Potential Voltage Research Articles

Influence of applied voltage on the deposition of DLC by argon micro-plasma

Diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings are celebrated for their exceptional mechanical properties, including high hardness, low friction and excellent wear resistance, making them indispensable in industrial applications. This study explores the influence of applied voltage on the structural evolution and properties of DLC films deposited on stainless steel 316L using micro-plasma at atmospheric pressure. Ethanol, in an argon environment, served as the carbon precursor, and five samples were processed for 5 min under varying voltage potentials ranging from 2.5 to 4.5 kV. The results reveal a clear correlation between increasing voltage and enhanced DLC deposition. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the emergence of crystalline structures at higher voltages while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) highlighted the gradual transformation of DLC from an amorphous to a crystalline phase. Samples processed at 4.0–4.5 kV exhibited well-defined crystal growth along the peripheries. Mechanical characterization demonstrated a remarkable increase in hardness, exceeding 50 GPa at 4.5 kV, accompanied by a significant improvement in electrical conductivity as resistivity decreased consistently with voltage. These findings demonstrate that higher deposition voltages significantly enhance the structural and functional attributes of DLC coatings, unlocking new possibilities for their application in demanding industrial and biomedical environments.

Enhancing room temperature thermoelectric efficiency in zigzag phosphorene nanoribbon junctions through Quasi-Flat impurity bands

Abstract In this study, a novel approach has been utilized to Please specify the corresponding author.explore the room temperature thermoelectric properties of zigzag phosphorene nanoribbon-based monolayer-bilayer-monolayer junctions. To achieve thermoelectric properties at room temperature, a quasi-flat energy band with limited width is required. It has been demonstrated, for the first time, that such bands can be observed by considering a junction of the monolayer and bilayer phosphorene nanoribbons. By adjusting the ribbon widths, quasi-flat bands are produced. This geometrical problem is solved using analytical calculations for a general system and applied to phosphorene. We show that the edge states of phosphorene resemble a one-dimensional tight-binding system, with a close agreement between their results. Using the introduced approach, we calculate the electronic energy band structure of the specified system. Initially, we demonstrate that the formation of zigzag monolayer-bilayer-monolayer junctions can lead to the emergence of quasi-flat impurity bands within the energy bandgap. Furthermore, we show that utilizing these structures at room temperature, across a wide range of lead temperature differences, results in significant output electrical power and improved thermoelectric efficiency. The electrical power and thermoelectric efficiency are examined as functions of applied bias voltage and average chemical potential. Additionally, we explore how the output electrical power, thermoelectric efficiency, and efficiency at maximum power vary with the temperature difference between the leads at the ends of the structure.

Characteristics of cylindrical Hall ion source with floating potential magnetic pole discharge

The discharge characteristics of a cylindrical Hall ion source (CHIS) with floating potential magnetic poles and grounded magnetic poles were investigated through experiments and simulations. The results revealed that the ion density distribution and ion energy were mainly affected by the discharge voltage and magnetic pole potential. The current utilization rate is 82%–93%, which is much more efficient than that of the conventional Hall ion source with grounded magnetic poles. As the gas supply increased, the floating potential of the magnetic pole increased. Under the same discharge current condition, the discharge voltage of a Hall ion source with floating magnetic poles is 300 V larger than that of grounded magnetic poles; meanwhile, this type of ion source has a higher mean ion energy and better uniformity of ion beam distribution. Ion acceleration in the CHIS with floating magnetic poles is expected to occur predominantly in the longitudinal direction and toward the CHIS outlet. The non-uniformity of the ion beam current density within a diameter of 40 mm along the radial directions approximately ±11.7% at a discharge voltage of 800 V, which is helpful for material surface cleaning, etching, sputtering, and ion beam-assisted deposition applications.

