Volume Of International Trade Research Articles

More transitions, less risk: How renewable energy reduces risks from mining, trade and political dependence

The transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy systems involves enormous decreases in materials, mining, and political risk. Since renewable systems need no fuel, they depend on trade only for the acquisition of materials and components during construction. Once the system is operating, no trade is required to sustain it. Therefore renewable energy production is not exposed to the political risks that plague fossil fuel production and shipments, such as interdiction, embargo, civil war, labor actions, and other disruptions. Despite such benefits, an emerging perspective in the US public discourse makes the opposite case, arguing that a buildout of renewable electricity would exacerbate supply risks, mining intensity, and import dependence. This paper’s findings challenge such assertions. We demonstrate that installing just 1 GW of wind capacity to replace coal on a grid like that in Texas reduces total mining by 25 million tonnes over 20 years. Even if the world increased 12-fold the annual global production of all rare earths, lithium, cobalt, and even copper, the metals produced would comprise just 3% of 2020 world coal production. Over two decades, five times more power would be produced by mining an equivalent amount for wind rather than coal. Since transition materials requirements are so comparatively small, reduced international trade volumes mean a large measure of political risk falls away. Current practices for securing energy systems that require constant fuel deliveries thus offer little relevance for renewables.

An Empirical Analysis on the Effects of Corruption, International Trade, and National Income on Inward Foreign Direct Investment

Purpose - The study centers on how corruption, national income, and international trade volume can give an impact on a nation’s performance in terms of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Design/Methodology/Approach - We used the data of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) using Corruption Perception Index(CPI) from 217 countries and inward FDI using Panel Regression Analysis such as the Fixed Effect Panel Model and the deviation from mean model. Findings - As the empirical results of this study, the members of the OECD and EU corruption did not give the significant impact on their inbound FDI. However, there were correlations between corruption and FDI for the developing nation in ASEAN and UNASUR. In further development of globalization, corruptions of each nation are no longer domestic issues but are rather shared by the world, including neighboring countries. Research Implications - Global investors are calling for a higher level of transparency from investment destinations. Nowadays, the developing country’s effort to root out corruption has become a prerequisite condition to beef up its economy.

The impact of the Sino-US trade conflict on global shipping carbon emissions

The trade conflict between China and the United States will have a complex and far-reaching impact on international trade patterns. The significant change in regional trade will not only impact the global transportation industry, but also have an important impact on international shipping carbon emissions. However, there are few studies that explore this issue. Based on the global multi-regional computable general equilibrium model, this study sets up three scenarios according to the development trend of the Sino–US trade conflict to measure the changes in global shipping carbon emissions under different trade conflict scenarios. The results show that, compared with the no trade conflict scenario, the tariff increase will reduce international trade by 0.329%–0.345%, but global international shipping carbon emissions will rebound by 0.25%–0.33%. The main reason for this result is that the trade conflict caused notable trade diversion. The direct trade between China and the United States became indirect trade that must be undertaken by “third countries”, which will increase the global freight mileage by 0.23%–0.34%. This paper finds that Sino–US trade conflict will not only hinder international trade volume, but also increase the transportation distance of international trade of goods, which will have a negative impact on the control of carbon emissions from international shipping. This study will help to clarify the impact of the Sino–US trade conflict on international maritime carbon emissions and provide a new perspective to comprehensively identify the economic and environmental impacts of trade conflict.

Harmonization of Russian supply chain management standards with EU requirements

AbstractThe present research considered the issues of harmonizing supply chain management (SCM) standards of the Russian Federation with European standards and aimed to confirm the assumption that the increase in international trade volumes directly depends on the availability of appropriate logistics facilities and their management. The performed analysis statistically confirmed the hypothesis that the volume of foreign trade directly depends on the compliance of SCM standards with international requirements. The study provided several recommendations concerning the SCM standards’ harmonization. These include simplifying customs clearance procedures and increasing transparency and efficiency of operations through the use of information technology and shared databases.

Do natural resources abundance and human capital development promote economic growth? A study on the resource curse hypothesis in Next Eleven countries

This study aims to analyze the effects of natural resources, human capital, financial development, industrialization, technological progress, and international trade on the economic growth of the Next Eleven countries between 1990 and 2019. The novelty of this study lies in its approach to explore the indirect economic growth impacts of human capital development via the transmission channel of the natural resource utilization in these counties. The econometric methods involved are robust for accounting the cross-sectional dependence and slope heterogeneity concerns in the data. The results authenticate the resource curse hypothesis since higher natural resources rent are found to inhibit economic growth of the Next Eleven nations. In contrast, human capital development, financial development, industrialization, technological innovation and international trade participation are found to synthesize economic growth. Besides, another interesting finding in this study shows that human capital and natural resources jointly exert positive impacts on economic growth. Hence, it can be said that human capital development assists to mitigate the resource curse impacts in the case of the Next Eleven countries. Therefore, these findings necessitate the pertinence of boosting investments in human capital development, enhancing the strength of the financial sector, expediting industrialization, facilitating technological innovation, and amplifying international trade volumes for achieving higher economic growth in the Next Eleven countries. More importantly, human capital development should be prioritized for transforming the curse of the natural resources into blessing for these nations. • Resources curse hypothesis is tested for Next 11 countries. • Natural resources rent deteriorate economic growth. • Human capital directly and indirectly synthesize economic growth. • Human capital development can overcome resource curse.

