Volume Of Water Research Articles

СРЕДСТВА ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ КОМПРЕССИОННОЙ ПЕНЫ В ПОЖАРОТУШЕНИИ

The subject of the article is modern fire extinguishing technologies based on compression foam. The purpose of the study is to study the means of obtaining and the prospects for using compression foam in fire fighting. Methods: analysis and synthesis, modeling. The results obtained indicate that compression foam has a number of advantages compared to water and conventional air-aspirated foam, so it can be used to extinguish fires in many industries and areas. A diagram of the production of compression foam is presented (the foam concentrate acts as a foaming agent) and a diagram of an autonomous installation for the production of compression foam. It is noted that one of the significant advantages of CAFS is the ability to create a finished product that matches a specific type of fuel or a specific situation. The characteristics of the SmartCAFS product have been defined. A typology of the use of compression foam depending on the type of incident is presented. The results of fire resistance tests of various foams are presented. It is concluded that fire suppression systems using compression foam have significant advantages, such as minimizing the spread of fire, the volume of water required to cover large areas, costs and placement, and the integration of CAFS with digital technologies.

Estimating Disability in Patients with Essential Tremor: Comparison of Tremor Rating Scale, Spiral Drawing, and Accelerometric Tremor Power.

Although performance rating scales, spiral drawing, water pouring, and accelerometry are commonly used to assess tremor severity, the extent to which their results correlate with impairment in activities of daily living (ADL) remains unclear. The aim was to identify the most effective predictors of ADL in essential tremor (ET). Forty ET patients were examined using The Essential Tremor Rating Assessment Scale (TETRAS), spiral drawing, volume of water spilled, and accelerometric tremor power. Root-mean-square error, R2, and F-test were calculated for models predicting TETRAS ADL subscore. TETRAS Performance Subscale explained the variability in TETRAS ADL with an R2 value of 0.686. Models incorporating spiral rating and accelerometric tremor power (R2 = 0.731) and water spillage volume (R2 = 0.756) were not statistically superior. TETRAS performance subscore predicted nearly 70% ADL impairment in ET patients. Incorporating the spiral rating, accelerometric tremor power, and water pouring test did not enhance ADL estimation.

Enhancing the PEEK composites-titanium interface performances through electrochemical treatment in fibre-metal laminates for aerospace applications

In this work, different surface treatments were investigated to improve the adhesion between grade 5 titanium alloy and carbon fibre-reinforced PEEK composites for aerospace applications. Three types of processes were compared: mechanical treatment (MT), carried out by sander with #80 grit sandpaper, chemical treatment, using a silane coupling agent (SIL) and electrochemical treatment, performed by anodic oxidation. The latter was performed by using an ethylene glycol solution composed of 0.5%wt of ammonium fluoride (NH4F) and variable volume content of deionized water: 5%v/v, 20 % v/v, 50 % v/v. The ammonium fluoride content was fixed, while the ethylene glycol percentage depend on the variation of water volume. Two values of electric potential were evaluated: 30V and 50V. Finally, for each potential and water content, three different anodizing times were studied: 10 min, 30 min, and 60 min. Morphology studies were performed through Scanning electron microscopy to evaluate how the anodizing parameters could affect the shape of the nanotubes (NTs) layers. Moreover, short beam shear tests were carried out to evaluate the achieved improvement given by the different surface treatments.

Radiative transfer simulations of water-leaving radiance from the Skylight-Blocked Approach

Radiative transfer simulations of measurements performed with the Skylight-Blocked Approach (SBA) for water exhibiting diverse optical properties confirmed the non-negligible impact of the depth z0 of the radiometer shield in the determination of the water-leaving radiance Lw. In particular, results showed that the shield-shaded water volume lowers the measured Lw value by a few up to tens of percent as a function of the depth z0, water attenuation, and wavelength. The study also confirmed the potential applicability of an analytical correction scheme based on the sole water absorption and backscattering coefficients to support operational SBA measurements, still at the expense of decreased accuracy with increasing depth z0 and water turbidity.

