Value Of Voltage Drop Research Articles

SIMULASI DAN ANALISIS DAMPAK PLTS DAN BESS TERHADAP DROP TEGANGAN PADA SISTEM KELISTRIKAN NUSA PENIDA

Nusa Penida, Nusa Ceningan, and Nusa Lembongan or known as Tiga Nusa are very famous tourist destinations in Bali Province. The growth of tourism in Tiga Nusa has resulted in demand for electrical energy increasing every year. In order to meet the electrical energy needs in Tiga Nusa, the PLN continues to strive to improve the quality of the Nusa Penida electricity system. One of PLN's efforts is to build a Solar Power Plant that is interconnected with BESS. This research aims to analyze the effect of Solar Power Plant and BESS on voltage drops in the Nusa Penida electricity system. This research was carried out by simulation using electricity system dynamic simulation software. The simulation will be carried out with 3 scenarios. The results of this research are that Solar Power Plant interconnected with BESS has a good influence on the Nusa Penida Electricity System, as evidenced by the simulation results for scenarios 2 and 3 which have better voltage drop values compared to scenario 1.

PERANCANGAN JARINGAN DISTRIBUSI UNTUK PLTS TERAPUNG DAN PLTMH DI BENDUNGAN SIDAN

Blahkiuh Feeder is a 20 kV radial distribution network spanning 78.65 kms, which is the longest network in the Mengwi Network Unit. The length of the distribution lines also results in relatively high power losses. Therefore, the installation of distributed generation (DG) utilizing the potential of solar photovoltaic (PV) and micro-hydro power plants (MHP) available at the Sidan Dam has the potential to improve voltage drop and power loss values on the Blahkiuh Feeder. This research was conducted to analyze voltage and power losses due to DG installation at the Sidan Dam, with power flow simulation during peak daytime load at 14:00 and peak nighttime load at 19:00. Simulation results indicate that when interconnected with the daytime peak load at 14:00, DG interconnection results in a decrease in power loss values by 0,8% or 64 kW, and interconnection with the nighttime peak load at 19:00 also leads to a decrease in power loss values by 0.61% or 55 kW. Distributed Generation interconnection on the Blahkiuh Feeder also leads to improvements in voltage values, where interconnection during daytime at 14:00 results in voltage improvement at 41 busbars units under undervoltage condition, and interconnection during night time at 19:00 leads to voltage improvement at only 34 busbars units undervoltage condition out of a total of 50 undervoltage busbars.

Analysis of Power and Voltage Losses in Electric Submersible Pump Motor Installations

In area mining are quite extreme, where the level of safety from high temperatures and toxic gases which are explosive as well as well flow pressure is also high and can damage production equipment. Therefore, it is very necessary to install reliable electrical power, starting from analyzing the selection of cable types that used, voltage drop, power losses and transformer selection. The problems mentioned previously, this research carried out an analysis of improvements to voltage drops and power losses that occurred in the ESP motor installation system. The method used is to replace the type of cable used in three scenarios with three different types of cable. The installation system data obtained from this company was then processed using software which was then validated with theoretical calculation results. The result of voltage drops and power losses in ESP cables according to standards using scenario 3, replacing AWG 2/0 type with a voltage rating of 5 kV, diameter of 11.709 mm and has a KHA of up to 210 A. The voltage drop value after repairs are carried out based on theoretical calculation results has an average percentage index value of 4.5% and power losses of 4.6%. This shows that in the condition after repairs, both the results of simulation calculations and theoretical values have met the IEEE std 141-1993 standard which states that the value of voltage drop and power losses in industrial plan distribution systems must be below 5%.