Research on multi-time scale Volt/VAR optimization in active distribution networks based on NSDBO and MPC approach

To explore the potential of all-round and multiangle voltage and reactive power control to reduce losses in a new power system with a high proportion of distributed resources connected to a distribution network, this study proposes a Volt/VAR optimization method for distribution networks using a nondominated sorting dung beetle optimizer (NSDBO) and model predictive control (MPC). According to the characteristics of the various adjustable resources in the network, they are divided into day-ahead and intraday optimizations. The optimization process in the day-ahead stage uses the NSDBO to create a discrete equipment scheduling plan. The optimization process in the intraday stage combines the discrete equipment scheduling plan with the MPC to create the scheduling plan for photovoltaics, energy storage, and vehicle charging stations. Two-stage optimization scheduling is achieved with the lowest discrete equipment regulation cost and minimization of network loss and node voltage deviation penalty cost as the optimization goal. The feasibility of this method for coordinating various resources in the network, processing discrete and continuous variables, and coping with the volatility and uncertainty of high-proportion distributed resources is verified through case analysis. The effectiveness of this method in improving the security and economy of distribution networks is demonstrated. The superiority of the solution speed and quality is also confirmed.

Revealing Asymmetric Phase Transformation of the BiVO4 Anodes for Potassium-Ion Batteries by In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy.

Potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) have emerged as a promising alternative to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), thanks to the cost-effectiveness of potassium resources and a favorable redox potential of approximately -2.936 V. The monoclinic BiVO4, known for its layered structure, shows noteworthy electrochemical properties when utilized as an anode material for both LIBs and sodium-ion batteries. However, the fundamental electrochemical reaction mechanisms of the BiVO4 anode during the potassium insertion/extraction processes remain unclear. Here, we constructed a BiVO4 anode PIB inside the transmission electron microscope (TEM) to explore the real-time potassiation/depotassiation behaviors of BiVO4 during electrochemical cycling. Utilizing the state-of-art in situ TEM technique, the BiVO4 nanorods are found to undergo an asymmetric phase transformation for the first time, where the pristine BiVO4 material is transformed into an amorphous KxBiVO4 phase after the first cycle. More interestingly, the anode materials near and far from the potassium source exhibit opposite volume-changing trends under the same voltage potential. Also, this phenomenon should be attributed to the mass flow of the unstable K-Bi alloy under the electric field. Our findings provide significant insights into the electrochemical mechanism of BiVO4 nanorods during the potassiation/depotassiation process, with the hope of assistance in designing anodes for high-performance PIBs.

Electrical-Modulated Flexible Acoustic Metamaterial: Enhancing Low-Frequency Absorption via an Ionic Electroactive Polymer.

The growing concern over low-frequency noise pollution resulting from global industrialization has posed substantial challenges in noise attenuation. However, conventional acoustic metamaterials, with fixed geometries, offer limited flexibility in the frequency range adjustment once constructed. This research unveiled the promising potential of ionic electroactive polymers, particularly ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMCs), as a superior candidate to design tunable acoustic metamaterial due to its bidirectional energy conversion capabilities. The previously perceived limitations of the IPMC, including slow reaction and high energy expenditure, owning to its inherent sluggish intermediary ionic mass transport process, were astutely leveraged to expedite the attenuation of low-frequency sound energy. Both our experimental and simulation results elucidated that the IPMC can generate voltage potentials in response to acoustic pressure at frequencies significantly higher than those previously established. In addition, the peak absorption frequency can be effectively shifted by up to 45.7% with the application of a 4 V voltage. By further integration with a microperforated panel (MPP) structure, the developed metamaterial absorbers can achieve complete sound absorption, which was continuously tunable under minimal voltage stimulation across a wide frequency spectrum. In addition, a microslit structure IPMC metamaterial absorber was designed to realize modulation of the perforation rate, and the absorption peak can be shifted by up to 79.2%. These findings signify a pioneering application of ionic intelligent materials and may pave the way for further innovations of tunable low-frequency acoustic structures, ultimately advancing the pragmatic deployment of both soft intelligent materials and acoustic metamaterials.

Poration of mitochondrial membranes by amyloidogenic peptides and other biological toxins.