Modelling and performance evaluation of a parabolic trough solar water heating system in various weather conditions in South Africa

In recent years, various energy sources and methods have been used to heat water in domestic and commercial buildings. Water heating methods for large households or commercial buildings include electrical heating elements, gas heaters, and solar energy (solar concentrators, flat plate collectors, evacuated tube collectors, etc.). In recent decades, the focus of water heating has shifted to solar energy, which is abundantly available in most African countries. The weather condition of a region has a huge impact on the system's performance. South Africa is characterised by four different weather seasons (winter, spring, summer, and autumn), unlike most African countries. Therefore, this study focuses on the impact of weather seasons on the system's performance for water heating through the combined use of solar energy and solar concentrator techniques. The system performance was modelled by using Matlab Simulink®, where historical weather data for Pretoria, South Africa, was fed into the model. Based on the weather data input, the system behaviour varied per season due to the change in solar intensity. The average outlet temperatures of the absorber, in the order of magnitude, were 333, 332, 328, and 325 K during the autumn, summer, spring, and winter seasons, respectively. Similarly, the average storage tank temperatures, in the order of magnitude, were 366, 364, 363, and 360 K in spring, summer, autumn, and winter, respectively. From this study, it is concluded that the different weather seasons in South Africa, have a direct impact on the performance of the system. Irrespective of the season, the system produced the required volume of hot water required throughout the year.

The effect of rhizosphere pH on removal of naphthenic acid fraction compounds from oil sands process-affected water in a willow hydroponic system

The extraction and processing of bitumen from the oil sands in northern Alberta, Canada generates large volumes of oil sands process-affected water (OSPW). OSPW contains a complex mixture of inorganic and organic compounds, including naphthenic acid fraction compounds (NAFCs) that are of particular concern due to their toxicity to aquatic organisms. Phytoremediation is a cost-effective, scalable approach that has the potential to remove NAFCs from OSPW and reduce OSPW toxicity. Environmental pH influences the chemical form and bioavailability of NAFCs. However, little is known about the influence of pH on the uptake of NAFCs in plant systems. This study sought to elucidate the impact of rhizosphere pH on the uptake of NAFCs using a sandbar willow (Salix interior) hydroponic system. To mimic and maintain the naturally low pH conditions of the root, OSPW solutions in these systems were adjusted to a low pH level (pH 5.0) and their NAFC uptake from solution was compared to that of OSPW at native pH (pH 8.0). Our findings revealed that the lower pH hydroponic systems demonstrated enhanced NAFC removal from solution as determined by LC-MS analysis, where up to 26% of NAFCs were removed from OSPW over 72 h at pH 5.0 compared to 8% removed at pH 8.0. Similarly, analysis of spike-in 13C-labeled NAs demonstrated that the OSPW hydroponic system rapidly removed a relatively labile NA (13C-cyclohexane carboxylic acid) from solution at both pH levels, whereas near complete removal of a recalcitrant NA (13C-1-adamantane carboxylic acid) was observed in pH 5.0 solutions only. These results provide insight into the importance of rhizosphere pH on efficient NAFC uptake by plant root systems. Further research will determine whether OSPW phytoremediation efficiency can be enhanced using field treatment conditions that promote low rhizosphere pH levels.

Ion-Selective Metathesis Design of Flow-Electrode Capacitive Deionization for Energy-Saving and Anti-Scaling Softening of Brackish Water.

While flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI) is recognized as an attractive desalination technology, its practical implementation has been hindered by the ease of scaling and energy-intensive nature of the single-cell FCDI system, particularly when treating brackish water with elevated levels of naturally coexisting SO42- and Ca2+. To overcome these obstacles, we propose and design an innovative ion-selective metathesis FCDI (ISM-FCDI) system, consisting of a two-stage tailored cell design. Results indicate that the specific energy consumption per unit volume of water for the ISM-FCDI is lower (by up to ∼50%) than that of a conventional single-stage FCDI due to the parallel circuit structure of the ISM-FCDI. Additionally, the ISM-FCDI benefits from a conspicuous disparity in the selective removal of ions at each stage. The separate storage of Ca2+ and SO42- by the metathesis process in the ISM-FCDI (46.25% Ca2+, 14.25% SO42- in electrode 1 and 4.75% Ca2+, 35.25% SO42- in electrode 2) can effectively prevent scaling. Furthermore, configuration-performance analysis on the ion-selective migration suggests that the properties of the ion exchange membrane, rather than the carbon species, govern the selectivity of ion removal. This work introduces system-level enhancements aimed at enhancing energy conservation and scaling prevention, providing critical optimization of the FCDI for brackish water softening.

