Volleyball Referees Research Articles

Investigation of Team Cohesion and Self-Efficacy Levels of Volleyball Referees

The aim of the study is to examine the team cohesion and self-efficacy levels of volleyball referees. The research group includes a total of 280 volleyball referees, 138 female and 142 male, affiliated with the Turkish Volleyball Federation for the 2022-2023 volleyball season. "Personal Information Form", "Referee Self-Efficacy Scale" and "Group Environment Questionnaire" were used to collect data in the study. SPSS 24.0 program was used in the analysis of the research data. Independent sample t test and anova test were applied as statistical methods and p<0,05 significance level was taken. According to the findings, a change was found in the sub-dimensions of task integrity and task attractiveness of the group in terms of gender variable. Again, a difference was found in the social integration of the group and task integration of the group according to the years of refereeing. There was a difference in the self-efficacy levels of the referees according to the year of refereeing. A difference was found in the task integration dimension of the group according to the refereeing level. As a result, it was determined that as the experience of volleyball referees increased, their self-efficacy levels increased and as their refereeing levels increased, their task integration levels increased.

Levels of Stress in Volleyball Referees During Official Matches-The Influence of the Referee Role and Level of Competition.

Volleyball referees, as athletes and staff members, are exposed to different stress levels which can be determined by measuring pre- and post-match levels of salivary cortisol (C) and alpha-amylase (AA). This study aimed to determine the dynamics of stress biomarkers in referees during official volleyball matches and the connection to the roles or level of competition. The participants in this study were nine international volleyball referees (three females and six males) with a mean chronological age of 48.23 ± 2.31 years. In this study, saliva samples were collected during 24 official matches during the European championship for senior women's teams (Eurovolley 2021). The AA activity and C concentrations were determined from saliva samples. When the referees' roles were assessed in line with their duties, the first referees' salivary C levels showed a significant increase between the pre- and post-match measurements (p = 0.01), while in the second referees remained low. The reserve and challenge referees demonstrated a significant drop in their C concentrations (p = 0.00 and p = 0.02, respectively). Additionally, when assessing AA which accounts for the responsibilities of referees and the intensity of competition, the first (p = 0.06 and p = 0.07) and second referees (p = 0.01 and p = 0.00) showed an increase between the pre- and post-match measurements, respectively. At the same time, the AA activity did not show any significant change concerning the reserve and challenge referees. Our results indicate that referees' roles and the level of competition may cause higher responses in "active referee roles"-mainly the first and second referees-while reserve and challenge referees showed no increase or even a decrease in the measured biomarkers. The observed changes in the stress markers can be explained by psychological or emotional effects and are dependent on the level of competition and the role referees are fulfilling.

Learning media as a solution to increase knowledge and abilities in students

The selection of appropriate learning media is proven to have a positive impact on students' knowledge and abilities in the learning process. They were referring to material in learning carried out by sports students as one of the preparations for teachers who must understand refereeing regulations so that the entire learning process can really utilize learning media. This study aims to determine the effect of the application of learning media on remembering the knowledge and ability of volleyball referees. The research method used in this study is quasi-experiment with a pretest and posttest quasi-experimental control group research design. This study involved 30 volleyball referee students who were obtained using cluster random sampling. This research instrument is an instrument that uses a questionnaire on the level of knowledge and ability of volleyball referees, divided into 10 indicators. This questionnaire obtained a reliability of 0.826. The analysis of this data used prerequisite tests (normality test using the Kolmogorov Smirnov test, homogeneity test using the Levin statistical test), and a t-test conducted with the help of SPSS 25 to test the effect on each subject. The results showed that the average score of the experimental volleyball referee group was 216.93 ± 7.75, while the average score of the control volleyball referee knowledge and ability level group was 189.47 ± 7.18, the experimental group was better than the control group.

Self-efficacy of Volleyball Referees in Shanxi, China

This convergent-parallel mixed method study assessed referee self-efficacy and explored the experiences of volleyball referees in Shanxi, China. In measuring self-efficacy, the study used a standard scale comprising game knowledge, decision-making, pressure, and communication. The quantitative and qualitative findings converged in many areas of referee self-efficacy.