Kültürel Ürünlerin Uluslararası Ticareti ve Ekonomik Büyüme: Panel Veri Analizi

The potential of international trade of cultural products in fostering economic growth has been neglected in the empirical economics literature. The study explores the relationship between international trade of cultural products and gross domestic product (GDP) per capita in 85 countries between 2004-2017 using the Pedroni cointegration test and Swamy (1970)’s random coefficient model. The results show that although the trade balance of cultural products does not affect economic growth, the volume of international trade in cultural products has a statistically significant and positive impact on GDP per capita. These findings indicate that policymakers should not require protective steps against the imports of cultural goods or services and the call of the 2005 UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions to developed economies to open their markets is an appropriate suggestion.

Rescheduling Strategy for Berth Planning in Container Terminals: An Empirical Study from Korea

The rapid increase in international trade volume has caused frequent fluctuation of the vessels’ arrival time in container terminals. In order to solve this problem, this study proposes a methodology for rescheduling berth and quay cranes caused by updated information on the arrival time of vessels. A mixed-integer linear programming model was formulated for the berth allocation and crane assignment problem, and we solved the problem using a rolling-horizon approach. Numerical experiments were conducted under three scenarios with empirical data from a container terminal located in Busan, Korea. The experiments revealed that the proposed model reduces penalty costs and overall delayed departure time compared to the results of the terminal planner.

A State-Dependent Approximation Method for Estimating Truck Queue Length at Marine Terminals

As international trade and freight volumes increase, there is a growing port congestion problem, leading to the long truck queues at US marine terminal gates. To address this problem, some countermeasures have been proposed and implemented for reducing truck queue length at marine terminals. To assess the effectiveness of these countermeasures, a method for accurately estimating terminal gate truck queue length is needed. This study developed a new method, named the state-dependent approximation method, for estimating the truck queue length at marine terminals. Based on the simulation of the truck queuing system, it was found that it takes several hours for the truck queue length to reach its steady state, and neglecting the queue formation (queue dispersion) processes will cause overestimation (underestimation) of truck queue length. The developed model can take into account the queue formation and dispersion processes, and it can be used to estimate the truck queue length caused by short-term oversaturation at marine terminals. For model evaluation, a simulation-based case study was conducted to evaluate the prediction accuracy of the developed model by comparing its results with the simulated queue lengths and the results of other four existing methods, including the fluid flow model, the M/M/S queuing model, and a simulation-based regression model developed a previous study. The evaluation results indicate that the developed model outperformed the other four modeling methods for different states of queue formation and dispersion processes. In addition, this new method can accurately estimate the truck queue length caused by the short-term system oversaturation during peak hours. Therefore, it will be useful for assessing the effectiveness of the countermeasures that are targeted at reducing the peak-hour congestion at marine terminals.

Efficiency of "lean management" application in business processes management of refrigeration equipment supply chain during the COVID crisis

The article reveals the main trends in the functioning of global supply chains in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and their impact on the activities of Ukrainian enterprises are identified. It is noted that the closure of borders between countries and the introduction of self-isolation regime caused a significant reduction in production capacity and the volume of international trade. Global supply chains have become very vulnerable and necessitate their revision and the search for alternative ways to deliver goods to end users. Since Ukraine is a country with an open market economy, this article summarizes the main challenges for import-dependent supply chains and makes proposals on ways to overcome them. The expediency of applying the concept of Lean-management in business processes management of refrigeration supply chains during a pandemic as a means of overcoming crisis situations and ensuring sustainable development are proved. The dynamics and structure analysis of the company LLC "Holod Engineering" income and expenses allowed to establish a tendency to reduce the profitability of the company's business and capital turnover, as well as increase the share of logistics costs in the production costs. The greatest impact on the growth of logistics costs have the inventory costs due to the processes of storage and orders completion and delivery delays, which lead to customer dissatisfaction and complaints. Methodical approaches to estimating the level of processes coordination in the supply chains of refrigeration equipment, calculation of supply lots optimal parameters, levels of raw materials and components stocks, production and storage capacity rationalization of the enterprise are substantiated. With the help of Shewhart's control charts, the coordination of business processes in the equipment supply chains were assessed and the sources of potential losses were identified. The technological and logistics processes optimization in terms of their cost, duration and quality of results takes into account not only individual processes of enterprises, but also interprocess connections between supply chain links. It is proposed to implement a number of organizational measures using the concept of lean management, which involves market integration, production process, procurement and sales in order to provide a high level of customer service. The efficiency of the proposed organizational changes and their impact on business profitability, inventory turnover, the amount of logistics costs and the quality of customer service are determined.