Optimizing Technical Losses of the PLN Distribution Network with Changes in Operational Patterns in 2023 at PLN ULP Lhokseumawe

Technical shrinkage is shrinkage caused by impedance in generation equipment or transmission equipment to the distribution network so that there is energy loss. There are several technical shrinkage problems at PT. Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN) especially in Customer Service Unit (ULP) Lhokseumawe City and for now the cause is still unsolved, because this technical shrinkage problem will harm and have an impact on consumers and PLN itself. The purpose of the study was to optimize technical shrinkage in the distribution network to reduce energy losses that occurred during the electrical power distribution process in the distribution network of PT. PLN (Persero) ULP Lhokseumawe City. This study uses the help of Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP) software to simulate the power flow so that the depreciation value that occurs is obtained, then re-load adjustment is carried out to simulate again to determine the change in the depreciation value obtained after load adjustment. The results of the ETAP simulation show the depreciation value that occurred before the load adjustment was made by 76.7 kW after the depreciation load adjustment was adjusted to 59.6 kW. This means that this technical shrinkage can be suppressed by changing the feeder operation pattern and voltage drop value in accordance with the limitation provisions set in SPLN 72:1987.

Experimental study on rapid cold start-up performance of PEMFC system

The cold start-up of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell is considered one of the main factors affecting the commercialization of fuel cell vehicles. In this study, an automotive fuel cell system was designed and tested for cold start-up at low temperatures. In the absence of PTC (Positive Temperature Coefficient) heating device, the stack was directly loaded to generate heat, which provided the cold start-up characteristics of system at low temperatures. Cold start-up process and purging control strategies were analyzed at −20 °C and −30 °C. It was found that the fuel cell system could produce 50% power in 25 s at −20 °C, the coolant temperature's heating rate was 0.78 °C/s, the coolant outlet temperature could reach 20 °C within 40 s and no apparent low voltage of single cell occurred. While, the cell close to the end plate had low cell voltage and reverse polar phenomena throughout the −30 °C cold start-up process. The heating rate of the coolant temperature was 0.44 °C/s, and the temperature of coolant outlet reached 20 °C within 90 s. The purging time ranged from 180 to 260 s according to the voltage drop value of stack and the ohmic resistance of stack was 360–470 mΩ after the high-volume air purging at different tests. After 30 cold start-up tests, the rated point performance of the stack declined by about 1%, and the consistency of cell voltages did not change significantly. Future work will focus on optimizing cold start-up strategy and speeding up purging time to minimize the performance impact of the cold start-up.

Realtime hybrid offline-online power loss analysis-based Simulink simulation

<p>The power distribution system applied in Indonesia is the radial system. The system is considered to be the simplest and most economical. The bad or good distribution of electrical power can be observed from the quality of the distribution of power supplied. Voltage has to be monitored and kept constant. An analysis was conducted at Bendul Merisi Feeder which has <br />11 buses, to find the value of supplied power also the value of voltage drop of each bus. The Simulink method is used to simulate and analyze active and reactive power at each cluster. Based on the result of the simulation analysis, the average was obtained by adding up electrical power received every hour, then dividing by 10, the number of buses connected to the load. The smallest average of active power supplied to each bus happened at 09.00 a.m., i.e. 112137.94 VA. The biggest value of active power supplied to each bus happened at 1.00 p.m., i.e. 115129.05 VA. The total voltage drop that occurred in the distribution supply was 224 volts or 1.12% out of 20 kV supplied, indicating that the supply of voltage was according to the standardized rule implemented by PLN (State Electricity Company), i.e. the voltage drop should not exceed the maximum of 10%.</p>

An Algorithm for Offline Measurement of Motor Stator Resistance and Voltage Drop Across Inverter Switches for Washing Machine Drives

The knowledge of the exact value of motor phase resistance is extremely important for modern electrical drives, which use it for tuning of current controllers, position estimators, temperature monitoring, and so on. At the same time, the value of voltage drop across inverter switches is necessary for providing proper and efficient control, especially in the low-speed region, where the impact of system nonlinearities is significant. This article proposes a novel algorithm for the offline measurement of motor resistance and voltage drop across inverter switches, which significantly improved the performance of washing machines in open-loop starting and low-speed operation. The proposed technique uses two step injection of dc current into stator windings, which provides data for the estimation of resistance and voltage drop. This article describes traps and pitfalls on the way of implementation and tuning and provides recommendations on avoiding them. After analysis of detailed experimental results, the author gives recommendation on a selection of algorithm parameters in order to provide low estimation errors. Following successful implementation and a series of tests, this technique has been accepted for mass production and has become an inevitable part of the control system of washing machines.