EVALUATION OF VIDEO CHALLENGE SYSTEM IN VOLLEYBALL FROM THE POINTS OF CLASSIFICATION REFEREES

EVALUATION OF VIDEO CHALLENGE SYSTEM IN VOLLEYBALL FROM THE POINTS OF CLASSIFICATION REFEREES

Tingkat pengetahuan wasit bolavoli tentang filosofi dan perannya dalam suatu pertandingan

This research is motivated by the problem that there are still referees who do not know about the philosophy and their role as volleyball referees, besides that volleyball referees should continue to develop themselves in terms of their knowledge and duties as referees by continuing to practice in leading matches or taking refereeing courses or upgrading. This study aims to determine the volleyball referee's knowledge of the philosophy and role of the referee in a match. This research method uses descriptive quantitative research with survey techniques. The instrument used in this study is the google form. The subjects of this study were 17 volleyball referees with licenses varying from regional to national. The results showed that the level of knowledge of the referee in the low category was 1 person, amounting to 5.88%, the medium category was 4 people, amounting to 23.52%, the high category was 11 people, amounting to 64.70%, the very high category was 1 person, amounting to 5.88%. The conclusion is that a volleyball referee should know the philosophy of being a referee, namely as a judge, and also his role in a match is a leader.

Stressors and coping style among volleyball referees in the Northern Border region

The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of sports stressors and coping strategies among volleyball referees during match management. Although psychological stressors are inherited in the sports arena, research in controlling or limiting stressors among athletes in multiple sports settings are rapidly growing field of sports literature. However, stressors faced by volleyball referees have received less attention from researchers. This study attempts to develop a framework for identifying the most stressful situations experienced by volleyball referees during matches. Participants were a straightforward sample consisting of 18 volleyball male referees registered in the Saudi Volleyball Federation at the Northern Border region. A Stressors of Volleyball Referee Survey (SVRS) was designed and applied, which consisted of five dimensions based on sources of stress: players, coaches, spectators, mass media, and officiating-technical pressure; these dimensions contain a total of 38 items presented. Results found that all the main and sub-dimensions items for SVRS correlation coefficients ranged between 0.639 and 0.798, which were statistically significant at the level of stability of 0.01. Data revealed that the dimension of officiating-technical pressure ranked as the highest psychological stressor of the total scale's dimensions with an average of 19.78, whereas the lowest ranking score of the total scale's dimensions was the coaches' pressure dimension with an average of 19.56. The study recommended that future studies should apply an intervention program that trains volleyball referees to gain confidence and maintain resilience in order to cope with all stressors faced during matches.

Attentional control and its relationship to signal communication in Iraqi volleyball referees

The purpose of the study was to develop measures of attentional control and signal communication in order to determine their level among volleyball referees in Iraq, as well as to determine the correlation between attentional control and signal communication among volleyball referees in Iraq. As the research problem was defined, and based on the researchers' experience as specialists in this field, it was discovered that there is a discrepancy and sometimes fluctuation in the arbitral level in the performance of volleyball referees between one match and another, which negatively affects the match results. Among them is a lack of attentional control and insufficient communication with the signal, or the failure to use them in an appropriate manner and time, which he considers a problem. Therefore, the researchers decided to engage in the study of this relationship to determine the level of attentional control and signal communication in volleyball referees in Iraq by examining the relationship between them and whether it is possible to predict attentional control and signal communication for volleyball referees in Iraq to advance the reality of arbitration in volleyball referees in Iraq.

The refereeing leadership of volleyball referees in Iraq

The purpose of this paper is building and applying the arbitral leadership scale for volleyball referees in Iraq. The researchers noticed, through their observation and living with the reality of volleyball referees' performance in Iraq, that there is a discrepancy and sometimes fluctuation in the level of arbitration in the level of volleyball referees (arbitral leadership) between one match and another and between one game and another, as well as in some decisions taken, which affects the match's results. He attributed this to the presence of several factors, including a weakness in the referee's level or lack of experience, and he sees this as a problem that must be studied to determine how much the referee has from the arbitral leadership. Therefore, the researcher decided to participate in this study to determine the level of arbitration for volleyball referees in Iraq to advance and improve the reality of arbitration in Iraq.

