes on solid carriers are used. Ceramic carriers based on aluminosilicates and alumina are one of the promising inorganic biomass carriers. (Research purpose) To study the structure of porous ceramic biomass carriers for anaerobic processing of organic waste and evaluate the prospects for their use. (Materials and methods) The substrate for anaerobic digestion was a mixture of sediments of the primary and secondary sewage sumps of the Lyubertsy treatment facilities. K-65 cattle feed was used to ensure the constancy of the composition of organic substances in substrates as a cosubstrate. The authors used the method of low-temperature nitrogen adsorption of Bruner-Emmett-Teller to study the pore structure and specific surface of solid carriers on a specific surface analyzer Quntachrome Autosorb-1. (Results and discussion) The main characteristics (specific surface, volume of micro- and mesopores, predominant pore radius, water absorption and others) of chamotte foam lightweight and highly porous corundum ceramics were determined. It was revealed that ceramic materials with a developed surface and electrically conductive material provided an increase in biogas yield by 3.8-3.9 percent with an increase in methane content by an average of 5 percent. (Conclusions) The results of anaerobic digestion showed a positive effect of both a conductive carrier and highly porous ceramic materials on the process of anaerobic bioconversion of organic waste into biogas. It is advisable to expand experimental studies on the use of a conductive carrier with a developed surface based on highly porous ceramics.

Formation of adsorbents from Fe-containing processing residues of lignin

Abstract A new approach was developed for the formation of an adsorbent from solid residual products of carbon dioxide reforming of Fe-containing lignin. The key stages of this approach are: (1) etching of residual products with dilute HCl; (2) carbon dioxide treatment with microwave plasma induction at 950–1000 ○С; and (3) thermal shock. The sequential application of procedures (1)–(3) to the residual products of carbon dioxide reforming of Fe-containing lignin affords a carbon adsorbent with a specific surface area of ~578 m2/g and comparable volumes of micro- and mesopores.

Thermal Conversion of Triazine-Based Covalent Organic Frameworks to Nitrogen-Doped Nanoporous Carbons and Their Capacitor Performance

Abstract Nanoporous carbons with well-defined pore structures are promising for advanced energy applications. Herein, we fabricate nitrogen-doped porous carbons via direct carbonization of a triazine-based covalent organic framework (TACOF1) that acts as both intrinsic template and carbon/nitrogen source. The carbonized TACOF1 forms porous carbon that has a large surface area (1194 m2 g−1) comprised of high volumes of micro- and meso-pores (0.58 cm3 g−1 and 0.44 cm3 g−1, respectively) with a narrow size distribution. In addition, nitrogen doping of the graphitic carbons is uniformly achieved. A thermal analysis along with evolved gas investigation reveals that chemical processes, including N2 gas release and graphitization, vary pore texture formation in the resultant carbons with strong dependence on carbonization temperature. Such structural difference of the carbonized TACOF1 changes electrochemical capacitor behavior. The carbonized TACOF1 synthesized at 800 °C is found to show good capacitive performance due to its nitrogen-doped porous structures.

Region-of-Interest X-Ray Tomography for the Non-Destructive Characterization of Local Fiber Orientation in Large Fiber Composite Parts

To detect and characterize materials defects in fiber composites as well as for evaluatingthe three-dimensional local fiber orientation in the latter, X-ray micro-CT is the preferred methodof choice. When micro computed tomography is applied to inspect large components, the method isreferred to as region-of-interest computed tomography. Parts can be as large as 10 cm wide and 1 mlong, while the measurement volume of micro computed tomography is a cylinder of only 4 − 5 mmdiameter (typical wall thickness of fiber composite parts). In this report, the potentials and limits ofregion-of-interest computed tomography are discussed with regard to spatial resolution and precisionwhen evaluating defects and local fiber orientation in squeeze cast components. The micro computedtomography scanner metRIC at Fraunhofer‘s Development Center X-ray Technology EZRT deliversregion-of-interest computed tomography up to a spatial resolution of 2 μm/voxel, which is sufficientfor determining the orientation of natural or synthetic fibers, wood, carbon and glass. The mean localfiber orientation is estimated on an isotropic structuring element of approximately 0.1 mm length bymeans of volume image analysis (MAVI software package by Fraunhofer ITWM). Knowing the exactlocal fiber orientation is critical for estimating anisotropic thermal conductivity and materials strength.