Mitochondria are essential organelles known to serve broad functions, including in cellular metabolism, calcium buffering, signaling pathways and the regulation of apoptotic cell death. Maintaining the integrity of the outer (OMM) and inner mitochondrial membranes (IMM) is vital for mitochondrial health. Cardiolipin (CL), a unique dimeric glycerophospholipid, is the signature lipid of energy-converting membranes. It plays a significant role in maintaining mitochondrial architecture and function, stabilizing protein complexes and facilitating efficient oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) whilst regulating cytochrome c release from mitochondria. CL is especially enriched in the IMM and at sites of contact between the OMM and IMM. Disorders of protein misfolding, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, involve amyloidogenic peptides like amyloid-β, tau and α-synuclein, which form metastable toxic oligomeric species that interact with biological membranes. Electrophysiological studies have shown that these oligomers form ion-conducting nanopores in membranes mimicking the IMM's phospholipid composition. Poration of mitochondrial membranes disrupts the ionic balance, causing osmotic swelling, loss of the voltage potential across the IMM, release of pro-apoptogenic factors, and leads to cell death. The interaction between CL and amyloid oligomers appears to favour their membrane insertion and pore formation, directly implicating CL in amyloid toxicity. Additionally, pore formation in mitochondrial membranes is not limited to amyloid proteins and peptides; other biological peptides, as diverse as the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members, gasdermin proteins, cobra venom cardiotoxins and bacterial pathogenic toxins, have all been described to punch holes in mitochondria, contributing to cell death processes. Collectively, these findings underscore the vulnerability of mitochondria and the involvement of CL in various pathogenic mechanisms, emphasizing the need for further research on targeting CL-amyloid interactions to mitigate mitochondrial dysfunction.

A Physiological Marker for Deep Brain Ultrasonic Neuromodulation

ObjectivesTranscranial ultrasound neuromodulation (TUSN) is a noninvasive and spatially specific therapy that promises to deliver treatments tailored to the specific needs of individuals. To fulfill this promise, each treatment must be modified to adequately correct for variation across individual skulls and neural anatomy. This study examines the use of ultrasound-induced voltage potentials (measured with electroencephalography [EEG]) to guide TUSN therapies. Materials and MethodsWe measured EEG responses in two awake nonhuman primates during sonication of 12 targets surrounding two deep brain nuclei, the left and right lateral geniculate nucleus. ResultsWe report reliable ultrasound evoked potentials measured with EEG after the deep brain ultrasonic modulation in nonhuman primates. Robust responses are observed after just ten repetitions of the ultrasonic stimuli. Moreover, these potentials are only evoked for specific deep brain targets. Furthermore, a behavioral study in one subject shows a direct correspondence between the target with maximal EEG response and ultrasound-based modulation of visual choice behavior. Thus, this study provides evidence for the feasibility of EEG-based guidance for ultrasound neuromodulation therapies.

Evidence of dark oxygen production at the abyssal seafloor

Deep-seafloor organisms consume oxygen, which can be measured by in situ benthic chamber experiments. Here we report such experiments at the polymetallic nodule-covered abyssal seafloor in the Pacific Ocean in which oxygen increased over two days to more than three times the background concentration, which from ex situ incubations we attribute to the polymetallic nodules. Given high voltage potentials (up to 0.95 V) on nodule surfaces, we hypothesize that seawater electrolysis may contribute to this dark oxygen production.

Analysis of factors influencing on Electro-Fenton and research on combination technology (II): a review.

The principle of Fenton reagent is to produce ·OH by mixing H2O2 and Fe2+ to realize the oxidation of organic pollutants, although Fenton reagent has the advantages of non-toxicity and short reaction time, but there are its related defects. The Fenton-like technology has been widely studied because of its various forms and better results than the traditional Fenton technology in terms of pollutant degradation efficiency. This paper reviews the electro-Fenton technology among the Fenton-like technologies and provides an overview of the homogeneous electro-Fenton. It also focuses on summarizing the effects of factors such as H2O2, reactant concentration, reactor volume and electrode quality, reaction time and voltage (potential) on the efficiency of electro-Fenton process. It is shown that appropriate enhancement of H2O2 concentration, voltage (potential) and reaction volume can help to improve the process efficiency; the process efficiency also can be improved by increasing the reaction time and electrode quality. Feeding modes of H2O2 have different effects on process efficiency. Finally, a considerable number of experimental studies have shown that the combination of electro-Fenton with ultrasound, anodic oxidation and electrocoagulation technologies is superior to the single electro-Fenton process in terms of pollutant degradation.

Nest-Scheme RuIrLa Nanocrystals by NP-to-NP Oriented Assembly: Coherent Strain Fields-Driven Band Structure Splitting for Efficient Acidic Water Oxidation.

Atomic substructure engineering provides new opportunities for the designing newly and efficient catalysts with diverse atom ensembles, trimmed electron bands, and way-out coordination environments, creating unique contributing to concertedly catalyze water oxidation, which is of great significance for proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE). Herein, nest-scheme RuIrLa nanocrystals with dense coherent interfaces as built-in substructures are firstly fabricated by using commercial ZnO particles as acid-removable templates, through a La-stabilized coherent epitaxial growth of nanoparticles (NPs). The obtained nests exhibit a low overpotential of 198mV at 10mA cm-2, and the RuIrLa||Pt/C module equipped in PEMWE operates stably at a cell voltage potential of 1.69V at 100mA cm-2 in 0.5M H2SO4 for 55h, which is far beyond the current IrO2||Pt/C. Within the nests, the position at the interface shows high tensile/compressive strain, significantly reducing the OER activation energy. More importantly, the La termination-stabilized coherent interfaces within the nests creates a unique self-healing process for the outstanding long-term stability. This work provides a promising substructure engineering to develop efficient catalysts with abundant substructures, such as coherent interfaces, dislocations, or grain boundaries, thereby realizing concerted improvement of activity and durability toward water oxidation.

Onboard in-situ warning and detection of Li plating for fast-charging batteries with deep learning

Accurate lithium plating detection and warning are essential for developing safer, longer cycle life, and faster charging batteries. However, it is difficult to in-situ detect lithium plating from the electrochemical signals without the introduction of sensors or reference electrodes. Here, we proposed an online lithium plating detection and warning method based on anode potential construction. By establishing a precise mapping relationship between battery voltage and three-electrode potential through deep learning, we can reconstruct the three-electrode curve of batteries accurately without introducing a reference electrode. So that lithium plating can be detected over the full life cycle of batteries with a positive rate of 99.9%. Furthermore, with the combination of the voltage prediction module, the future anode potential can be predicted and the lithium plating can be warned with a positive rate of 98.7%. Our approach provides a new possibility for the development of fast-charging technology and life extension strategies.

Trending toward gero‐electroceuticals that target membrane potential for reprogramming aging and lifespan

AbstractIon gradients across cell membranes generate voltage potentials that are involved in a wide range of biological processes. According to the membrane hypothesis of aging, aging is inextricably linked to a decrease in resting membrane potential (Vmem). Alterations in ion channel activity and membrane fluidity caused by aging disrupt bioelectric homeostasis, increase intracellular calcium and potassium concentrations, induce abnormal mechanistic target of rapamycin (MTOR)‐ and AMPK‐regulated metabolism and energy dissipation, and decrease proliferation and regeneration. Failure to maintain ion channel activity and membrane potential leads to cell senescence or death. There is evidence that by manipulating ion channel activities, a cryptic memory can be recalled to restore lost proliferative or regenerative abilities. Reversal or prevention of senescence, aging phenotypes, and longevity may be achieved by fine‐tuning mitochondrial membrane polarization. Therefore, there is optimism that deciphering the bioelectric codes that govern cell functions will lead to the development of new gero‐electroceuticals that restore cell function and prevent tissue loss during aging.

Effects of power on ion behaviors in radio-frequency magnetron sputtering of indium tin oxide (ITO)

This study delves into ion behavior at the substrate position within RF magnetron discharges utilizing an indium tin oxide (ITO) target. The positive ion energies exhibit an upward trajectory with increasing RF power, attributed to heightened plasma potential and initial emergent energy. Simultaneously, the positive ion flux escalates owing to amplified sputtering rates and electron density. Conversely, negative ions exhibit broad ion energy distribution functions (IEDFs) characterized by multiple peaks. These patterns are clarified by a combination of radiofrequency oscillation of cathode voltage and plasma potential, alongside ion transport time. This elucidation finds validation in a one-dimensional model encompassing the initial ion energy. At higher RF power, negative ions surpassing 100 eV escalate in both flux and energy, posing a potential risk of sputtering damages to ITO layers.

Transactive control of community batteries for voltage regulation in distribution systems

With the proliferation of renewable energy sources in distribution systems, the grid operators are posed with the challenge of voltage regulation. Community batteries have significant capabilities in regulating network voltage but such potentials are rarely studied. The literature also lacks insights into how voltage regulation markets should co-exist with other grid service markets, such as battery energy arbitrage service and frequency control ancillary service (FCAS) markets. Therefore, this paper addresses these gaps by proposing a transactive platform for community batteries to trade voltage regulation services with the grid operator while providing other services. First, voltage sensitivity analysis is conducted to construct a voltage regulation demand curve based on the regulation needs of the system. Next, different operating conditions of battery inverters are investigated to model the cost of supplying voltage regulation. Various market-clearing rules are then established to determine the quantity and price of the voltage regulation service traded using the demand and supply curves. Technical analyses indicate that the proposed transactive platform is able to (1) price the voltage regulation service depending on the severity of voltage issues, (2) set a positive/negative regulation price when the system undergoes overvoltage/undervoltage conditions, (3) help battery owners gain considerable extra regulation revenue with proper incentivisation. This research provides guidance to incorporate voltage regulation service with the presence of other grid services and to implement voltage regulation markets to engage community batteries.

Flexible bidirectional pulse charging regulation achieving long-life lithium-ion batteries

Typical application scenarios, such as vehicle to grid (V2G) and frequency regulation, have imposed significant long-life demands on lithium-ion batteries. Herein, we propose an advanced battery life-extension method employing bidirectional pulse charging (BPC) strategy. Unlike traditional constant current charging methods, BPC strategy not only achieves comparable charging speeds but also facilitates V2G frequency regulation simultaneously. It significantly enhances battery cycle ampere-hour throughput and demonstrates remarkable life extension capabilities. For this interesting conclusion, adopting model identification and postmortem characterization to reveal the life regulation mechanism of BPC: it mitigates battery capacity loss attributed to loss of lithium-ion inventory (LLI) in graphite anodes by intermittently regulating the overall battery voltage and anode potential using a negative charging current. Then, from the perspective of internal side reaction, the life extension mechanism is further revealed as inhibition of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and lithium dendrite growth by regulating voltage with a bidirectional pulse current, and a semi-empirical life degradation model combining SEI and lithium dendrite growth is developed for BPC scenarios health management, the model parameters are identified by genetic algorithm with the life simulation exhibiting an accuracy exceeding 99%. This finding indicates that under typical rate conditions, adaptable BPC strategies can extend the service life of LFP battery by approximately 123%. Consequently, the developed advanced BPC strategy offers innovative perspectives and insights for the development of long-life battery applications in the future.

Probabilistic Forecasting of Lightning Strikes over the Continental USA and Alaska: Model Development and Verification

Lightning is responsible for the most area annually burned by wildfires in the extratropical region of the Northern Hemisphere. Hence, predicting the occurrence of wildfires requires reliable forecasting of the chance of cloud-to-ground lightning strikes during storms. Here, we describe the development and verification of a probabilistic lightning-strike algorithm running on a uniform 20 km grid over the continental USA and Alaska. This is the first and only high-resolution lightning forecasting model for North America derived from 29-year-long data records. The algorithm consists of a large set of regional logistic equations parameterized on the long-term data records of observed lightning strikes and meteorological reanalysis fields from NOAA. Principal Component Analysis was employed to extract 13 principal components from a list of 611 potential predictors. Our analysis revealed that the occurrence of cloud-to-ground lightning strikes primarily depends on three factors: the temperature and geopotential heights across vertical pressure levels, the amount of low-level atmospheric moisture, and wind vectors. These physical variables isolate the conditions that are favorable for the development of thunderstorms and impact the vertical separation of electric charges in the lower troposphere during storms, which causes the voltage potential between the ground and the cloud deck to increase to a level that triggers electrical discharges. The results from a forecast verification using independent data showed excellent model performance, thus making this algorithm suitable for incorporation into models designed to forecast the chance of wildfire ignitions.

Abstract 4128: Biofield therapy suppressed invasion and metastases of human pancreatic cancer

Abstract The NIH categorizes Biofield Therapy (BT) as therapeutic approaches within energy medicine that involve using the body's energy field (biofield) for therapeutic benefit. Although controversial, in some cases devices have been developed that mimic the electromagnetic fields (EMF) that are emitted from people when delivering BTs. We previously reported that BT significantly inhibited the growth of pancreatic cancer cells and liver metastasis in their relevant animal models mediated in part through modification of the cell cycle, reductions in cell voltage potentials, and down regulation of PI3K/Akt pathways. We expanded this research to examine the potential role of BT in anti-invasiveness in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells and animal models. We found that PANC-1 cells treated with BT (15 min) displayed 55% less invading cells than that of untreated incubator control and sham control cells (P < 0.001). Similar results were observed in human PDAC L3.7 cells and mouse pancreatic cancer KPCY cells. These experiments were replicated 8 times for Panc-1 cells and 4 times for L3.7 cells. Additionally, migration capacity was tested using the transwell migration and scratch assays. Consistent with the result of cell invasion assays, BT treatment also led to significant reduction of migration of PANC-1 and L3.7 cells by 34% and 41%, respectively, compared to sham controls. Two additional therapists independently replicated the anti-invasiveness and anti-migratory effects of BT on these PDAC cells. This suggests the replicability of these findings across studies and therapists. In a repeated PANC-1 mouse orthotopic model, we found that only a third of BT treated mice had visible liver nodules whereas liver metastasis was observed in more than half of mice in the untreated colony control and sham control groups. Furthermore, BT treatment significantly reduced liver tumor burden by 73% compared to that of the sham control group (p < 0.05), which was similar to that observed in the previous study. Similar to the prior PANC-1 mouse model, in the current study BT treatment had only a moderate impact on the growth of primary pancreatic tumor. We assessed certain markers indicative of cell status as well as pathways associated with migration and invasion and these will be presented at the meeting. Our findings suggest that exposure to BT reduced cellular invasion and migration processes and profoundly reduced metastasis of pancreatic tumor in an animal model. This study is in part supported by Emerald Gate Charitable Trust. Citation Format: Peiying Yang, Sharmistha Chakraborty, Phuong Nguyen, Defeng Deng, Andrew Cusimano, Daoyan Wei, Lorenzo Cohen. Biofield therapy suppressed invasion and metastases of human pancreatic cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 4128.

Impact of Ammonium Perchlorate Content on Electrically Controlled Gel Polymer Electrolyte Monopropellants

A group of five electrically controlled monopropellants were developed, and their fundamental rheological, electrochemical, thermal, and combustion properties were characterized. A baseline monopropellant was composed of lithium perchlorate complexed with polyethylene glycol to form an ionically conductive gel polymer electrolyte. Subsequent candidates were supplemented with varying amounts of ammonium perchlorate at a fixed polymer-to-oxidizer ratio to determine the effects of shifting oxidizer content on the fundamental properties. The ignition of the gel monopropellants using an applied DC voltage potential at atmospheric conditions was observed and determined to be primarily the result of an electrolytic reaction. Time-resolved infrared thermography confirmed initial heating and initiation of the gels at the cathode once temperatures had reached the decomposition temperature of the polymer. Fourier transform infrared analysis of collected residue from experiments halted before ignition revealed lithium deposition on the cathode, supporting electrochemical activity. It was found that the electrolytic ignition delay time was affected by the oxidizer content, the magnitude of the applied voltage, and the distance between the electrodes supplying the voltage.

Convergence analysis of virtual element method for the electric interface model on polygonal meshes with small edges

A conforming virtual element method is studied for approximating the solution of a pulsed electric interface model on polygonal meshes with small edges or faces, which traditional virtual and finite element methods cannot easily handle. One of the significant advantages of this virtual element method is to generate interface-conforming meshes efficiently exploiting polygonal meshes and hanging nodes. The virtual element method employs specific projection operators to establish optimal error estimates with reasonable assumptions regarding the solution's regularity. The voltage potential of the pulsed electric model through the physical media is approximated by using a fully discrete virtual element approach based on Crank-Nicolson temporal discretization. Numerical examples are used to illustrate the expected order of convergence. The efficiency and robustness of the proposed method are displayed on interface-independent/dependent background-fitted meshes with small edges and large magnitudes of discontinuities across the interface by these experiments.