Targeted Treatment Reverses Increased Left Cardiac Work in Unilateral vs. Bilateral Primary Aldosteronism.

The incidence of cardiovascular complications may be higher in unilateral than bilateral primary aldosteronism (PA). We compared noninvasive hemodynamics after targeted therapy of bilateral vs. unilateral PA. Adrenal vein sampling was performed, and hemodynamics recorded using radial artery pulse wave analysis and whole-body impedance cardiography (n = 114). In 40 patients (adrenalectomy n = 20, spironolactone-based treatment n = 20), hemodynamic recordings were performed after 33 months of PA treatment. In initial cross-sectional analysis, 51 patients had bilateral and 63 unilateral PA. The mean ages were 50.6 and 54.3 years (P = 0.081), and body mass indexes 30.3 and 30.6 kg/m2 (P = 0.724), respectively. Aortic blood pressure (BP) and cardiac output did not differ between the groups, but left cardiac work was ~10% higher in unilateral PA (P = 0.022). In the follow-up study, initial and final BPs in the aorta were not significantly different, while initial cardiac output (+13%, P = 0.015) and left cardiac work (+17%, P = 0.009) were higher in unilateral than bilateral PA. After median treatment of 33 months, the differences in cardiac load were abolished, and extracellular water volume was reduced by 1.3 and 1.4 l in bilateral vs. unilateral PA, respectively (P = 0.814). These results suggest that unilateral PA burdens the heart more than bilateral PA, providing a possible explanation for the higher incidence of cardiac complications in unilateral disease. A similar reduction in aldosterone-induced volume excess was obtained with targeted surgical and medical treatment of PA.

Coupled Efficacy of Magneto-Electric Water Irrigation with Foliar Iron Fertilization for Spinach Growth

The lack of trace element iron has become a key factor restricting vegetable yield and quality improvement. To address the low production efficiency of water–fertilizer coupling in agricultural production, we used a combination of experimental research, theoretical analysis, and mathematical modeling to systematically determine the effects of magneto-electric water irrigation with iron application on spinach growth and physiology, its yield and quality, and soil water transport characteristics. Compared with conventional water irrigation, under magneto-electric water irrigation, the water volume and applied iron concentration average increased the total accumulation of nitrogen, carbon, and iron in the aboveground part of spinach by 3.71%, 10.16%, and 14.14%, respectively, and the aboveground part of spinach had the highest total accumulation of nitrogen and carbon when irrigation water was 3300 m3 ha−1 and iron fertilizer application at 0.15%. Additionally, magneto-electric water irrigation increased spinach aboveground fresh weight and soluble sugar and protein content by an average of 13.34, 18.26, and 11.61%, respectively. Based on a comprehensive quantitative evaluation and analysis of aboveground nutrient accumulation in spinach, aboveground fresh weight, water use efficiency, and soluble sugar and protein content, we determined the optimal irrigation water and iron fertilizer application for spinach growth.

Improving the drinking water supply system in the capital of Tomia Timur Subdistrict, Tomia Island, Wakatobi Regency

This research aims to improve the Municipal Drinking Water Supply System (SPAM IKK) in East Tomia, Wakatobi Regency, using a combined method approach and involving 76 participants. The findings indicate that water services in East Tomia adhere to the 4K principles (Quantity, Quality, Continuity, and Accessibility), with an increase in water volume despite some distribution challenges. Water quality remains high due to regular testing, and continuous service is ensured through ongoing maintenance, making the service accessibility for the community. Strategic improvements over the next 5-10 years include the implementation of solar-powered pumps, expansion of storage infrastructure, and enhancement of the distribution system to improve efficiency and sustainability. Recommendations include infrastructure upgrades, adoption of green technology, consistent quality checks, and support from proactive local government policies.

Assessment of Technical and Financial Feasibility of the Gadachaur Lift Irrigation System, Bajura Nepal

Implementation of a cost-effective and technically feasible irrigation project in the hilly topography contains many challenges in operation and management. This study examined the technical and economic feasibility of the lift irrigation system along with diversification of irrigated agriculture in one of the mid-hill districts of Nepal. To achieve the overall aim, a case study was conducted in Gadachaur, Bajura District of Nepal in 2022-2023. The approach consisted of collecting data and information from desk study of Google Earth maps, field visits, surveys, focus group discussions and subsequent ,interpretation. The study found that the selected system is both technically and economically feasible. The cropping intensity in the chosen area was 105%. The economic analysis indicated that the internal rate of return was 19.7%, and the B/C ratio at a 10% discount was 1.9, while at a 12% discount rate, the B/C was 1.63. After establishing the technical feasibility of the irrigation system, the following recommendations were made; the economic size of the pumping main should be 80 mm, the total dynamic head should be 160 m, the total volume of water to be pumped per day should be 141 m3, and the HP of the pump required should be 15 KW.

A method to estimate prey densityfrom single-camera images: A case study with chinstrap penguins and Antarctic krill.

Estimating the densities of marine prey observed in animal-borne video loggers when encountered by foraging predators represents an important challenge for understanding predator-prey interactions in the marine environment. We used video images collected during the foraging trip of one chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarcticus) from Cape Shirreff, Livingston Island, Antarctica to develop a novel approach for estimating the density of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) encountered during foraging activities. Using the open-source Video and Image Analytics for a Marine Environment (VIAME), we trained a neural network model to identify video frames containing krill. Our image classifier has an overall accuracy of 73%, with a positive predictive value of 83% for prediction of frames containing krill. We then developed a method to estimate the volume of water imaged, thus the density (N·m-3) of krill, in the 2-dimensional images. The method is based on the maximum range from the camera where krill remain visibly resolvable and assumes that mean krill length is known, and that the distribution of orientation angles of krill is uniform. From 1,932 images identified as containing krill, we manually identified a subset of 124 images from across the video record that contained resolvable and unresolvable krill necessary to estimate the resolvable range and imaged volume for the video sensor. Krill swarm density encountered by the penguins ranged from 2 to 307 krill·m-3 and mean density of krill was 48 krill·m-3 (sd = 61 krill·m-3). Mean krill biomass density was 25 g·m-3. Our frame-level image classifier model and krill density estimation method provide a new approach to efficiently process video-logger data and estimate krill density from 2D imagery, providing key information on prey aggregations that may affect predator foraging performance. The approach should be directly applicable to other marine predators feeding on aggregations of prey.

Effect of Surfactants on the Synthesis and Dissociation of Gas Hydrates

The synthesis and dissociation of methane hydrate and carbon dioxide hydrate were studied. Nonflammable gas hydrates can be used to extinguish flames in confined spaces. To increase the extinguishing efficiency, it is necessary to increase the dissociation rate (gas release rate) by using surfactant. The work investigates gas hydrates synthesized using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Experimental studies were carried out in wide ranges of surfactant concentration, the number of the stirrer revolutions and the initial water volume. To achieve the maximum rate of synthesis and dissociation, optimization of the specified parameters was performed. The influence of the key parameters on the dissociation rate was investigated experimentally and theoretically. The novelty of the work lies in solving a complex of interrelated tasks on the synthesis and dissociation of gas hydrate. It is shown that in order to achieve the maximum dissociation rate of carbon dioxide hydrate, it is necessary to optimize the following parameters: the diameter of the particles and their porosity, the porosity of the layer and the external heat flux.

Impact of volume indices in bioelectrical impedance measurement on the assessment of cardiac function indices by echocardiography in hemodialysis patients

Introduction Cardiovascular events resulting from volume overload are a primary cause of mortality in hemodialysis patients. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is significantly valuable for assessing the volume status of hemodialysis (HD) patients. In this article, we explore the correlation between the volume index measured by BIA and the cardiac function index assessed by echocardiography (ECG) in HD patients. Methods Between April and November 2018, we conducted a cross-sectional study involving randomly selected 126 maintenance HD patients. Comprehensive data on medical history and laboratory test results were collected. Subsequently, we investigated the correlation between volume indices measured by BIA and cardiac function parameters by ECG. Results We discovered a significant correlation between the volume indices measured by BIA and various parameter of cardiac function. The Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVH) group exhibited higher levels of the percentage of Extracellular Water (ECW%) and the percentage of Total Body Water (TBW%) compared to the Non-LVH group. Extracellular Water (ECW) and Third Interstitial Fluid Volume (TSFV) were identified as independent risk factors for Left Ventricular Mass (LVM), and both demonstrated a high predictive value for LVM. ECW% emerged as an independent risk factor for the Left Ventricular Mass Index (LVMI), with a high predictive value for LVMI. Conclusion ECW and TSFV were found to be positively associated with cardiac function parameters in HD patients.

Construction Technology and Service Performance of Waterproof Curtain for Foundation Pit in Large-Particle Pebble Gravel Layer of Yangtze River Floodplain

A foundation pit is constructed in the floodplain of Yangtze River, and a deep and thick layer of large-particle pebble gravel exists below the base slab, thus forming a connected supply channel with the adjacent Yangtze River. The large water volume, high water pressure, and strong permeability of this layer bring great risks to the foundation pit construction. In view of the fact that conventional waterproof curtain construction technologies such as the deep mixing column and high-pressure jet grouting column cannot meet the engineering requirements under these kinds of geological and environmental conditions, a new waterproof curtain construction technology that combines the trenching technology of the diaphragm wall with the TRD (Trench cutting Remixing Deep wall) technology is proposed, i.e., the trenching-and-replacing-style TRD technology, as well as the construction process of this technology, is presented. After the waterproof curtain is built using the proposed technology, the strength, integrity, uniformity, and service performance of the waterproof curtain wall are tested and evaluated by the comprehensive methods of coring, borehole television imaging, resistivity CT, and a group well pumping test. The results show that the proposed technology overcomes the adverse effects of underlying large-particle pebble gravel layer, and the waterproof curtain built by it effectively cuts off the hydraulic connection inside and outside the pit. The technical proposal can provide useful references for similar projects.

Evolution Trend of Water Quality in the Inner Mongolia Section of the Yellow River from 2003 to 2020

The aim of this study was to comprehensively understand the water environment quality status and its change trend in the Inner Mongolia section of the Yellow River Basin. To analyze the water quality in recent years,the water quality data in the Yellow River basin from 2003 to 2020 were firstly collected from five typical monitoring stations．Various data analysis methods, including principal component analysis, cluster analysis, and a long short-term memory model, were used along with an improved comprehensive water quality identification index to explore the spatiotemporal characteristics of water quality in the Yellow River Basin. The results showed that the overall water quality in the basin has improved and stabilized over time. In terms of temporal variation, there was a distinction between the wet season and dry season, with a better status observed during the wet season due to increased agricultural irrigation and higher water volume. Spatially, the five monitoring sections could be divided into three categories based on strong natural factors that maintained their temporal characteristics during the wet season； however, significant differences were observed during the dry season due to urban water usage patterns. Analysis using LSTM models revealed that ammonia nitrogen will continue to decline and have a decreasing impact on the comprehensive water quality. These findings provide valuable insights for the comprehensive management of water quality in Inner Mongolia's Yellow River Basin.

Assessing seed pellet formulations to improve native plant restoration under water‐limited conditions

Water scarcity, a challenge expected to worsen with climate change, significantly hinders native plant community restoration. Enhancing seed‐based restoration requires methods to increase the water availability for seeds and seedlings. Surfactants and superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) can improve soil water‐holding capacity and infiltration, but their use in seed enhancements remains underexplored. We investigated whether pellets containing surfactants or SAPs could improve seedling emergence of two native species (Rytidosperma caespitosum and Chrysocephalum apiculatum) common in temperate grasslands in south‐eastern Australia under different watering treatments. We used a randomized block design with five watering treatments to simulate predicted changes in precipitation for south‐eastern Australia: ambient, two reducing overall water volume, and two reducing watering frequency while increasing watering volume to maintain ambient treatment water volume. We explored four enhanced pellets (two containing surfactants and two containing SAPs) and non‐pelleted seeds. Our results showed that watering events with larger volumes but reduced frequency increased seedling emergence. Under these conditions, block co‐polymer surfactants further increased seedling emergence of C. apiculatum, while synthetic SAP pellets promoted emergence of R. caespitosum. Block co‐polymer surfactants decreased R. caespitosum emergence, and both SAPs reduced C. apiculatum emergence under reduced watering frequency. A 50% reduction in overall water volume significantly reduced seedling emergence for both species, regardless of seed enhancement. These findings suggest that surfactants and SAP pellets can improve the success of seed‐based restoration under ambient conditions and when rainfall events are larger in volume but reduced in frequency, but not when the overall volume of rainfall is reduced.

Eggs on a plate: Population‐dependent effects of humic substance rich water on perch egg size and hatching success

Abstract The ability of fish to sustain environmental perturbations during fragile early‐life stages can be of vital importance for populations and species facing rapid global environmental change. One of the potential challenges for aquatic organisms, including teleost fish, is rising concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in freshwater environments, known as brownification, which causes a cascade of changes including a decreased visibility and pH. Conversely, humic substances are increasingly recognised for their potential antimicrobial and immunostimulant properties. The questions remain whether exposure to humic waters high in DOC during the development causes significant perturbation, and to what extent genetic and parental factors may maintain optimal development in such a possibly challenging environment. To address these questions, we generated pure and hybrid (inter‐population) crosses of Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis) originating from clear‐water and humic lakes. Fertilised eggs from each cross were exposed to natural humic and clear‐water lake water. Intra‐chorionic space diameter (embryo diameter) and hatching success were recorded. Perch embryos successfully developed even in a small volume of water (5 mL) and majority hatched (70%) by 13 day post‐fertilisation. Embryo diameter was influenced by the interaction between cross type and treatment where embryos with maternal clear‐water origin were smaller than embryos of humic water origin in both clear‐water and humic water treatments. The probability of hatching was not related to female size, but rather to embryo diameter at the eyed stage and the interaction between cross type and treatment, resulting in pure clear‐water crosses hatching earlier and at higher numbers. Our study shows that effects of humic water are not uniformally negative in perch and discloses population‐dependent responses to humic water exposure during development. Our experimental design also illustrates the utility of multi‐well plates for conducting complex high‐throughput experiments beyond traditional model species and opens new possibilities for testing perch genotype–environment associations in early‐life traits. Taken together, results of this study add to the growing evidence that humic substances may have complex effects on fish during early life, motivating further investigations on their role in shaping natural phenotypes and potential use in the applied sector.

Microplastic pollution in the North-east Atlantic Ocean surface water: How the sampling approach influences the extent of the issue

A lack of standardization in monitoring protocols has hindered the accurate evaluation of microplastic (MP) pollution in the open sea and its potential impacts. As sampling techniques significantly influence the amounts of MPs contained in the sample, the aim of this study was to compare two sampling methods: Manta trawl (size selective approach) and grab sampling (volume selective approach). Both approaches were applied in the open sea surface waters of the North-east Atlantic Ocean. Onshore sample processing was carried out using the innovative tape lifting technique, which affords a series of advantages, including prevention of airborne contamination during analysis, without compromising integrity of the results. The results obtained indicated an MP concentration over four orders of magnitude higher using grab sampling compared to the Manta net approach (mean values equal to 0.24 and 4050 items/m3, respectively). Consequently, the sole quantification of MPs using results obtained with the Manta trawl resulted in a marked underestimation of abundance. Nevertheless, the grab sampling technique is intricately linked to a risk of collecting non-representative water volumes, consequently leading to an overestimation of MPs abundance and a significant inter-sample variability. Moreover, the latter method is unsuitable for use in sampling larger MPs or in areas with low concentrations of MP pollution. The optimal sampling method therefore is dependent on the specific objectives of the study, often resulting in a combination of size and volume selective methods. The results of this study have the potential to contribute to the standardization of monitoring protocols for microplastics, both during the sampling phase and sample processing.

Mixed transportation optimization model for oilfield water injection synergizing pipeline network and trucks

The water injection network is a common method in oil extraction processes, generally characterized by high energy consumption. Therefore, the adoption of scientifically sound and rational optimization schemes is crucial. However, due to the limited injection capacity of water injection station (WIS), when their supply is less than the demand of the injection wells, trucks are used for supplementary water injection. This paper introduces an oilfield water injection method under water injection pipeline and trucks coordination transport. An optimization model for oilfield water injection in this mixed transportation mode is established to address the supply-demand imbalance in the water injection network. The study uses a specific oilfield water injection system as a case study to validate the applicability of the mixed transportation water injection model (MTWI-Model) compared to the conventional water injection model (CWI-Model). The findings indicate that when only CWI-Model is used, the water volume from the injection station cannot meet the demands of the injection wells, leading to the cessation of some wells and potential overload of pumps in the station, thus affecting the normal operation of the water injection station and ultimately the oil recovery rate. Furthermore, the paper compares the optimization results of the mixed transportation model under two scenarios: fixed and non-fixed water intake points (namely MTWI-FP-Model and MTWI-NFP-Model). The results show that the mixed transportation mode with non-fixed water intake points is more economical, saving a daily cost of 632.28 Yuan/d compared to the fixed point scenario.