In Ukrainian

The investigation of the adsorption behavior of water vapour on porous carbon matrices is still relevant because the humidity of the environment can significantly affect the adsorption capacity of the carbon adsorbents to certain substances. Furthermore, the measurements of water isotherms could also be used to analyze the pore structure of activated carbons. The correlation between the adsorption characteristics of series of activated carbon samples (Norit, NL) with similar values of the specific surface area, but different pore size distribution (different volumes of micro- and mesopores), towards water vapour and their internal structure, defined on the basis of nitrogen adsorption isotherms, as well as the chemical composition and the nature of primary adsorption centers of the surface has been researched in the study. By the methods of Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Temperature-Programmed Desorption Mass Spectrometry (TPD-MS) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) it has been determinated of quantitative and qualitative composition of the surface of investigated carbons; it has been shown that the mesoporous samples of activated carbon contain a greater total amount of surface oxygen-containing complexes than microporous samples. The adsorption and desorption branches of water adsorption isotherms for the microporous carbons come close to each other and give a plateau at high relative pressures wherein the water adsorption capacities for the microporous samples correspond to their micropore volumes determined from nitrogen adsorption isotherms. As opposed to this, a gradual rise of water uptake and the existence of wide hysteresis loops at high relative pressures are observed for the mesoporous carbons. Moreover, the maximum values of water adsorption in this case considerably exceed the micropore volumes, and are attributable to the capillary condensation in mesopores. Nevertheless, the total volumes of water uptake both for micro- and mesoporous activated carbons are significantly less than those determined from nitrogen adsorption. This could be due to a mechanism of cluster pore filling in which the water density is less than its bulk density. In addition, probably, the water can not condense in the larger mesopores.

Preparation of Hierarchical Porous Carbon Aerogels by Microwave Assisted Sol-Gel Process for Supercapacitors.

Low-cost resorcinol formaldehyde (RF) organic aerogels were prepared by using resorcinol and formaldehyde as precursors, and sodium hydroxide as a catalyst through a single-mode microwave radiation-assisted sol-gel method and ambient temperature drying. Because of the ring focusing and power-max technology, the fabrication procedure of carbon aerogels (CAs) are much easier, faster, and cheaper than traditional methods. The RF aerogels were then pyrolysized at 900 °C, and the KOH activation process was used to further dredge micropores in the carbon aerogels. The CAs were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), nitrogen adsorption/desorption, and a series of electrochemical tests. The KOH activated carbon aerogels with 3D-nano-network structure exhibited a high specific surface area of 2230 m2 g−1 with appropriate pore volumes of micro-, meso-, and macropores. The specific capacitance of CAs activated by KOH measured in a two-electrode cell was 170 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 with excellent rate capability and cycle stability in 6 M KOH electrolyte.

In English

The aim of the investigation is to develop multifunctional adsorbent, which is able to remove both inorganic ions and molecular organic substances from aqueous solutions. Oxidized graphene has been obtained by Hammer’s method. The composite, which includes hydrated zirconium dioxide and graphene oxide (» 2 mass. %), has been synthesized by deposition from sol containing dispersed particles of the carbon material. The adsorbent as well as its constituents were investigated with methods of XRD analysis, FTIR spectroscopy, TEM and standard contact porosimetry involving octane (ideally wetting liquids) and water as working liquids. Strong hydration of graphene oxide in water has been found: the volume of micro- and mesopores in water medium is higher than that in octane. It means that the oxidized graphene behaves similarly to ion exchange polymers. This is evidently due to its hydrophilic functional groups (hydroxyle carboxyl and epoxy groups). High specific surface area of graphene oxide reaches 1200 (in the organic solvent) or 2250 m 2 g –1 (in aqueous medium). It has been shown that graphene covers the particles of the inorganic matrix loosening its structure within the wide interval of pore size (from 10 nm to 1.5 µm). As found, adsorption isotherms of Pb(II) and HCrO 4 - ions obeys with Langmuir model. The filler improves adsorption of Pb(II) ions increasing the capacity in 1.7 times due to its expressed cation exchange properties. Contrary, anion exchange function of the composite is depressed, since the sheets of graphene oxide screen adsorption centers of the inorganic matrix. Other reason can be electrostatic repulsion of anions due to the shift of the point of zero charge of the composite to acidic field. By reason of the carbon filler, the oxide material acquires the capability to adsorb both slightly dissociated (phenol) and molecular (lactose) organic substances. When the initial content of phenol is 5 mg dm –3 , it is possible to reduce its content in water down to maximal permeable concentration. After adsorption, the content of lactose is much lower than this parameter. It means, that the composite provides practically complete removal of organics from water.