The Relationship of Anxiety, Confidence, and Motivation to the Performance of Volleyball Referees: A Correlation Study

The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between anxiety, self-confidence, and motivation to the performance of the referees of volleyball associations throughout Indonesia, West Nusa Tenggara province. This study uses a correlational method with a quantitative approach. The population is 45 referees, sampling using total sampling. The research variable was the performance of the volleyball referee as the dependent variable and anxiety, self-confidence, and motivation as the independent variables. The data analysis technique used a linearity test and product-moment correlation. The results of this study are 1) a low relationship between anxiety and the performance of volleyball referees. 2) moderate relationship between confidence and the performance of volleyball referees. 3) a strong relationship between motivation and the performance of volleyball referees. 4) moderate relationship between anxiety and self-confidence with the performance of volleyball referees. 5) a strong relationship between self-confidence and motivation with the performance of volleyball referees. 6) a strong relationship between anxiety and motivation with the performance of volleyball referees. 7) a strong relationship between anxiety, self-confidence and motivation with the performance of volleyball referees. The conclusion of this study is to increase the confidence of referees through training programs in the psychological (mental) realm that are integrated into the training program with an understanding of the rules of the game regularly. This effort is made to improve the quality of the performance of volleyball referees.

“We React Less. We React Differently. We React Better”: A Case Study of a Mindfulness-Based Intervention for Olympic Referee Performance

This case study details the experience and results of the first author’s work as a clinical sport psychologist contracted by the International Volleyball Federation to develop and deliver a mindfulness-based intervention to volleyball and beach volleyball referees leading up to the 2016 Summer Olympic Games. Interviews with the referee commission revealed referees’ high levels of pre- and in-game stress, which can inhibit their cognitive decision-making ability needed to perform at a high level. A five-stage (emotional intelligence, stress management skills, concentration, mental imagery, and motivation) mindfulness-based intervention was developed to address referees’ attentional skills, emotional readiness, and mindful awareness. The five stages were delivered over the 4 months preceding the Games, where the clinician was also available on-site for individual preparation. Referees completed pre- and postintervention quantitative (Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire, Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2, and Concentration Skills Self-Help Test) and qualitative surveys as well as a post-Olympics evaluation of the practical tools introduced during the mindfulness-based intervention. In-game performances were evaluated by referee delegates prior to and at the Olympics. Analysis of the data showed significant positive changes in the mindfulness factors observing and nonreaction, referees’ concentration skills, and the evaluations of in-game performances. Multiple tools were reported to be highly useful and frequently implemented, including during the Olympics.

VOLLEYBALL REFEREES – A STUDY FOR BUCHAREST, ROMANIA

Through this paper, we intend to create a precise image of the particularities of volleyball referees in Bucharest. The present research highlights the personal indicators, social profiles and sports history of 45 out of the 60 certified referees in Bucharest. The tasks of the research were: creating a questionnaire survey, distributing the questionnaire and collecting the responses, processing, analysing and interpreting the data and processing the responses. The synthesised conclusion has revealed the following: 71% of referees are male; their age ranges between 18 and 66 years; their most common occupations are: student (27%), teacher (22%), economist (18%); regarding their level of education, 49% have a bachelor’s degree, 24% - a master’s degree, and 2% - a doctor’s degree; their favourite spare time activities are related to sport, and 67% of them mention volleyball as their preferred leisure activity; they commonly started their sports activity when they were between 6 and 12 years old and generally stopped it when they were between 16 and 20 years old as a result of having less free time; most of them are registered in school sports clubs and only 5% have not signed up for a regular championship; most of them had their first match as referees very soon after graduating from the referee school; 62% of the investigated group have an experience of over 100 refereed matches, and 27% have at least one experience as international referees.