ANALISIS KEBUTUHAN JARINGAN DISTRIBUSI 20 KV UNTUK MEMENUHI PELANGGAN INDUSTRI BARU 15 MW KAWASAN RANDU GARUT

GI Randu Garut has two transformers with a capacity of 2 x 60 MVA and has 14 existing feeders. PT. PLN UP3 Semarang received a new customer application for the industrial area on Jl. Mt. Kelir Raya 56, Karanganyar, Kec. Monument, Semarang City, Central Java. Installation of customer power is carried out in stages, at an initial stage of 15 MW. Analysis of the need for a 20 kV distribution network is needed to meet the customer's power demand. Meeting the demand for connecting new customers with a power of 15 MW requires supplies from 2 feeders, namely RDT09, an existing feeder with a length of 2430 meters, and building a new feeder RDT16 with a length of 2,419 meters. The RDT09 and RDT16 feeders will be supplied by transformer 2 GI Randu Garut. 15 MW is charged to transformer 2 resulting in transformer 2 capacity will change from 55.5% to 83.3%. After adding 15 MW of load, the voltage drop at the feeder end of RDT 09 is 1.20% and RDT 16 is 1.05%. The voltage drop on the existing 14 feeders is at a value of 0.20% to 5.38%. The voltage drop value still meets the SPLN 72 standard in 1987, which is below +5% and -10%. The power loss of the Randu garut GI after adding 15 MW of load to 1,208.9 kW or 1.56%.

Perbaikan Tegangan Pada Jaringan Distribusi 20 Kv Melalui Penempatan Pembangkit Tersebar Berbasis Particle Swarm Optimization

Voltage losses are problems that often occur in distribution systems, resulting in voltage drops to reduce the electrical power supplied to consumers. The allowable stress drop in the distribution is +5% and -10%. One way to overcome this is to place scattered power plants into account the given location and capacity (MW and MVar). In this study, optimization of generator placement using an effective method is Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). PSO is an algorithm that implements problem understanding. The sequence of news generators is carried out by directing the selection of Gbest, which has a minimum voltage drop value by increasing the number of particles. Initial simulation using a power flow study run via Matlab and ETAP. The objective function of this optimization process is drop voltage minimization with contraint function is the power loss of each bus. The final simulation found the best generator locations on buses 7, 10, and 13. After optimization, the voltage increase was obtained by 4.05%, 9.05%, and 10.15% on each bus.

Analysis of impact installation of Distributed Generation in a 20 kV distribution system

This study aims to determine the effect of the installation of Distributed Generation (DG) on the value of voltage drop and real power losses in the distribution network of 20 kV Gunung Dukuh feeder (GNDH). In addition, this study also aims to determine the optimal distribution location of Distributed Generation (DG) to get the best voltage drop and power losses. The background of this research is that the voltage drops and power losses are common in GNDH feeders at PT. PLN (Persero) Cimahi area. The voltage value on the GNDH feeder is sometimes still below the standards set by PLN. This will certainly cause the load not to work optimally and can even cause damage to the electricity load and in the end will be very detrimental to all parties, both the electricity consumer and PT. PLN (Persero). Based on the characteristics of DG directly connected to the distribution system, there is no need for a transmission system to deliver electricity. This is certainly very influential on the decrease in the voltage drop and the value of power losses. The method used in this research is power flow simulation using ETAP 16.0.0 software and analysis after getting simulation results. The findings of this study are the simulation results prove that the installation of DG affects the decrease in voltage drop and power losses in GNDH feeder, before installation of DG the voltage drop in GNDH is 10.1% and the value of power losses before DG installation is amounted to 446.5 kW. After the DG installation simulation, the optimal installation of two DGs is found on the TM 36 bus and the TM 42 bus with a decrease in the voltage drop to 1.18% and a power loss value to 117.2 kW.