New method of synthesis of hierarchical mordenite of high crystallinity and its application in hydroizomerization of benzene-n-heptane mixture

A new approach to the formation of hierarchical porous structure of mordenite without use of templates is suggested in the presented work. The method is based on the crystallization of mordenite in granules consisting of amorphous aluminosilicate (metakaolin), fumed silica and mordenite crystals, provided that the crystalline phase content must be higher than that of the amorphous phase. The synthesized material is characterized by high crystallinity (up to 92%) with the volume of micro-, meso- and macro-pores of 0.15, 0.20 and 0.18 cm3/g, respectively. The research results showed that MOR type zeolite with a hierarchical structure in the H-form has total acidity in ammonia of about 860 µmol/g and after promotion of 0.3% wt platinum exhibits high activity and selectivity in the hydroisomerization of a model mixture of benzene–heptane into methylcyclopentane and isomers of n-heptane.

Experimental investigation of pore development of the Chang 7 member shale in the Ordos basin under semi-closed high-pressure pyrolysis

Abstract Semi-closed heat simulation experiments were conducted on cylindrical samples, and a series of residue samples of Chang7 shale heated to different temperature were acquired to characterize the evolution and controlling factors of shale reservoir structure. Low pressure adsorption experiments with carbon dioxide and nitrogen as the adsorbents were conducted to characterize the evolution of shale nanopores. Mercury intrusion capillary pressure (MICP) and He–Hg porosities of the raw and residue shale columns were measured to study the evolution of porosities with increasing maturity. Also, the morphology of nanopores and microfractures of Argon ion polished shales was examined using scanning electron microscopy. Decreasing trends of micro- and meso-pores with increasing temperature were mainly caused by masking or occupation of pores by generated oil and bitumens during the oil generation stage. Then the specific surface areas (SSAs) and volumes of micro- and meso-pores increase dramatically with increasing temperature as further nanopores were formed through secondary cracking of the generated oil and bitumens. Destruction of nanopores occurred at the over-maturation stage, and caused decreasing trends of SSAs and volumes of micro-pore, meso-pore and macro-pore from 450 °C, 489 °C and 500 °C, respectively. Shale porosity showed a generally positive correlation with temperature, suggesting that macro-pores and micro-fractures were the predominant reservoirs. That was also observed with focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy. The insights into the evolution of shale nanopores presented in this study are generally in accordance with previous research in North America and China on the properties of these structures in shales at different maturation level.

Nanostructured Carbon Xerogels by Super-Fast Carbonization

Traditional synthesis methods of highly porous carbon xerogels impose many limitations on production in large scale such as low heat and mass transfer and long processing time. In this study, for the first time, recorsinol–formaldehyde (RF) xerogels were carbonized by fast heating rates (σ) in a fluidized bed reactor. The specific surface area (Φ) and pore volume of carbon xerogels were examined in terms of particle size (≈ 100 and 297 μm), carbonization temperature (298–1273 K), and σ (5–50 K min–1). The temperature above which Φ decreases by increasing temperature was shifted to lower values for larger particles. Moreover, Φ and volume of micro- and mesopores increased by increasing σ. Possible mechanisms to interpret the effects of carbonization temperature and σ on physical properties of carbon xerogels were finally furnished. Carbonization time was found to be ≈25-times faster by fluidization while maintaining the quality of xerogels.

Synthesis and study of electrochemical properties of nanocomposites with graphene-like particles integrated into a high-porosity carbon matrix

Carbon–carbon nanocomposite (CCNC) was synthesized by introducing a dispersion of reduced graphite oxide (RGO) into the reaction medium upon the synthesis of polymer with a conjugated bond system (polyvinylene), which is a product of alkaline dehydrochlorination of polyvinylchloride, followed by carbonization of the resulting adduct–RGO-polyvinylene. After activation of CCNC in the CO2 environment (900°С) a high-porosity material (the specific BET surface is more than 1700 m2/g) with a developed volume of micro- and mesopores was obtained. According to electrochemical investigations, this material possesses a large capacity (100–200 F/g) and high performance, and, therefore, it can be applied in supercapacitor traction systems and for load leveling in electric power lines.

Study on the Relationship Between Pore Structure and Water Forms in Pore Using Partially Gasified Lignite Char

The oxygen-containing functional groups and pore structure of lignite are the main factors controlling its moisture readsorption and drying behaviors. However, the effects of these two factors were not separated in former studies. To minimize the effect of differences in surface chemical properties, several partially gasified lignite char samples with different pore structure but similar surface functional groups were used. The surface areas and volumes of micro-, meso-, and macro-pores of samples were determined by CO2 adsorption, helium pycnometry, and mercury intrusion porosimetry. The concentrations of different forms of water in moisturized char samples were determined from the equilibrium moisture contents at constant humidity and temperature and from the results of dewatering experiments analyzed by thermogravimetry coupled with differential scanning calorimetry (TGA-DSC). The congelation characteristics of water in moisturized char samples were studied by low-temperature DSC. The relationship betw...