The Effect of Endurance, Eye-Hand Coordination, and Confidence to Volleyball Referee Performance in West Java

A sports competition is a measure of success for an athlete. However, factors affecting an athlete's success come from the athlete and all competition aspects, including referees. Referees need to have a good reputation before and after carrying out their role as court judges. A referee must have competencies, including refereeing skills, rules of the game/competition, physical condition, mental-psychological conditions (self-confidence, calm, consistency, the assertiveness of attitudes and actions, accuracy in weighing and deciding, high motivation, honest & sincere, socializing). Thus, this research aims to examine the effect of physical conditions, primarily components of endurance, eye-hand coordination, and self-confidence, as psychological aspects that strengthen the referee's performance. To achieve this research's objectives, a survey method was used using path analysis and measurement techniques in tests through standard performance evaluation of volleyball referees, confidence questionnaires, 12 minutes running fitness test, and eye-hand coordination. The population involved in this research was 335 referees who had regional and national diplomas. The sample of this research used the Slovin pattern with an error rate of 10%, so that the sample amounted to 77 volleyball referees in West Java. The conclusions of this research are (1) Endurance affects the performance of the referee by 42.9%, (2) Eye-hand coordination affects the performance of the referee by 39.6%, (3) Confidence affects the performance of the referee by 45.8%, (4) Endurance affects self-confidence by 51.2%, (5) Eye-hand coordination affects self-confidence by 40.8%.

Reflecting on the Game: Situational Stressors, Stress Responses, and Coping in German Elite Volleyball Referees

This study uses a thematic content analysis to analyze common stressors for volleyball referees, examine the individual triggered stress responses, and identify the applied coping strategies. A total of 38 German elite volleyball referees (24 male and 14 female,Mage = 38.29 years,SD = 7.91 years) were considered for this study. Through the analysis, 17 stressful events, 14 stress responses, and 6 different coping strategies were identified and further clustered into four main dimensions. Common stressors among elite German volleyball referees were identified as stressful game situations, need for game management, situational environment, and demands on self-activation. These stressors triggered emotional stress reactions, cognitive stress reactions, changes in focus, and reactions among the test group after increased strain. In order to deal with these situations and emotions, referees applied self-regulation strategies, improved focus and concentration, searched for a solution, prepared for the match or a stressor, showed a confident appearance, and tried to accept and let go of mistakes or situations. Post hoc Pearson’s correlation analyses showed significant relationships between emotional and cognitive stress reactions with stressful game situations. Consequently, the role of coping with emotions and thoughts becomes essential for volleyball referees to remain focused and perform.

Psychometric Properties and Reliability of the Referee Self-Efficacy Scale (REFS) in Volleyball Referees.

Background: Volleyball officials require a combination of qualities, e.g., confidence, decisiveness, courage and mental toughness as very important attributes for their performance. Measurement of the self-efficacy of volleyball referees has not been studied with large samples; therefore, the aim of this study was to fill this gap in the research. Methods: Four-hundred and forty-five international volleyball referees participated in the study fulfilling the referee self-efficacy scale in the English version. Results: The confirmatory analysis verified the four-factor structure of the scale and its reliability in this specific sample of international volleyball referees. ANCOVA revealed a significant effect of the covariate “level of education” for all four dimensions of referees’ self-efficacy. Conclusions: Although English was not the mother tongue for most of the subjects in the sample, the scale was statistically reliable, and the items were easy to understand, thus making the tool very suitable to use for further studies on multilingual referees. The study also suggests enhancing the level of education of the officials because of its significant effect on the perceived self-efficacy during refereeing.

The Effect of Refereeing Situations Using Communication Device on Some Environmental Perceptions of Volleyball Referees

The research aimed at identifying some refereeing situations using communication device on some environmental perceptions in elite volleyball referees in Iraq. The subjects were (70) elite volleyball referees from the Iraqi central volleyball federation of the season 2018 – 2019; only (12) referees were selected and divided into two equal groups. The pre-tests were conducted on 24/8/2019 for measuring environmental perceptions followed by many tests to come up with the conclusions. The researchers concluded the communication device has a positive effect on refereeing situations and recommended using this device during matches.