Calculation of Transmission Lines and Electrical Equipment of 150kV Main Guluk- Guluk Madura Island East Java, Indonesia

Guluk-Guluk is supplied by a 20 kV system from the Pamekasan GI and Sumenep GI, resulting in a voltage drop of 5 kV. The fall in the voltage on the load side cannot be overcome through the regulation of transformer tapping or the use of bank capacitors, so the possible way is to build a new GI. The construction of GI Guluk-Guluk requires a new transmission line. A good electric power transmission has a low voltage drop, high efficiency and high surge impedance loading (SIL) values. Efforts to improve the voltage by changing the tapping in the power transformer located at the nearest substation only produce a voltage of 166.07 kV. The provision of bank capacitors in Guluk-Guluk produces a voltage of 17,542 kV. The construction of GI Guluk-Guluk requires a new transmission line that connects Pamekasan to Guluk-Guluk, Sampang to Guluk-Guluk and Guluk-Guluk to Sumenep. The construction of a 150 kV network line requires calculations to determine network configurations, conductors, isolators, tower types, and electrical equipment supporting 150 kV transmission systems such as current transformers, voltage transformers, power breakers, and arresters. In this final project, simulation is done with the help of ETAP 12.6 software. The results of calculations and simulations of the transmission line toward Guluk-Guluk give a voltage drop of 4.89 kV, with an efficiency level of 96.74% and a SIL value of 41.225 MW. so these results are sufficient to be used as a reference for GI development in Guluk-Guluk.

Impact of symmetrical short-circuit fault on doubly-fed induction generator controller

ABSTRACT The impact of environmental degradation and the energy crisis, countries are vigorously developing renewable power generation technology. Among renewable energy sources, wind energy is a clean, convenient, and easy to access, which have become the priority nowadays. The doubly-fed induction generators (DFIG) are widely used in modern wind power plants because of their robustness in variable speed and frequency conversion. The transient characteristics of this kind of generator at fault are always the focus of research. In this paper, the disturbance at machine-side converter (MSC) and grid-side converter (GSC) in the case of symmetrical short-circuit fault is studied. The value of transient time, maximum current, steady-state, and voltage drop at the GSC and MSC of DFIG is attenuated during symmetrical disorder. The simulation results show the robustness during the three-phase short-circuit disorder. The change of short-circuit parameters in the MSC and the GSC deliver reliable system’s fault results and parameter robustness differences of selected parameters. The short-circuit parameter calculation shows 14%, 44%, 75% and 15% at the grid-side controller’s outcomes, respectively. The analysis and simulation results help to understand and improve the performance of controllers to gain the present and future wind energy-efficient conversion systems (WECS).

ANALISIS UNDER VOLTAGE RELAY GENERATOR UNIT 1 PLTA SAGULING

Analysis of Under Voltage Relay Generator Unit 1 HEPP Saguling is a study to determine the efficiency of relay installation against voltage drops at HEPP Saguling. Under voltage relay works when there is a voltage difference between the primary and secondary PT within the range of the protective equipment. This research is a simulation using the ETAP 12.6 program. The data used are data obtained from the Generator Unit 1 system of the Saguling hydropower plant. This simulation is used to achieve the value of voltage drop, short circuit value, and delay trip under voltage relay. The lowest voltage drop in the 16.5 kV system is on bus 1 by 20% (3.3kV), the lowest voltage drop in the 500kV system is on bus 5 by 10.4% (52kV). Percentage difference in operating values ​​in the Internal Control System (ICS). namely 66 mA, 55 mA, and 76 mA Time to disturbances that occur in the connector between Generator unit 1 and CB 1 with a relay time delay of 96 ms and a CB trip of 396 ms.

Analysis of the influence of zero potential live operation on protection

In the case of live working in the distribution network, a live method of live working that satisfies the requirements for personal safety and power supply reliability needs to be studied, because of the serious safety accidents caused by misuse and weak safety awareness. Based on the analysis of singlephase buck symmetrical operation characteristics, a new method of zero-potential live working of distribution network based on injection current is proposed. By injecting current into the neutral point, the zero-sequence voltage is regulated so that the neutral point voltage is equal to the value of the operating phase line voltage drop minus the operating phase power supply voltage, ensuring that the operating point voltage is zero. Based on the principle of current fast-break protection and time-limited overcurrent protection, it is analyzed that the zero-potential uninterruptible operation method of the distribution network will not affect the distribution network protection. Finally, the system model is established based on the MATLAB. The simulation verifies the feasibility of the method by the operating phase voltage curve and the correctness of the protection impact analysis by comparing the non-working phase current curve with the protection setting.

Analisa Rekonfigurasi Jaringan Distribusi 20 kV Pada Penyulang Berawa Untuk Menurunkan Losses dan Drop Tegangan Penyaluran Tenaga Listrik

Peak load on Berawa Feeder is very high exceeding the maximum limit set by PLN which causes Losses and high voltage drop values, so reconfiguration of Repeater via LBS Canggu Club and LBS Damai Residance is carried out, using 3 distribution points. The flow before being reconfigured in the Swamp Feeder was 242A to 180.2A, while the previous Bumbak Feeder was 82A to 144.7A. losses previous deliveries of Bumbak Feederwere 5.2kW to 22.15kW, while previous Berawa Berulang was 117.1kW to 55.11kW, drop the previous Bumbak Feeder voltagewas 102kVA to 24kVA, whereas the previous Swamp Feeder was 775.4kVA to 490.2kVA. Load surges and decreases are caused by changes in load and channel length after being reconfigured.

ANALISIS DROP TEGANGAN PADA JARINGAN TEGANGAN MENENGAH DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN SIMULASI PROGRAM ETAP

Distribution system is very important in the distribution of electric power to the load. Therefore, a good and efficient distribution system is needed. The underlying cause of poor electric power distribution system is the amount of voltage drop values in the existing system. In the electric power distribution, 20 kV medium-voltage and 380/220V low voltage networks are used. The distribution system of Gandum Feeder in Angke Substation uses medium-voltage network with Underground Cable channel. They are used because of the towering buildings and the dense population in the area. It is known that the longest the channel and the load current are, the greater the voltage drop. From the result of the voltage drop calculation of Feeder Gandum in Angke Substation, which uses manual calculation and ETAP 12.6.0 program, it showed a slight difference in the result. The result of the voltage drop obtained from manual calculation showed that the percentage value of voltage is 1,94%, while the result obtained from ETAP 12.6.0 program showed that the percentage value is 2,01% These results are still in the PLN standard, because it has not exceeded the specified standard that is -10% of its nominal voltage.

Metodologija za određivanje vremena zamene prekidača na bazi pouzdanosti i integrisanog faktora rizika

In this paper, new methodology for circuit breaker (CB) replacement time is introduced. Method is based on statistical analysis of gathered data from CB's exploitation, and on the influence of CB replacement on power stations reliability. Economical influence of CB replacement on power stations reliability is also analyzed with costs of each action. Gathered data covers 427 minimum oil CB's of 35kV and 10kV from period of 10 years. Voltage drop values from all CB's were analyzed using Weibull probability distribution and power stations reliability is determined by minimal path and minimal cut methods. That way, influence of CB's condition on power stations reliability is assessed. Example of this method is shown on 35/10kV power station. Power stations reliability is analyzed through 5 different scenarios of CB's replacement, with cost of each action. At the end, discounted costs of future investments for each action are calculated. For the power station in this example results are showing best scenario with power transformers CB's replacement.

Влияние внутрискважинного компенсатора на падение напряжения в элементах электротехнического комплекса добывающей скважины

Актуальность исследования обусловлена необходимостью определения требуемого напряжения на выходе питающего трансформатора с учетом компенсации реактивной мощности внутри скважины, с целью предотвращения аварийных ситуаций в процессе эксплуатации установок электроцентробежных насосов. Цель исследования: оценить изменение величины падения напряжения в токопроводящих элементах электротехнического комплекса установки электроцентробежного насоса для добычи нефти при использовании внутрискважинного компенсатора реактивной мощности. Объект исследования: электротехнический комплекс установок электроцентробежных насосов для добычи нефти. Методы. При разработке математической модели электротехнического комплекса погружной установки для добычи нефти использованы положения теоретических основ электротехники, корректные допущения при составлении математических моделей и компьютерное моделирование в программном пакете символьной математики Wolfram Mathematica. Результаты. Разработана схема замещения и математическая модель электротехнического комплекса установки электроцентробежных насосов с внутрискважинным компенсатором реактивной мощности. С помощью качественной векторной диаграммы напряжений и токов в ветвях и узлах схемы замещения показано распределение величин падений напряжений на элементах комплекса. Анализ векторной диаграммы показал, что внутрискважинный компенсатор уменьшает продольную и поперечную составляющие падения напряжения, что положительно влияет на режим работы установки для добычи нефти. Получены поверхности требуемого напряжения на выходе питающего трансформатора в зависимости от мощности погружного электродвигателя для различных длин и сечений кабельной линии. Установлено, что использование внутрискважинного компенсатора позволяет уменьшить падение напряжения в токопроводящих элементах электротехнического комплекса установки для добычи нефти до 50 В.

Circuit nonlinearity effect on the performance of an electromagnetic energy harvester-structure system

Scavenging energy from structural vibration requires an efficient energy harvesting circuit which could introduce nonlinearity into the harvester-structure system. This study examines the performance of a linear structure equipped with an Electromagnetic (EM) energy harvester connected to a nonlinear standard energy harvesting circuit (SEHC) consisting of a full-wave bridge rectifier and a capacitor in parallel with a resistor. To facilitate the understanding of the nonlinear circuit effect on the behavior of the coupled harvester-structure system under sinusoidal excitation, a first-order harmonic balance approximation method is employed. Numerical simulation and experimental study are conducted to validate the accuracy of the proposed approximation method. Results suggest that the blockage effect of diodes in the bridge rectifier in the SEHC should be reduced by using diodes with small voltage drop value or by designing an EM energy harvester with large electromechanical coupling coefficient to improve the vibration mitigation performance and to enhance the optimal energy harvesting capability of the EM energy harvester. Results also show that circuit nonlinearity should be considered in order to estimate the response of the system accurately.

Extending the Application Field of Vacuum Circuit Breakers to Generators for Capacities up to 400 MW

The progress that has been achieved in the development and manufacture of vacuum circuit breakers opens the possibility of using them for a wider range of applications at power plants, including as generator circuit breakers. Such characteristics of modern vacuum circuit breakers as increased breaking capacity and high switching life are factors that make them closer in competitiveness to SF6 circuit breakers for generators with capacities up to 400 MW. The article considers problem aspects relating to clearing of short-circuit faults in the generator voltage circuits and interruption of out-of-phase making currents and no-load currents of generator transformers. Conditions leading to a longer period of time to the moment at which the switched current crosses zero are considered. It is pointed out that, unlike the IEC/IEEE Standard 62271-37-013, GOST (State Standard) R 52565-2006 does not specify the requirements for generator circuit breakers in full. The article gives the voltage drop values across the arc for different design versions of vacuum circuit breaker contacts and shows the effect the arc in a vacuum circuit breaker has on the time delay to the moment at which the current crosses zero. The standardized parameters of transient recovery voltage across the generator circuit breaker contacts are estimated along with the contact gap electric strength recovery rates ensured by modern arc quenching chambers. The switching overvoltages arising when vacuum circuit breakers interrupt short-circuit currents and no-load currents of generator transformers are analyzed. The article considers the most probable factors causing the occurrence of switching overvoltages, including current chopping, repeated breakdowns of the circuit breaker contact gap, and virtual current chopping. It is found that, unlike repeated breakdowns and virtual current chopping, an actual current chopping does not give rise to dangerous switching overvoltages. The article also determines the vacuum circuit breaker application field boundaries in which dangerous switching overvoltages may occur that would require additional measures for limiting them.