Risk factors for COVID-19 infection, disease severity and related deaths in Africa: a systematic review

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive evidence on risk factors for transmission, disease severity and COVID-19 related deaths in Africa.DesignA systematic review has been conducted to...

Impact of alternative energy sources on development of neo-industrial foreign trade specialization

This paper identifies the structure of the energy balance in the world and in individual countries was analyzed, trends and factors in the development of alternative types of energy carriers. The impact of their development on the volume and structure of international energy trade is substantiated. Its development prospects are presented for developed countries that are leaders in the development of alternative energy sources, and for developing countries for which the price factor is more important. Prospects of development of Russian energy exports in conditions of increasing importance of alternative types of energy carriers in the world economy and international trade are considered.

Impact of e-commerce on India's exports and investment

E-commerce has become an important mode of trade, both domestically and internationally. E-commerce provides a platform for exchange of goods and services and thus directly alters the cost of trade and profits of firms, while simultaneously, generates a demand for a different set of skilled managers and creates opportunities for increasing investment and thereby affects the volume of domestic and international trade and in-turn affects the overall level of output and employment in an economy. There are empirical evidences on how certain developed countries like UK, USA, earlier, and lately developing countries like China, have leveraged e-commerce to enhance international trade. This paper attempts to contribute to the literature by studying the impact of e-commerce on India's international trade, especially exports, and investment which in-turn impact the level of output/gross domestic product (GDP) and employment in the country.

Gravity model and Pakistan - China Trade

Pakistan being an important ally of the war against terror paying huge price of not merely of innocent lives of people but huge monetary losses in many sectors of economy, one lucrative sector is international trade. Pakistan’s export potential has undergone strenuous pressures to perform according to the past performance. There was a need to reveal new export potential and lucrative sectors of economy with recommended policy changes so that new paradigm change in international trade can be initiated. This empirical study carried to meet the objective in which gravity model is used for investigating the bilateral trade between Pakistan and China. This model is being used extensively by the researchers worldwide to make predictions about volume of international trade to suggest the policy changes in international trade management. The findings confirm that the tariff rates significantly and negatively affects the Export Volume from Pakistan to China as t-stats > 1.5 which results the trade deficit to be increased, while the affinity (i.e. bilateral visits of people of Pakistan and China to each other countries, bilateral dialogues between China and Pakistan, Social integrations programs between China and Pakistan etc.) between China and Pakistan and Geography (i.e. the trading countries are both in Asia with the connected borders) significantly and positively affects the Export Volume from Pakistan to China as t-stats > 1.5, thus the trade deficit is reduced due to stated affinity and geography. The large value of F-stats also reports that the relationships of export volume from Pakistan to China with all outlined stated explanatory variables/ predictors (i.e. the gravity model for bilateral trade between Pakistan and China) will remain alive for longer period of time in future.

Tourism and inequality: A relook on the Kuznets curve

The study explores the impact of the tourism industry on income inequality upon a panel set of countries, classified in accordance with their levels of economic development. The countries are classified into three clusters based on their per capita GDP, the volume of international trade, and foreign direct investment inflows. The income inequality was measured using the GINI score. The long-run relationship between tourism receipts and GINI income inequality was explored for a panel set of forty-one countries over the period 1995 to 2016. The study concludes that earnings from tourism have varying impacts on the three clustered sets of countries. The inequality index of the highly developed countries remains unaffected by the earnings from tourism. The developed countries show Kuznets curve behaviour as far as the relationship between tourism and inequality is concerned. The developing countries exhibit an inverted Kuznets curve behaviour between tourism receipts and inequality of income.

Evolutionary Game Model of Coastal Logistics Parks and Logistics Companies

Liu, L.; Xu, W.; Zhang, Y., and Wu, T., 2020. Evolutionary game model of coastal logistics parks and logistics companies. In: Li, L. and Huang, X. (eds.), Sustainable Development in Coastal Regions: A Perspective of Environment, Economy, and Technology. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 112, pp. 477-481. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.With the strengthening of economic globalization, the volume of international maritime industry trade is increasing, but the development of coastal logistics industrial parks and the quality of cooperation between logistics companies have exposed many problems. The paper establishes an evolutionary game model. The model covers major factors such as operating costs, transaction costs, default costs, overall revenue and distribution ratios of both parties. During the numerical simulation, in response to changes in some main parameters, we give the results of the cooperation between the two parties, which provided a reference for further research.