ULUSAL VOLEYBOL HAKEMLERİNİN EMPATİ EĞİLİMLERİNİN BELİRLENMESİ

The aim of this study is to determine empathy tendencies of National Volleyball Referees. 371 national volleyball refrees working at around the different cities of Turkey are included in this research. Data were collected with top Empathic Tendency Scale Ver. Student t test, one-way anova and LSD tests were used to evaluate the data.There was no significant difference between empathic tendency scores according to gender, age and educational status of the participating referees (p> 0.05). Empathy tendency score of the referees dealing with sports was significantly higher than those not dealing with sports (p 0.05).It was concluded that the volleyball referees had similar empathic tendencies according to gender and educational status, and changed according to refereeing year and refereeing level. In order to increase the empathy levels of volleyball referees, it is recommended to be selected from people who are engaged in a sport branch and to take part in different organizations during the arbitration process.

The effect of eye-hand coordination on self-confidence levels among indoor volleyball referees

The effect of eye-hand coordination on self-confidence levels among indoor volleyball referees

Investigation of Decision Making and Thinking Styles of Volleyball Referees in Terms of Some Variables

This study aims to examine the decision making and thinking styles of volleyball referees in terms of some variables. A total of 91 volleyball referees (51 men and 40 women) in Ankara volunteered to participate in the study. Of the participants, 56 are regional referees while 35 are national referees. The participants were applied rational-experiential thinking styles scale developed by Epstein et al (1996) and adapted into Turkish by Buluş (2000) and decision-making styles scale developed by Scott and Burce (1995) and adapted into Turkish by Taşdelen (2002). It was determined that the data obtained from the study did not show normal distribution according to Shapiro Wilk and Levene tests (p <0.05), therefore, in line with the purposes of the study, the data were analyzed by Mann Whitney U test and Kruskall Wallis test, and the Steel Dwass test was applied to determine the groups from which the difference originated in multiple comparisons. The significance level was accepted as (p <0.05). According to research findings, decision-making styles are significant in terms of gender, age, referee category and experience (years) variables (p<0.05). When the scores of the "cognitive requirement and intuitive belief" subscales of the rational-experiential thinking style scale were examined, significance was determined (p <0.05) in terms of participants' gender, age, referee category and experience variables. Consequently, the research revealed that variables such as gender, age, referee category, and experience had an important impact on the decision-making and rational-experiential thinking styles of volleyball referees.

JOB SATISFACTION LEVELS OF VOLLEYBALL REFEREES SERVING AT TURKISH 1ST, 2ND AND 3RD LEAGUES (ISTANBUL SAMPLE)

Job satisfaction is defined as the result of individuals’ attitudes towards their jobs, which is affected by such factors as job related wage, supervision, working conditions, improvements opportunities, acknowledgement of skills, job evaluation, human relations in the organization and environment. It is the most important problem of human resources in every area, from public sector to private sector, industry to sports, teachers to officers, athletes to referees. Job satisfaction has social, economic and psychological consequences on individuals. The purpose of the present research is studying the job satisfaction levels of volleyball referees as one of the human resources sports sector. The universe of the research consists of referees working for Turkish Volleyball Federation, while the sample consists of 134 volleyball referees selected via simple sampling method among the universe. Job Satisfaction of the participants was evaluated with Satisfaction Questionnaire short form. At the first step, Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) scores of participants were calculated. With these scores, referees’ satisfaction levels from external and internal environment factors were determined. At the second step, variation in these scores by gender was analysed. Non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test was utilized at 0.05 significance level, to analyse the variation in average scores from job satisfaction factors. The findings of the present research are as follows: General job satisfaction of volleyball referees ranges between 3.73 and neutral satisfaction level, increasing towards satisfaction level. This is a positive development for Volleyball Federation. For the institutions to survive and compete, they need to use the resources they have efficiently and increase their general performance accordingly. Average satisfaction score of referees from internal environmental conditions is 3.9200 and the average satisfaction from external environmental conditions is 3.3582. This finding indicates that referees are more satisfied with the refereeing job than they are with the opportunities provided by the federation. Article visualizations: