Voltaire Foundation Research Articles

Rebecca Haidt , Women, work and clothing in eighteenth century Spain . Oxford, Voltaire Foundation, University of Oxford, 2011, xvi + 346 p. ( SVEC , 2011, 11)

Rebecca Haidt , Women, work and clothing in eighteenth century Spain . Oxford, Voltaire Foundation, University of Oxford, 2011, xvi + 346 p. ( SVEC , 2011, 11)

Lessing and the German Enlightenment. Edited by Ritchie Robertson. Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 2013. xvii + 329 pages + 2 illustrations. 65.00.

Lessing and the German Enlightenment. Edited by Ritchie Robertson. Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 2013. xvii + 329 pages + 2 illustrations. 65.00.

Dramatic Battles in Eighteenth-Century France: Philosophes, Anti-Philosophes and Polemical Theatre. By LOGAN J. CONNORS. Oxford: Voltaire Foundation. 2012. xii + 275 p. 3 illus. £65 (pb). ISBN 978-0-7294-1047-2.

Journal for Eighteenth-Century StudiesVolume 37, Issue 3 p. 418-419 Book Review Dramatic Battles in Eighteenth-Century France: Philosophes, Anti-Philosophes and Polemical Theatre. By LOGAN J. CONNORS. Oxford: Voltaire Foundation. 2012. xii + 275 p. 3 illus. £65 (pb). ISBN 978-0-7294-1047-2. MARK DARLOW, MARK DARLOW University of CambridgeSearch for more papers by this author MARK DARLOW, MARK DARLOW University of CambridgeSearch for more papers by this author First published: 22 July 2014 https://doi.org/10.1111/1754-0208.12102Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article. Volume37, Issue3September 2014Pages 418-419 RelatedInformation

Reading Newspapers: Press and Public in Eighteenth-Century Britain and America by Uriel Heyd (review)

Reading Newspapers: Press and Public in Eighteenth-Century Britain and America. By Uriel Heyd. (Oxford, UK: Voltaire Foundation, 2012. Pp. xii + 302, 11 illustrations, £65.)Reviewed by Jeffrey L. PasleyNewspapers are notoriously difficult for scholars to get a handle on, compared with other types of printed literature. Books and pamphlets are discrete entities with beginnings and endings that can be read in their entirety, listed in bibliographies, and stored on shelves, and usually cover only one subject or author. The more variegated content of early American magazines can be consumed in entire runs of issues spanning decades, because they were published only monthly or less. Newspapers are another matter. Full of miscellaneous content (advertising, price lists, government documents, speeches, essays, and poems, along with the news items), they would appear never-ending. Published far more frequently-at least weekly-and in greater numbers of distinct issues than other print publications, newspapers poured from the presses.Most scholars shy away. When Charles Evans set out to catalog every item ever published in his American Bibliography, he left out the newspapers, and Clarence Brigham had to compile two additional thick, oversized volumes to catalog all the newspapers he identified. Brigham's publishing dates had to be stated in ranges and his titles given in long lists of variants that might change year to year. Those few scholars without the sense to avoid such a morass have tended to produce massive tomes, teeming with titles and quotations even when covering only a decade or two.1Israel-based scholar Uriel Heyd, either emboldened by distance or hampered by limited access to sources, takes a much more telescoped approach. In a slim but handsome volume laced with charts and illustrations, Heyd attempts to analyze the newspaper as a whole, in both Britain and America, across the entire eighteenth century. The results are as hazy and scattered as that description suggests. Heyd tries to take in not just the supply side of Anglo-American history, the newspapers themselves, but the demand side as well, the lived experience of newspaper reading. Such comprehensiveness is a laudable goal, but meeting it in a small space requires taking some problematic shortcuts.To map out the of the press in his long initial chapter, Heyd relies entirely on sampling the opening manifestoes of newspapers, a kind of mission statement and self-advertisement that eighteenth-century newspapers commonly published in their early issues. These are interesting documents, but highly ritualistic in the way editors almost always pledged to be fair and impartial, avoid personal attacks, and provide useful information and entertainment for a broad audience. These generic promises varied relatively little from paper to paper, but did not necessarily predict the editors' actual behavior once the publication got going. Heyd does not address this problem effectively, given his chosen source material. Instead he treats the editors' announced intentions as reality, leading to serious omissions. Noting that American newspapers claimed a more ambitious role in the advancement of society (77) toward the end of the century, Heyd highlights the Enlightenmentderived language of several of the more strident partisan newspapers, including Benjamin Franklin Bache's General Advertiser (later the Aurora) and Phinheas Allen's Pittsfield Sun. Yet he never mentions their most important civic role as pillars of the Democratic Republican party, despite announcing that community formation a la Benedict Anderson was one of the press's most important roles. …

Bernardin de Saint-Pierre et l’océan Indien ed. by Jean-Michel Racault, et al

Reviews 277 Racault, Jean-Michel, Chantale Meure, et Angélique Gigan, éd. Bernardin de Saint-Pierre et l’océan Indien. Paris: Garnier, 2011. ISBN 978-2-8124-0258-6. Pp. 565. 39 a. Travel, as the cliché goes, broadens the mind. But rarely can a journey’s impact be measured more significantly than Bernardin de Saint-Pierre’s three-year voyage to the Indian Ocean between 1768 and 1771, which became a truly life-changing experience . From something of a drifter who had been unsure of which career path to follow, Bernardin’s voyage played a key role in his development and emergence as a writer and had a profound impact on the representation of exotic Otherness in his works. It was thanks to his interaction with colourful characters such as Pierre Poivre (of the famous ‘Peter Pepper’ nursery-rhyme) on Mauritius that Bernardin began to show a genuine and enduring interest in the natural world as well as a keen interest in social issues such as slavery, political and foreign policy, as well as the future of the colonies. Some critics have even argued that Bernardin’s most widely-read work, Paul et Virginie, can be read as a proto-Francophone novel. This volume takes Bernardin’s singular journey as its special focus and is a collection of essays drawn from a conference held, appropriately enough, on the island of Réunion in late 2009. Organised by the Centre de recherches littéraires et historiques de l’océan Indien, the conference brought together Bernardin scholars from around the globe to join participants from the Université de La Réunion. The essays feature a range of approaches from literary history to the history of ideas and from cultural history to post-colonial theory. The volume is divided into four sections:“Données et contextes: questions d’histoire et de biographie,” “Rêver des Indes, parcourir les îles,” “IndianOc éanisme et bilan des savoirs: sciences, philosophie, esthétique,” and “Résonances: réception, prolongements, transpositions.”Fine essays can be found in all four sections, but readers might be particularly interested in the first grouping of papers, which focuses primarily on the thorny issue of Bernardin’s position on slavery. To sum up, this study would be a worthwhile read for scholars of Bernardin and cultural historians of the Exotic. The volume is also timely in heralding a range of Bernardin studies and editions of his works which have recently appeared or will do so in the near future. Interested readers may wish to keep an eye out for Bernardin de Saint-Pierre au tournant des Lumières (Kate Astbury, éd., 2012), the immense Bernardin correspondence project directed by Malcolm Cook for the Voltaire Foundation which is due for publication on the Electronic Enlightenment website, and the projected edition of the Œuvres complètes under the supervision of Jean-Michel Racault for Classiques Garnier. All of these projects augur well for the future of Bernardin studies. 2014 will mark the bicentenary of Bernardin’s death—expect the anniversary to be marked in some style. University of Louisville (KY) John Greene ...

Voltaire and the 1760s: Essays for John Renwick. Edited by NICHOLASCRONK. SVEC 2008:10. Oxford: Voltaire Foundation. 2008. ix + 294 p. 5 illus. £69 (pb). ISBN 978‐0‐7294‐0949‐0.

Journal for Eighteenth-Century StudiesVolume 36, Issue 4 p. 589-589 Book Reviews Voltaire and the 1760s: Essays for John Renwick. Edited by NICHOLAS CRONK. SVEC 2008:10. Oxford: Voltaire Foundation. 2008. ix + 294 p. 5 illus. £69 (pb). ISBN 978-0-7294-0949-0. SÍOFRA PIERSE, SÍOFRA PIERSE University College DublinSearch for more papers by this author SÍOFRA PIERSE, SÍOFRA PIERSE University College DublinSearch for more papers by this author First published: 13 November 2013 https://doi.org/10.1111/1754-0208.12021Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article. Volume36, Issue4Special Issue: The Cultural Production of Natural Knowledge. Guest edited by Sarah Easterby‐Smith and Emily SeniorDecember 2013Pages 589-589 RelatedInformation

The Stakes of Enlightenment: Censorship and Communication in Eighteenth-Century France

The Stakes of Enlightenment: Censorship and Communication in Eighteenth-Century France Clorinda Donato Raymond Birn, La censure royale des livres dans la France des Lumières(Paris:Odile Jacob, “Travaux du Collège de France,”2007). Pp. 179. €26.00 (paper). Robert Darnton, Poetry and the Police: Communication Networks in Eighteenth-Century Paris(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press/Belknap, 2010). Pp. 232. $25.95 (cloth), $17.95 (paper). Robert L. Dawson, Confiscations at customs: banned books and the French booktrade during the last years of the Ancien régime(Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 2006). Pp. 330. €100.00 (paper). Thierry Rigogne, Between state and market: printing and bookselling in eighteenth-century France(Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 2007). Pp. 321. $132.00 (paper). The book trade in eighteenth-century France is brought into sharper focus in the four books reviewed here. Written by pioneers in the field of French book history Birn, Darnton, and Dawson, and by Darnton’s student Rigogne—well recognized in his own right today—these works stand as a corpus of inquiry that merits collective reflection, particularly in light of the rapidly advancing response of digital humanities projects to the evolving field of the book trade in the work of Simon Burrows and Mark Curran. (See The French Book Trade in Enlightenment Europedatabase [2012, reviewed by Nancy Vogeley in ECS46.3 (2013): 439–43]; and Curran, “Beyond the Forbidden Bestsellers of Prerevolutionary France,” The Historical Journal56 (2013): 89–112.) As scholars become increasingly aware of the ways in which the conceptualization of quantitative results as well as qualitative [End Page 69]analysis determine our conjectures about the movement of print and the ideas it espoused, we keep an eye on both sets of data as we consider these studies. In particular, these four volumes tackle the issue of censorship in eighteenth-century France through a series of case studies that, when contemplated together, offer a far more nuanced view of the constraints and politics of book production and movement. They also expand a line of research on the system of privileges and censorship expertly treated by Jack R. Censer and Jeremy D. Popkin in the edited volume Press and Politics in Pre-Revolutionary France(1987). Just as the latter exposed the intricate power relations between the periodical press and the old regime and how they enabled political culture and the public opinion that shaped it to emerge and grow, these four studies explore similar relations in the production and circulation of print culture. La censure royale des livres dans la France des Lumièrescommits to print four lectures on royal censorship in Enlightenment France presented by Raymond Birn at the Collège de France. Published with a preface by Daniel Roche which deftly outlines Birn’s engagement with questions of censorship and control as agents of lumières, this volume constitutes both a succinct history of royal censorship and a provocative rethinking of its role in forging enlightenment. Birn’s introduction immediately delivers by reflecting upon the dual-edged sword that was the Vatican’s Index librorum prohibitorum. Instead of limiting access, Birn argues, the Indexactually functioned as a catalyst in bringing the work of the philosophes to the attention of the reading public—who, after all, he reminds us, is ultimately the most important purveyor of enlightenment. He also warns against the tendency to consider the Indexmonolithically, emphasizing enlightened Pope Benedict XIV’s recasting of papal censorship away from the wholesale condemnation of any particular author, or the obsession with a few words or sentences deemed problematic by some, to focus instead on a particular work for its overall message. Having set the stage for a new reading of censorship in eighteenth-century France, Birn’s series of lectures raises any number of censorship commonplaces in order to test their validity in the face of fresh archival research and a rereading of how censorship operated. Birn’s work, in fact, ushers in an important change in thinking about censorship and how primary sources on censorship should be read. It provides an interpretive approach that is fully corroborated by the other books under review here, particularly those by Dawson and Rigogne, both of...

5 January 1754-31 December 1755. Lettres 2093-2303 , vol. 14 of Correspondance de Madame de Graffigny ed. by D. P. Arthur and D. W. Smith (review)

D. P. Arthur and D. W. Smith, eds., 5 January 1754-31 December 1755. Lettres 2093-2303, vol. 14 of Correspondance de Madame de Graffigny, ed J. A. Dainard. Oxford: The Voltaire Foundation, 2013. xlvi + 450 pp. Since 1985, when the Voltaire Foundation published the first volume of Francoise de Graffigny's correspondence, readers have been able follow the unfolding of her life virtually day by day. Both because of the range of information her letters provide and because of their refreshingly direct and conversational tone, the correspondence gives readers the sense of knowing the author of the Lettres d'une Peruvienne more intimately than we can hope know any other French woman writer of the eighteenth century. The editors of every volume of this truly remarkable edition have facilitated our contact with Graffigny's massive correspondence in many ways, in particular with exceptionally pertinent and illuminating notes. But the pleasure of watching the progression of Francoise de Graffigny's life will soon be over. This latest volume of her correspondence is the fourteenth of a projected fifteen. When its last letter, dated December 31, 1755, closes, Graffigny has less than three years live before her death at age 63. Every volume has a particular character; every one makes readers aware of new facets of Graffigny's personality and aspects of life in eighteenth-century Paris. On the personal side, the letters published here reveal a woman preoccupied with aging and with developing mechanisms for coping with reduced physical circumstances. On the public side, they show us that the philosophes were gaining an ever broader audience and shaping that audiences ways of reading and reacting what they read. Over the course of the volume, as we see how causes and ideas promoted by the philosophes in their publications cropped up in casual exchanges among friends, an image of the everyday business of the Enlightenment comes into focus. As she neared 60, Graffigny was increasingly preoccupied with an aging body; her complaints are a subject few readers are likely find compelling. And yet there are payoffs even here. At one point, she doesn't feel well enough do anything but read Madame de Sevigne and reflect on the pain she suffered--which she proceeds do, reminding her correspondent, Francois Antoine (Panpan) Devaux, of Sevigne's medical problems in late 1687--when, as Graffigny surely realized, Sevigne was herself a woman of about 60 (147, my translation). Graffigny was always interacting with the French literary tradition, even when she may appear most turned in upon herself. But she didn't live only through books. Rather than give in self-pity, even when she was in pain Graffigny remained instead open the world around her, curious, engaged. There's nothing like keeping busy, she once remarked (314). And her dynamism and energy were clearly contagious, for people seem have flocked her. Indeed she frequently complains that she has so many visitors and so many invitations that she is never able to be alone for a minute (178). She plays cards with her friends; she dines with them; she goes, often several times a week, the theater with them. …

Rebecca Haidt , Women, work and clothing in eighteenth century Spain . Oxford, Voltaire Foundation, University of Oxford, 2011, xvi + 346 p. ( SVEC , 2011, 11)

Rebecca Haidt , Women, work and clothing in eighteenth century Spain . Oxford, Voltaire Foundation, University of Oxford, 2011, xvi + 346 p. ( SVEC , 2011, 11)

Enlightenment Hospitality: Cannibals, Harems, and Adoption by Judith Still

in the Netherlands, we learn that the author was greatly admired by the Dutch neoRomantic writer Arij Prins. Noëlle Benhamou compares the satirical representation of peasants in Huysmans’s En rade (1887) and Maupassant’s little-known Mont-Oriol, published the same year, while Samuel Lair compares Satanism, possession, hysteria, and the symbol of the bell in Huysmans and Mirbeau. Part two examines how the various Huysmansian ‘fictions’ are traversed by their own desires and obsessions like food, prostitution, hysteria, and bachelorhood. Laurence Decroocq treats Huysmans’s unique take on gastronomy while Éléonore Reverzy and Jeannine Pacque analyze representations of women. Céline Grenaud’s essay on hysteria in Là-bas (1891) sees Charcot and Lombroso as influential sources, but emphasizes how Huysmans took his depictions beyond facile scientific explanations. Sylvie Thorel explores fresh terrain in her essay on the Huysmansian flâneur while Jean Borie compares the notions of travel and luxury in Huysmans and Larbaud. The volume also contains two invaluable contributions that treat little-known or unedited works. Solal’s essay on Huysmans’s compassionate portrayal of a female protagonist in the unfinished novel La faim provides refreshing new insights into an author known for his bachelor heroes, while Philippe Barascud’s contribution on the ephemeral journal Les cloches de Paris (1877) unveils the behind-the-scenes world of the nascent naturalist movement plunged into a kind of media circus. The collection is a highly diverse and stimulating addition to the body of scholarship devoted to an author who may have abandoned the ideology of Naturalism but never quite abandoned its methods. University of New Orleans Juliana Starr Still, Judith. Enlightenment Hospitality: Cannibals, Harems, and Adoption. SVEC 2011:03. Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 2011. ISBN 978-0-7294-1010-6. Pp. ix + 310. 74 a. The interdisciplinary, multi-cultural perspective of this work challenges our concept of “hospitality,” broadly defined as “a complex economic, social, political, affective,and psychic structure and practice”(4).Focusing on eighteenth-century France but in dialogue with Europe, the New World, and the Orient, the author problematizes the relationship between hosts and guests, reciprocity and power, the interplay between public and private spaces, and the treatment of women. Informed by the works of Derrida, Grosrichard, Kant, Lestringant, Levinas, and Todorov, among others, the author approaches hospitality across space, time, and cultural contexts. Referencing our modern era, Still presents Enlightenment hospitality as conceived by Jaucourt in his Encyclopédie article “Hospitalité” and experienced by Rousseau in his Confessions, thereby introducing the themes of sexual difference,predation,and women’s oppression. Her analyses of Lahontan’s Dialogues, Diderot’s Histoire des deux Indes and Supplément 244 FRENCH REVIEW 87.1 Reviews 245 au voyage de Bougainville, Graffigny’s Lettres d’une Péruvienne, and Voltaire’s L’Ingénu focus on issues such as property rights, colonialism as domination, economic manipulation , and racial or sexual differentiation.In chapter three,“The New World: Eating the other,”Still challenges our conception of cannibalism as a form of incomprehensible, savage aggression. She asks whether cannibalism is “more about the object seen or described, or about the seeing and describing subject” (88). Basing her arguments on the Encyclopédie,Voltaire’s Dictionnaire philosophique,Bougainville’s Écrits sur le Canada, Le Jeune’s Les relations des Jésuites, the correspondence of Marie de l’Incarnation, and the anthropological work of Claude Lévi-Strauss, Still suggests a nuanced interpretation of cannibalism that incorporates communal practices and necessity. Cannibalism can also be conceptualized as a metaphor for religious, racial, and cultural intolerance. Chapters four and five focus on “Enlightenment Persia” and Turkey. Still begins by discussing Jean Chardin’s travels in Persia and his interest in commerce as well as crosscultural understanding, a concept unique for his time. The description of the “caravanserai as a key example of oriental hospitality” gives new meaning to the concept of community (155). These simple structures provided shelter and camaraderie for travelers from East and West, bringing together different classes, nationalities, and races as they searched for hospitality and economic success. The confrontation between “Oriental despotism” and “the European struggle for power” (147) frames Montesquieu’s Lettres persanes, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu...

Napoleonic Friendship: Military Fraternity, Intimacy, and Sexuality in Nineteenth-Century France by Brian Joseph Martin

MARTIN, BRIAN JOSEPH. Napoleonic Friendship: Military Fraternity, Intimacy, and Sexuality in Nineteenth-Century France. Durham: UP of New Hampshire, 2011. ISBN 978-158465 -956-3. Pp. xvii + 379. $39.95. This book examines the evolution of a military model of intimacy and affection between male soldiers in nineteenth-century France. The author draws on archival military memoirs and literary fiction to trace the development of homosocial ‘Napoleonic friendships’ in the Grande Armée that ultimately culminates with modernity’s gay soldier. In his introduction, Martin outlines various homoerotic theories of combat, from antiquity to modern days, citing in particular the work of nineteenth-century military theorists who placed an emphasis on physical and emotional intimacy among soldiers as a strategy for stronger, more cohesive armies. The revolutionary military reforms of 1789–99 made these relationships possible as they transformed recruitment and training practices and socialized soldiers as fraternal and devoted equals. In part one (of three), Martin identifies the three forms of Napoleonic friendship of the Grande Armée: “lateral relationships between soldiers of similar rank, compassionate relationships between leaders and their men, and devotional relationships between soldiers and their superiors” (49). Perhaps appropriately, Martin’s archival research strongly suggests that Napoleon himself engaged in this eponymous model of homoeroticism. While he does not go so far as to conclude that Napoleon participated in sexual relations with any of his officers, Martin’s astute reading of archival letters between the Emperor and one of his generals reveals an intimacy characterized by affection and seduction. In his next chapter, Martin turns to a genre whose interest lies in its slippage between history and fiction: the Napoleonic military memoir. Drawing on Philippe Lejeune’s work on autobiography, Martin considers the published memoirs of three of Napoleon’s officers and establishes a compelling link between these personal historical accounts of combat and friendship and the Napoleonic military fiction that he examines in part two. In this subsequent section devoted entirely to the battle at Waterloo in post-1815 Napoleonic fiction, Martin convincingly reads Stendhal’s Le rouge et le noir as an allegory for the Napoleonic military closet and Balzac’s recurring veteran pairs in La comédie humaine as the products of military ideologies that discouraged heterosexual contact and marriage. His discussion of Hugo’s military memory in Les misérables, however, seems to stray at times from the work’s larger themes and intentions. Part three examines Napoleonic friendship from the Restoration to the Second Empire (1815–70) in the works of Balzac, Maupassant, and Zola. In his continued discussion of La comédie humaine, Martin identifies an evolving model of the Napoleonic family during the Restoration and July Monarchy that centers on surrogate military fathers and sons. In his final chapter, Martin turns to the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 and the anti-militarist fiction that materialized following France’s emasculating defeat. Perhaps of most interest in his discussion of Maupassant and Zola is the link that he establishes between the nineteenthcentury model of Napoleonic friendship and the homosexual soldier that surfaced alongside nationalistic discourses on masculinity. Indeed, in his conclusion, Martin argues that Proust’s Le temps retrouvé marked the emergence of the gay soldier in the French literary tradition. While the figure of Saint-Loup went on to influence the homoerotic works of writers such as Cocteau and Gide, Martin persuasively reminds us that the roots of this evolving homosexual military culture date back to the revolutionary days of the late eighteenth century. Reviews 577 One of the greatest strengths of Martin’s Napoleonic Friendship is that it reaches across multiple disciplines in history, literature, art, and gender studies. Perhaps of most interest to literary scholars is the fact that Martin also perceptively recognizes the intertextuality within these nineteenth-century memoirs and novels and situates them against a long tradition of French epic poems, epistolary novels, and pastoral romances. Though a bit repetitive at times, overall this timely study poignantly resonates with modern-day discussions regarding gays in the American military. University of Central Florida Sharon Larson O’DEA, MICHAEL, éd. Rousseau et les philosophes. SVEC 2010:12. Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 2010. ISBN 978-0-7294-1004-5...

Sex Education in Eighteenth-Century France ed. by Shane Agin

Society and Culture edited by Frederick Toner AGIN, SHANE, ed. Sex Education in Eighteenth-Century France. SVEC 2011:09. Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 2011. ISBN 978-0-7294-1016-8. Pp. vi + 302. $96. Upon seeing this book’s title, readers may wonder whether its topic is not an anachronism. In response, editor and contributor Shane Agin acknowledges in his introduction the presence of a dichotomy between on the one hand, Michel Foucault’s assertion that the eighteenth century saw a heightened production of discourse on sexuality while, on the other hand, educational theorists produced merely a “telling silence” on the subject (4). Deducing from this that sex and education were—at least publicly—separated in eighteenth-century France, Agin situates sex education somewhere between two emblematic extremes: a naive pubescent girl getting her “premières leçons d’amour” from observing billing doves in a painting by Greuze (fittingly reproduced on the book’s cover) and Diderot preparing his daughter for marriage by having a female sculptor, Mademoiselle Biheron, teach her the “physiology of sexual relations” (7). On the broad spectrum between these two poles of sex education—none and an anomalous formalized version—this book analyzes texts from disciplines as varied as literature, religion, pedagogy, history, philosophy and medicine in order to determine how sexual knowledge was disseminated, gained, and used in eighteenth-century France. This interdisciplinarity is one of the book’s strengths, as it shows us how many different fields made contributions to sex education. Although the result does not resemble sex education as we know it today, the book’s thirteen richly annotated essays demonstrate convincingly that in the margins of the mainstream, efforts were indeed made to educate citizens about sexual practices and behaviors. Despite the covert, marginal nature of this sex education, this volume studies not only relatively minor figures and their influence, but also such giants as Rousseau, Diderot, Laclos and, naturally, Sade. This well-structured book has three sections, each examining contributions to sex education in a different domain. It guides readers through its topic like a pyramid, with a comprehensive foundation followed by an ever more narrow focus in subsequent sections. In “Regulation,” four scholars analyze Enlightenment recommendations for regulating sexual behavior. The broad range of regulation sources illustrates how countless areas of eighteenth-century life and society were infiltrated, touching and affecting nearly everyone to some extent through religious and secular pedagogical treatises (Jean Bloch), conduct manuals (Allan H. Pasco), Catholic confessor manuals (Paul Scott), and (pseudo)scientific treatments for masturbation (Kathryn A. Hoffmann). The next section “Reflection and evaluation” traces sex education in various more specific genres and works, namely utopian literature (Jean M. Goulemot), ethnographic and anthropological texts (Matthew Lauzon), Rousseau (Shane Agin), and a novel by Restif de la Bretonne (Cecilia Feilla), the latter essay suitably inserted after the one on Rousseau. The final section entitled “Narratives of education, initiation and discovery” zooms in even further by analyzing narrative strategies employed specifically to describe first sexual experiences in memoirs (Didier Masseau), Laclos’s Les liaisons dangereuses (Chris Roulston), pornographic literature (Jean-Christophe Abramovici), libertine literature (Juliette Cherbuliez), and Buffon and La Mettrie Reviews 583 (James Grantham Turner). Those of us teaching relatively conventional courses on French literature—at the graduate level in particular—will find Roulston’s essay quite valuable for its discussion of female education as it relates to sex education . Cherbuliez’s concise history of libertinism could also be used productively in teaching. Summaries of the essays, an extensive bibliography (with a useful division between texts written before and after 1800) and an index conclude the volume, which will appeal primarily to a mature audience due to its subject matter. Scholars and (graduate) students in eighteenth-century French history, culture and literature will find it of great interest; those in women’s studies and gender studies will also note that the predominantly masculine nature of the topic as evidenced by both eighteenth- and twenty-first century texts, would present another fruitful axis of scholarly investigation in itself. University of North Texas Marijn S. Kaplan ARNAR, ANNA SIGRÍDUR. The Book as Instrument: Stéphane Mallarmé, The Artist’s Book, and the Transformation of Print Culture...

The Temperamental Nude: Class, Medicine, and Representation in Eighteenth-Century France. By Tony Halliday. Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century. Edited by, Jonathan Mallinson. Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, University of Oxford, 2010. Pp. xiv+257. $88.00.

<i>The Temperamental Nude: Class, Medicine, and Representation in Eighteenth-Century France</i>. By Tony Halliday. Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century. Edited by, Jonathan Mallinson. Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, University of Oxford, 2010. Pp. xiv+257. $88.00.

Le rayonnement de Bayle ed. by Philippe de Robert, et al

half of the twentieth century is serious and solid. The work is well illustrated, with 26 colored plates and eleven images. Despite its high cost, this is a good read for anyone interested in French and Belgian colonial history or in the history of the well-respected ninth art. Indiana University-Purdue University, Rosalie A. Vermette Indianapolis, emerita ROBERT, PHILIPPE DE, CLAUDINE PAILHÈS, et HUBERT BOST, éd. Le rayonnement de Bayle. Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 2010. ISBN 978-0-7294-0995-7. Pp. ix + 319. $115. Pierre Bayle is not widely known by American students of French nowadays , and more is the pity. Even the few pages of the Dictionnaire historique et critique that previous generations usually read could remind the budding scholar of how topical this laborious and erudite writer was, with his love of justice, pleas for toleration, ideals of community, and his irony. Bayle is also a direct link between the late seventeenth-century current of freethinkers and the eighteenthcentury philosophes, with most of the latter acknowledging him as a major source of their new way of thinking, and with the editors of the Encyclopédie beholden to him as the model for an ingenious way of concealing bold ideas in footnotes . But the rayonnement of the title is not specifically concerned with such cases of immediate literary influence. Rather, approximately half of the essays in this collection give evidence of a longer-distance radiance, that of Bayle’s thought on modern scholars. The other half concentrate on biographical and historical contexts that elucidate the formation of that thought. It should be stressed, however , that all the essays consider both aspects to some degree. On Bayle’s thought, Pierre Joxe and Jean Baubérot credit him with preparing the way for modern secular culture, the former by presenting Bayle’s objective stance towards Islam, the latter in an intriguing comparison between the overt violence of the seventeenth century and the covert violence present in our own consumer society. Olivier Abel examines Bayle’s attempts to reconcile Hobbes’s insistence on the supremacy of political power with Milton’s on religious belief. Marianne Carbonnier-Burkard studies accounts of dying in the Dictionnaire. The relation to the Other and its consequences in societies composed of idolators or atheists is examined by Isabelle Delpla. The stances of one Other, Bayle’s adversary Jurieu, are discussed by Patrick Cabanel, who makes the standard negative portrait of Jurieu more nuanced. While many of the essays in the collection touch in some way on religious toleration, two offer specific analyses. Ghislain Waterlot approaches the notion of general toleration from the perspective of the individual conscience, and Jean-Michel Gros recounts two particular cases of Protestant non-toleration. On the biographical and historical contexts of Bayle’s thought, several contributors turn to his correspondence for insights. Antony McKenna and Annie Leroux explain the database Arcane and use it to construct networks of the young Bayle’s relations. Relations with a friend of Bayle, Du Rondel, and with his brothers, are the subjects of the pieces by Edward James and Hubert Bost; Ruth Whelan offers an analysis of friendship in general in Bayle’s work. The significance of place is studied in Luc Daireaux’s account of Bayle’s stay in Normandy 406 FRENCH REVIEW 86.2 in 1674–75 and in Hans Bots’s examination of Bayle’s mixed feelings about Holland, where he lived in exile. Feelings were not mixed about his much-loved native region (Foix), whose culture, society, and economy are described in illuminating detail in Claudine Pailhès’s article. On a broader scale, Bayle’s reaction to major political events on the European scene and his vision of a cosmopolitan Protestant civilization are treated in the pieces by Philippe Joutard and Myriam Yardeni. Finally, Robert gives an explication of the deathbed message in which Bayle states that he dies “en philosophe chrétien.” This volume includes a bibliography of publications on Bayle from 2010 back through 1900. It is of great interest to libraries supporting a graduate program. Georgia State University Kathleen Hardesty Doig SHAW, MATTHEW. Time and the French Revolution: The Republican Calendar, 1789–Year XIV. Rochester, NY...

The Colonial Heritage of French Comics by Mark McKinney

temperament to make education central to the future republic. The aesthetic and social tensions mingling in David’s Les Sabines (1799), treated in chapter 8, bring to a splendid close this work’s display of Halliday’s erudition and keen sense of how to impart art’s provocative richness as a cultural archive. Colby College (ME) Adrianna M. Paliyenko MCKINNEY, MARK. The Colonial Heritage of French Comics. Liverpool: Liverpool UP, 2011. ISBN 978-1-84631-642-5. Pp. 270. £65. McKinney goes beyond the aesthetic merits of Franco-Belgian bandes dessinées (BD) to investigate the genre’s colonialist underpinnings. According to the author, many of the cartoonists held in high esteem by critics and fans alike demonstrated colonialist, racist, and anti-Semitic tendencies. McKinney links successful BD such as Zig et Puce, Tintin, Spirou, and Bécassine with imperialism and French and Belgian colonialist themes. These BD have become a part of the national patrimony and cultural capital. Subtly propagandistic, they fit into the literature celebrating the mission civilisatrice of France and Belgium. When viewed within the pedagogy of empire, the early BD of the twentieth-century colonial era illustrate the classic literary ideal of plaire et instruire. As a postcolonial literary critic, McKinney reflects on the degree of culpability of French-language cartoonists in disseminating racist, imperialist stereotypes and prejudices. Their works enjoyed a wide-ranging readership from all age groups in France, Belgium, and throughout the world. Negative stereotypical figures inhabit French-language BD from the 1920s: Saint-Ogan’s Zig et Puce and Hergé’s Tintin feature grotesque, childish Africans, exotic snakes, sacred cows, elephants, and interminable Saharan sand dunes. These BD characters spill over into popular culture through the advertising world as illustrations for European products such as Banania during the colonial era. Two events are seen by McKinney as major myth-making sources of inspiration for early French-language cartoonists: the Exposition coloniale internationale held in Paris in 1931, and the 1924–25 Citroën-sponsored Croisière noire road trip across the African continent. The latter became the annual off-road Paris-Dakar automobile race, which began in 1979. The 1931 Exposition, with its human zoo and other sensational attractions, serves for the author as a pivotal moment of a colonial ideology that was permeating French culture, even into BD and children’s literature. Both events fed cartoonists’ imaginations and helped develop the nationalist construction of the French-language BD canon. Since the 1980s there has been a resurgence of popularity for BD with colonial exhibitions and their exploitation of indigenous peoples as themes. BD magazines play a role in this renewed interest in the colonial era, as does the reissuing of BD from that period. In light of this resurgence, McKinney encourages his readers “to investigate today’s images of colonial and exotic others in French popular culture, including comics” (104). Stereotypes die hard, especially when they vividly appeal to fans’ imaginations. McKinney’s study, as well as the works that he references, may be disquieting for the BD enthusiast who has fallen prey to the insidious humor created by the juxtaposition of European cultural ideals and offensive stereotypes of colonized peoples. McKinney’s contribution to the growing number of works offering a postcolonial critical examination of the Franco-Belgian BD canon from the first Reviews 405 half of the twentieth century is serious and solid. The work is well illustrated, with 26 colored plates and eleven images. Despite its high cost, this is a good read for anyone interested in French and Belgian colonial history or in the history of the well-respected ninth art. Indiana University-Purdue University, Rosalie A. Vermette Indianapolis, emerita ROBERT, PHILIPPE DE, CLAUDINE PAILHÈS, et HUBERT BOST, éd. Le rayonnement de Bayle. Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 2010. ISBN 978-0-7294-0995-7. Pp. ix + 319. $115. Pierre Bayle is not widely known by American students of French nowadays , and more is the pity. Even the few pages of the Dictionnaire historique et critique that previous generations usually read could remind the budding scholar of how topical this laborious and erudite writer was, with his love of justice, pleas for toleration, ideals of community, and his...

The Super-Enlightenment: Daring to Know Too Much. Edited by Dan Edelstein. Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century. Edited by, Jonathan Mallinson.Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, University of Oxford, 2010. Pp. x+300. $94.00.

<i>The Super-Enlightenment: Daring to Know Too Much</i>. Edited by Dan Edelstein. Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century. Edited by, Jonathan Mallinson.Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, University of Oxford, 2010. Pp. x+300. $94.00.

The Enlightenment of Age. Women, Letters and Growing Old in Eighteenth-Century France (review)

Reviewed by: The Enlightenment of Age. Women, Letters and Growing Old in Eighteenth-Century France Sarah Wilewski (bio) Joan Hinde Stewart . The Enlightenment of Age. Women, Letters and Growing Old in Eighteenth-Century France. (Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century, 09). Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 2010. xvi. 268 pages. The result of long-lasting research efforts and meticulous close readings, Joan Hinde Stewart's monograph is devoted to the exploration of the fate of aging and elderly women in eighteenth-century France, focusing on the section of society that should, according to the perception at the time, leave said society's limelight once their prime begins its decline. Within the framework of this study, the author aims to "explore the disjuncture between the personal and the public, between realities and perceptions, between description and prescription" (1). Although this study provides interesting takes on the comportment of aging women, mostly both eminent and prominent members of literary France, the vigor of its insights seems occasionally obscured by rather associative reasoning. Thus, inverting the epochal designation "The Age of Enlightenment," the title "The Enlightenment of Age" seems cryptic; it calls for the explanatory precision "Women, Letters and Growing Old in Eighteenth-Century France" in the subtitle, and ultimately leaves its readers to start their perusal of the subsequent ten chapters with quite a mouthful. The first chapter takes the reader through the writings of Anne Thérèse de Lambert and her Traité de la vieillesse, highlighting the coexistence of de Lambert's "sinewy personality" and "her rigidly moralistic work" which sanctioned the societal expectations of elderly women (18). This aspect is subsequently complemented by an investigation of eighteenth-century literature on longevity, composed mostly by male writers who conclude that, in old age, man attains a status of venerability while "there is something horrible about [woman's] very existence once her sexual usefulness is ended" (65). The women at the center of Stewart's attention throughout the study are for the most part the most eminent French women writers of the time, but now [End Page 931] and again the histories of these non-fictional aging women and the stories of fictional aging women blend almost imperceptibly: retracing the genesis of La Belle et la Bête from Walt Disney via Perrault to Le Prince de Beaumont and de Villeneuve's version, the chapter "Old Fairies" for example juxtaposes the fate of the two women writers, de Beaumont and de Villeneuve, and the fate of their (elderly) female characters to an extent which seems to suggest a potential correspondence between the fictional females and their non-fictional creator. Proportionally, Stewart's corpus however consists first and foremost of the epistolary relations between corresponding couples of an aging woman and a man far her junior; she considers Graffigny and Devaux, Du Deffand and Walpole, Riccoboni and Liston, de Charrière and Constant, and also the occasional threat posed by the intrusion of another (younger) women (as did the arrival of Madame de Staël in the case of de Charrière). Supplemented to the readings of these correspondences are the epistolary exchanges on fictional women, particularly the disagreement between Du Deffand and Walpole on account of Claude Crébillon's novels and Riccoboni's and Laclos's correspondence on Les Liaisons dangereuses. In this latter case, the author argues with Pomeau in favor of Laclos' imitation of Riccoboni's Ernestine; eventually, she even goes one step further in this association, claiming that Riccoboni was likely to have been incensed at Laclos' female characters because she might ultimately have sensed a potential resemblance to Mme de Rosemonde. Occurring on several occasions, this juxtaposition of biographical and literary plots as well as a range of associative comments (one wonders about the significance of Riccoboni and Valmont sharing a date of death) seem to be taken slightly too far, tainting the fascinating perspectives the study opens up. Yet, the wealth of material and of close readings in this study helps to draw attention to and shed new light on an age-old motif. [End Page 932] Sarah Wilewski Lady Margaret Hall, University of Oxford Sarah Wilewski Sarah Wilewski received a Masters in European Enlightenment from...

Representing Private Lives of the Enlightenment (review)

Reviewed by: Representing Private Lives of the Enlightenment Jessica Goodman (bio) Andrew Kahn , ed. Representing Private Lives of the Enlightenment. Oxford: Voltaire Foundation. 2010. It is difficult to address the topic of private life in the Enlightenment without citing Roger Chartier and Philippe Ariès's magisterial study of the period, in volume three of the Histoire de la vie privée (1986). Yet fifteen years later, this new collection, while unavoidably in dialogue with its illustrious predecessor, brings a freshness to the subject that moves away from the traditional view of "private" as domestic and so in opposition to the public sphere, towards a whole series of alternative definitions of privacy and individuality. This is self-avowedly a collection of case studies, and does not claim to present any totalizing "history." Literature, the visual arts, society, children and history across Britain, France, Russia and Italy are taken up in turn by specialists in each field. Yet while each article stands in its own right, when they are brought together their range and interdisciplinarity offer a panorama that begins to display certain patterns and consistent traits. Definition is an important topic, with Caroline Warman's detailed exploration of the multiple contemporary meanings offered by the Encyclopédie—"intimate, deprived, uncivilized" (35)—serving as a useful point of reference when reading later articles. The theme that becomes increasingly clear, however, is the one signaled by the editor in his introduction: the individual and his identity, as explored through constructions and images of the private, and indeed public, self. Whether it is an insightful account of criminals and their pseudonyms (Lise Andries), a persuasive analysis of genre paintings and their metaphorical constructions of their artists (Mark Ledbury), an entertaining description of an Italian libertine arguing for the right to remain above prosecution for his private behavior (Larry Wolff) or a detailed presentation of the Russian gentry struggling to reconcile their military and literary selves in the strict class system of post-Petrine Russia (Irina Reyfman), the common thread is the relationship between the private individual and external conceptions of this figure, a relationship that also involves reciprocal movements between the two. Indeed, whilst Ariès described a move from the anonymous sociability of the court to the closed sociability of the family, this collection instead tends to draw the two worlds together, looking at privacy even within those public or courtly spaces—gardens and portrait galleries (Andreas Schönle and Shearer West)—as well as, for example, the effect of public images of sentiment on the intensely private action of diary-writing (Andrei Zohn). Furthermore, in this porous relationship between public and private there is an element of voyeurism that paradoxically helps to create and define the very privacy it invades. Warman notes this need for a witness to the private, and Olivier Ferret's analysis of the scandalous Vie privée genre, produced in an early celebrity culture, provides evidence to support Warman's claim, as does Andries's account of the contemporary taste for fictionalized criminal biographies. The domestic sphere does not remain totally untouched: Wolmar's use of the family as a social utopia in La Nouvelle Héloïse (Alison Oliver), [End Page 921] the glorification of the home in children's literature (M. O. Grenby) and an analysis of attitudes to male friendship (Adam Sutcliffe) serve as a reminder that this definition of the private is still valid, although all three cases strike a note of caution, seeming to suggest that the private sphere deprived of all contact with the public can be a suffocating place. Confession is perhaps the most ostensibly private act addressed, yet here too there is evidence of porosity, with imposed religious practices in eighteenth-century Russia contributing to state control (Viktor Zhivov). The result of this wide-ranging collection is not, and never promises to be, a new and complete definition of the private. Instead, this is a miscellany of definitions, united by a common thread of openness and possibility. The private and public spheres may have been evolving in this period; the individual as a concept may have been finding his place in philosophical thought. But what this collection demonstrates is...

Le Roman véritable: stratégies préfacielles au XVIII e siècle (review)

Reviewed by: Le Roman véritable: stratégies préfacielles au XVIIIe siècle Joanna Stalnaker (bio) Jan Herman, Mladen Kozul, and Nathalie Kremer. Le Roman véritable: stratégies préfacielles au XVIIIe siècle. Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 2008. ix+335pp. £65;€90;US$135. ISBN 978-0-7294-0947-6. Le Roman véritable offers a new perspective on the relationship between fiction and reality in the eighteenth-century French novel. The authors question the received idea that in presenting their works as authentic documents (memoirs, collections of letters, found manu scripts, historical accounts), eighteenth-century novelists were seeking to trick their readers by creating an illusion of reality. Taking issue with George May's characterization of the credulity of eighteenth-century readers (May, Le Dilemme du roman au XVIIIe siècle [Paris: PUF, 1963]), the authors of Le Roman véritable argue that eighteenth-century prefaces served to establish a new reading pact that, paradoxically, "ne nie pas le caractère fictionnel du discours mais au contraire le met en évidence. Ce pacte est celui du 'roman véritable,' qui semble à première vue reposer sur une impossibilité logique. Il s'agit de montrer ici que cette impossibilité logique est une des 'possibilités' de la littérature" (3). The purpose of the book, then, is to offer a new interpretation of the problematic status of fiction in the eighteenth century. Although the authors build upon May's classic study, they nonetheless question his central thesis. Perhaps, they argue, the dilemma of the novel should be understood not, as May saw it, as a conflict between competing aesthetic and moral demands (realistic representation versus moral edification), but in epistemological and pragmatic terms. Did fiction present itself as such in the eighteenth century, and how did it achieve legitimacy in a cultural landscape that was largely hostile to the novel? The book is organized not chronologically but around the different levels on which the preface operates. The first part serves as an état présent of relevant scholarship and as an extended introduction to the authors' argument and methodology. Mladen Kozul offers a detailed exposition of May's study and a threefold critique of his argu ment: first, the conflicting poetic and moral demands that for May constituted the novel's dilemma were in fact "les composantes essentielles de tout discours critique ou poétique à l'âge classique" (31); second, the neoclassical notion of vraisemblance had an ethical dimension and thus cannot be understood simply in terms of realistic representation; third, poetic mutations during the period were such that moral concerns were gradually subsumed to the relationship between a work and its reader (around notions such as sympathy and interest). This last claim serves as a justification for what the authors refer to as their pragmatic approach to the study of the novel. [End Page 574] The second part of the book focuses on the narrative dimension of the preface, which encompasses fictions pertaining to the origin of the text or the identity of its author. In chapter 4, Jan Herman addresses the problem of authorship facing eighteenth-century novelists, not only because of the fragile status of the novel as a genre, but also because of the taboos surrounding self-expression during the period. In chapter 5, he argues that the reliance on commonplaces (such as the motif of the found manuscript) in the preface was such that the claim "ceci n'est pas un roman" paradoxically became a marker of fiction. In chapters 6 and 7, Kozul shows how the novel established itself in a discursive landscape that was hostile to it, by integrating features of theological discourse and contesting the orthodox critique of the novel from within. The preface maintained a particularly complex relationship to the notion of seduction, Kozul argues, because it had to draw readers in even as it contested the orthodox accusation that the novel was a seductive genre that led readers astray. In the third part of the book, Nathalie Kremer focuses on the self-reflexive dimension of the preface, which encompasses discussions of the verisimilitude, veracity, or moral exemplarity of the text and reflections on its potential...

Cultural Transfers: France and Britain in the Long Eighteenth Century ed. by Ann Thomson, et al

Roland Barthes dans ses Mythologies, ouvrage à consulter en contrepoint de celui de Marzorati). Si l’aspect impressionniste ou anecdotique de chaque mini-récit est le plus souvent privilégié, Marzorati l’accompagne toutefois de précisions historiques ou statistiques: “En province, dans les 60 agglomérations de plus de 30 000 habitants, un bon quart des logements n’ont ni eau ni électricité” (16). D’une écriture limpide, souvent marquée par un humour discret mais efficace, ce livre à la fois léger et informatif se révèle agréable et utile à lire. À recommander à tous ceux qui connaissent mal cette période historique pourtant décisive pour les institutions françaises. Western Washington University Edward Ousselin THOMSON, ANN, SIMON BURROWS, and EDMOND DZIEMBOWSKI, eds. Cultural Transfers: France and Britain in the Long Eighteenth Century. SVEC 2010:04. Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 2010. ISBN 978-0-7294-0993-3. Pp. 326. $115. This scholarly volume contains nineteen articles divided into three categories: correspondence and networks, journalism, and translations. All address the concept of “cultural transfers” in the broadest sense, with Britain and France choosing eclectically. This century considered French culture and language the norm, and the British parliamentary system attracted visionary thinkers. A recurrent influence was the émigré Huguenot population, numbering about 200,000. Many of them settled in Holland, and thus served as intermediaries for the transmission of the new ideas. Ironically, Louis XIV’s revocation of the Edict of Nantes, intended to strengthen the monarchy, indirectly contributed to its downfall. The first and longest section deals with various types of correspondence, including diplomatic correspondence. The ambassadors reported not only on their mission, but on the entire state of affairs in the host country. Not all correspondence was friendly. The rivalry between the British and French Free Masons, in which the former considered themselves the supreme authority, found expression in a lively and sometimes acerbic exchange. This section also addresses networks which promoted the spread of ideas. Pierre Des Maizeaux, who figures prominently in several essays in this volume, was a Huguenot refugee in London. His work as journalist, editor, and biographer, as well as his involvement with the British Royal Society, enabled him to establish influential contacts. Networks also developed for scientific and medical purposes. The University of Montpellier became the center for “holistic medicine” and Linnaean biology. Montpellier exchanged with other centers, particularly in the North, maintaining a largely Protestant ethic. A number of scholars came from the British Isles, notably Ireland, where the study of medicine was forbidden to non-Protestants. Thus the diaspora created an international network. The section on journalism discusses the rise and fall of many periodicals, which circulated on the continent as well as in the British Isles. Medical journals promoted “la médecine de soi,” or proper hygiene and preventative medicine. Huguenots played a major role in distributing learned journals, instrumental in publicizing the works of John Locke. Other periodicals transmitted British ideas on religious freedom and the functioning of their political system. The Courier de l’Europe, a French-language journal first published in London in 1776, had an exceptionally long life span of fifty years. It owed its early success to its accounts of the American Revolution, which greatly interested Reviews 383 French readers. Finally, translations produced cultural transfers. In an intellectual world where French was the international language, the British had less need of translation than the French. When Louis XIV’s diplomats came to London to learn the English political system first-hand, they soon learned that they too needed translators. Pierre Des Maizeaux, the influential London-based Huguenot, was responsible for the translation of Anthony Collins’s controversial Philosophical Inquiry Concerning Human Liberty, a strong influence on French thought. Certain translators eliminated sections with which they disagreed, or interpreted them. An interesting example occurs where the translation of the word “commodities” in Hume implicitly signals the advent of modern capitalism. Although this volume is highly specialized, it can provide valuable information to all Enlightenment researchers. Because the space is limited to a short article, there are numerous references that will be unfamiliar to all but the most highly informed readers. Unfortunately, the articles cannot always discuss...