The Effect of Infrastructure and Logistics Performance on Economic Performance: The Mediation Role of International Trade

This paper evaluates the effect of infrastructure and logistics performance on economic performance. In addition, the mediating role of international trade on the relationship between infrastructure and economic performance, and logistics performance and economic performance, respectively. Generalized Structured Component Analysis (GSCA) was proposed as a Component-Based Approach to Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to test several hypotheses regarding the interaction of the latent variable. Furthermore, the mediation analysis using regression was performed. Based on data from middle income selected countries, the hypothesis about the mediation role of international trade was partially supported. Our results also suggest that infrastructure and logistics performance improvements may enhance middle-income countries sustainable growth with increasing international trade volume. JEL: F43, L90, P33

The Dragon’s March into the Indian Ocean: Implications for International Trade

Abstract This article reviews China’s engagement in the Indian Ocean Region, implications for international trade and strategies to mitigate its vulnerabilities. Premised on maritime theory, it argues that China’s interests in the Indian Ocean will influence its relations with India, extra-regional powers and African states. China is likely to leverage on its presence in the Indian Ocean to boost its levels of international trade volumes, while at the same time forge alternative strategies such as string of pearls, Maritime Silk Road and access through Myanmar to mitigate its vulnerabilities in the region.

DBSCAN OPTIMIZATION FOR IMPROVING MARINE TRAJECTORY CLUSTERING AND ANOMALY DETECTION

Abstract. Today maritime transportation represents 90% of international trade volume and there are more than 50,000 vessels sailing the ocean every day. Therefore, reducing maritime transportation security risks by systematically modelling and surveillance should be of high priority in the maritime domain. By statistics, majority of maritime accidents are caused by human error due to fatigue or misjudgment. Auto-vessels equipped with autonomous and semi-autonomous systems can reduce the reliance on human’s intervention, thus make maritime navigation safer. This paper presents a clustering method for route planning and trajectory anomalies detection, which are the essential part of auto-vessel system design and development. In this paper, we present the development of an enhanced density-based spatial clustering (DBSCAN) method that can be applied on historical or real-time Automatic Identification System (AIS) data, so that vessel routes can be modelled, and the trajectories’ anomalies can be detected. The proposed methodology is based on developing an optimized trajectory clustering approach in two stages. Firstly, to increase the attribute dimension of the vessel’s positioning data, therefore other characteristics such as velocity and direction are considered in the clustering process along with geospatial information. Secondly, the DBSCAN clustering model has been enhanced by introducing the Mahalanobis Distance metric considering the correlations of the position cluster points aiming to make the identification process more accurate as well as reducing the computational cost.

Exploring new Internet measurements on international trade and global human resources

PurposeWe address the question of how the Internet promotes international trade volume, and especially, whether the global human resources affect the bilateral international trade during the technology development across countries.Design/methodology/approachA dynamic panel causality analysis is carried out to demonstrate empirically that the causality of the Internet diffusion on the international trade volumes. Evidence shows a significant positive effect of the Internet on international trade volume from time-series and cross-sectional regressions. Furthermore, the magnitude of elasticity is discussed.FindingsThere is strong evidence that the Internet stimulates international trade for all countries. Growth of trade volumes changes over time with heteroscedastic responses. The positive impacts of the growth of GDP are diluted by the growth of global human resources.Originality/valueThe data on the number of web hosts is not necessarily correlated to where the site is actually located. We contribute to the new Internet measurement which helps to explain the information transferring that stimulates the international trade and examine the global human resources.

Credit Risk Management and Control in a Maritime Supply Chain Trade Network

Guo, J., 2020. Credit risk management and control in a maritime supply chain trade network. In: Gong, D.; Zhang, M., and Liu, R. (eds.), Advances in Coastal Research: Engineering, Industry, Economy, and Sustainable Development. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 106, pp. 109–112. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.Maritime transport is the link of international trade. In recent years, China's international trade volume has increased dramatically, and its marine transportation business has expanded rapidly. Its supply chain risk control system should also be upgraded to meet the market demand. This study finds that contract performance ability is the biggest source of risk. Through the comprehensive suggestions put forward in this paper, the risk rate of supply chain can be effectively controlled through property insurance, credit derivatives, and a reasonable project packaging scheme. At the same time, this paper suggests that the marine transportation supply chain should get rid of the limitation of the purchase contract and launch the supply chain products for retail to advantageous customers, which can reduce the comprehensive risk of the supply chain to a greater extent.